Interplay between multiple length and time scales in complex chemical systems

Processes in complex chemical systems, such as macromolecules, electrolytes, interfaces, micelles and enzymes, can span several orders of magnitude in length and time scales. The length and time scales of processes occurring over this broad time and space window are frequently coupled to give rise to the control necessary to ensure specificity and the uniqueness of the chemical phenomena. A combination of experimental, theoretical and computational techniques that can address a multiplicity of length and time scales is required in order to understand and predict structure and dynamics in such complex systems. This review highlights recent experimental developments that allow one to probe structure and dynamics at increasingly smaller length and time scales. The key theoretical approaches and computational strategies for integrating information across time-scales are discussed. The application of these ideas to understand phenomena in various areas, ranging from materials science to biology, is illustrated in the context of current developments in the areas of liquids and solvation, protein folding and aggregation and phase transitions, nucleation and self-assembly.

Recreational anglers' valuation of near-shore marine fisheries in Florida

This report describes and summarizes the results from a state-wide survey of Florida resident saltwater anglers. The survey was designed to provide estimates of the economic value anglers place on marginal changes in management of selected near-shore marine species. The Contingent valuation method was used to elicit angler willingness to pay for changes in management for redfish, seatrout , mullet, sheepshead, pompano. and king mackerel. Contingent valuation is a process in which respondents are presented with a detailed scenario that describes an opportunity to express their willingness to pay for a proposed change in current conditions. The process consists of three parts. First. the change in current conditions, or the "good" to be valued is described. Second, the payment method is described. The payment method is usually closely related to typical methods of buying goods similar to the one to be valued. Finally. the respondent is asked how much they would pay for the good described in the scenario. A special saltwater fishing license stamp that would allow the holder to take advantage of the described management change was used as a payment mechanism. (PDF contains 147 pages.)

Economic valuation of natural resources: a handbook for coastal resource policymakers

Professionals who are responsible for coastal environmental and natural resource planning and management have a need to become conversant with new concepts designed to provide quantitative measures of the environmental benefits of natural resources. These amenities range from beaches to wetlands to clean water and other assets that normally are not bought and sold in everyday markets. At all levels of government — from federal agencies to townships and counties — decisionmakers are being asked to account for the costs and benefits of proposed actions. To non-specialists, the tools of professional economists are often poorly understood and sometimes inappropriate for the problem at hand. This handbook is intended to bridge this gap. The most widely used organizing tool for dealing with natural and environmental resource choices is benefit-cost analysis — it offers a convenient way to carefully identify and array, quantitatively if possible, the major costs, benefits, and consequences of a proposed policy or regulation. The major strength of benefit-cost analysis is not necessarily the predicted outcome, which depends upon assumptions and techniques, but the process itself, which forces an approach to decision-making that is based largely on rigorous and quantitative reasoning. However, a major shortfall of benefit-cost analysis has been the difficulty of quantifying both benefits and costs of actions that impact environmental assets not normally, nor even regularly, bought and sold in markets. Failure to account for these assets, to omit them from the benefit-cost equation, could seriously bias decisionmaking, often to the detriment of the environment. Economists and other social scientists have put a great deal of effort into addressing this shortcoming by developing techniques to quantify these non-market benefits. The major focus of this handbook is on introducing and illustrating concepts of environmental valuation, among them Travel Cost models and Contingent Valuation. These concepts, combined with advances in natural sciences that allow us to better understand how changes in the natural environment influence human behavior, aim to address some of the more serious shortcomings in the application of economic analysis to natural resource and environmental management and policy analysis. Because the handbook is intended for non-economists, it addresses basic concepts of economic value such as willingness-to-pay and other tools often used in decision making such as costeffectiveness analysis, economic impact analysis, and sustainable development. A number of regionally oriented case studies are included to illustrate the practical application of these concepts and techniques.

Encoding of marginal utility across time in the human brain.

Marginal utility theory prescribes the relationship between the objective property of the magnitude of rewards and their subjective value. Despite its pervasive influence, however, there is remarkably little direct empirical evidence for such a theory of value, let alone of its neurobiological basis. We show that human preferences in an intertemporal choice task are best described by a model that integrates marginally diminishing utility with temporal discounting. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that activity in the dorsal striatum encodes both the marginal utility of rewards, over and above that which can be described by their magnitude alone, and the discounting associated with increasing time. In addition, our data show that dorsal striatum may be involved in integrating subjective valuation systems inherent to time and magnitude, thereby providing an overall metric of value used to guide choice behavior. Furthermore, during choice, we show that anterior cingulate activity correlates with the degree of difficulty associated with dissonance between value and time. Our data support an integrative architecture for decision making, revealing the neural representation of distinct subcomponents of value that may contribute to impulsivity and decisiveness.

Biomimetics in design-oriented information systems research

Modern information systems (ISs) are becoming increasingly complex. Simultaneously, organizational changes are occurring more often and more rapidly. Therefore, emergent behavior and organic adaptivity are key advantages of ISs. In this paper, a design science research (DSR) question for design-oriented information systems research (DISR) is proposed: Can the application of biomimetic principles to IS design result in the creation of value by innovation? Accordingly, the properties of biological IS are analyzed, and these insights are crystallized into a theoretical framework to address the three major aspects of biomimetic ISs: user experience, information processing, and management cybernetics. On this basis, the research question is elaborated together with a starting point for a research methodology in biomimetic information systems.

Do You Want to Hear the Bad News? The Value of Diagnostic Tests for Alzheimer's Disease.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains difficult. Lack of diagnostic certainty or possible distress related to a positive result from diagnostic testing could limit the application of new testing technologies. The objective of this paper is to quantify respondents' preferences for obtaining AD diagnostic tests and to estimate the perceived value of AD test information. METHODS: Discrete-choice experiment and contingent-valuation questions were administered to respondents in Germany and the United Kingdom. Choice data were analyzed by using random-parameters logit. A probit model characterized respondents who were not willing to take a test. RESULTS: Most respondents indicated a positive value for AD diagnostic test information. Respondents who indicated an interest in testing preferred brain imaging without the use of radioactive markers. German respondents had relatively lower money-equivalent values for test features compared with respondents in the United Kingdom. CONCLUSIONS: Respondents preferred less invasive diagnostic procedures and tests with higher accuracy and expressed a willingness to pay up to €700 to receive a less invasive test with the highest accuracy.

A Holistic vs. an Attribute-based Approach to Agri-Environmental Policy Valuation: Do Welfare Estimates Differ?

Different economic valuation methodologies can be used to value the non-market benefits of an agri-environmental scheme. In particular, the non-market value can be examined by assessing the public's willingness to pay for the policy outputs as a whole or by modelling the preferences of society for the component attributes of the rural landscape that result from the implementation of the policy. In this article we examine whether the welfare values estimated for an agri-environmental policy are significantly different between an holistic valuation methodology (using contingent valuation) and an attribute-based valuation methodology (choice experiment). It is argued that the valuation methodology chosen should be based on whether or not the overall objective is the valuation of the agri-environment policy package in its entirety or the valuation of each of the policy's distinct environmental outputs.

Making Social Work Education App’ier : The Process of Developing Information-based Apps for Social Work Education and Practice

Mobile App technology in social work education remains in the embryonic stages of development with a few notable exceptions. The use of Apps in College and University settings has been reported in other sectors of higher education, although there is a paucity of research in relation to its relevance to social work education and practice. The following article describes the creation of four social work education and practice Apps by a team of social work educators. The primary focus is on the design process and the partnership approach to the creation of the tools. It also outlines the rationale for the App development, the working process and the theoretical framework underpinning mobile learning. Furthermore, it provides information on the level of usage of the Apps according to geographical location, download information and time spent on each section of the App. The article also incorporates a pragmatic summary of developmental guidelines which may aid social work educators in the development and implementation of specialist information-based Apps for education and practice.

Willingness to pay for personalised nutrition across Europe

BACKGROUND: Personalised nutrition (PN) may promote public health. PN involves dietary advice based on individual characteristics of end users and can for example be based on lifestyle, blood and/or DNA profiling. Currently, PN is not refunded by most health insurance or health care plans. Improved public health is contingent on individual consumers being willing to pay for the service.

METHODS: A survey with a representative sample from the general population was conducted in eight European countries (N= 8233). Participants reported their willingness to pay (WTP) for PN based on lifestyle information, lifestyle and blood information, and lifestyle and DNA information. WTP was elicited by contingent valuation with the price of a standard, non-PN advice used as reference.

RESULTS: About 30% of participants reported being willing to pay more for PN than for non-PN advice. They were on average prepared to pay about 150% of the reference price of a standard, non-personalised advice, with some differences related to socio-demographic factors.

CONCLUSION: There is a potential market for PN compared to non-PN advice, particularly among men on higher incomes. These findings raise questions to what extent personalized nutrition can be left to the market or should be incorporated into public health programs.

Women's decision making and experience of subsequent pregnancy following stillbirth.

INTRODUCTION: This study sought to increase understanding of women's thoughts and feelings about decision making and the experience of subsequent pregnancy following stillbirth (intrauterine death after 24 weeks' gestation). METHODS: Eleven women were interviewed, 8 of whom were pregnant at the time of the interview. Modified grounded theory was used to guide the research methodology and to analyze the data. RESULTS: A model was developed to illustrate women's experiences of decision making in relation to subsequent pregnancy and of subsequent pregnancy itself. DISCUSSION: The results of the current study have significant implications for women who have experienced stillbirth and the health professionals who work with them. Based on the model, women may find it helpful to discuss their beliefs in relation to healing and health professionals to provide support with this in mind. Women and their partners may also benefit from explanations and support about the potentially conflicting emotions they may experience during this time.

Idiosyncratic volatility around information release date

Several papers document idiosyncratic volatility is time-varying and many attempts have been made to reveal whether idiosyncratic risk is priced. This research studies behavior of idiosyncratic volatility around information release dates and also its relation with return after public announcement. The results indicate that when a company discloses specific information to the market, firm’s specific volatility level shifts and short-horizon event-induced volatility vary significantly however, the category to which the announcement belongs is not important in magnitude of change. This event-induced volatility is not small in size and should not be downplayed in event studies. Moreover, this study shows stocks with higher contemporaneous realized idiosyncratic volatility earn lower return after public announcement consistent with “divergence of opinion hypothesis”. While no significant relation is found between EGARCH estimated idiosyncratic volatility and return and also between one-month lagged idiosyncratic volatility and return presumably due to significant jump around public announcement both may provide some signals regarding future idiosyncratic volatility through their correlations with contemporaneous realized idiosyncratic volatility. Finally, the study show that positive relation between return and idiosyncratic volatility based on under-diversification is inadequate to explain all different scenarios and this negative relation after public announcement may provide a useful trading rule.

Le Service à la famille de l'organisme Dans la rue : points de vue et expériences de jeunes qui y ont fait appel

Malgré l’intérêt accru du public et de la recherche durant les deux dernières décennies pour le phénomène des jeunes de la rue, certains aspects de leurs réalités sont encore peu examinés et mal connus. L’un de ces aspects concerne la parentalité. Pour mieux comprendre les besoins des jeunes en situation de rue qui sont parents ou en voie de l’être et comprendre dans quelle mesure un service s’adressant spécifiquement à eux arrive à y répondre, cette étude a cherché à décrire et comprendre l’expérience d’utilisation du Service à la famille de l’organisme Dans la rue, telle que vécue par des jeunes qui s’y sont adressés. Plus précisément, les objectifs étaient de : situer le Service à la famille dans la démarche de recherche d’aide des jeunes; comprendre ce qui amène un jeune à utiliser le Service à la famille et les activités qui y sont offertes; décrire l’expérience d’utilisation du service; connaître la perception qu’en ont les jeunes; et estimer leur appréciation du service. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-dirigées par téléphone ont eu lieu avec neuf jeunes ayant eu un suivi au Service à la famille, au cours desquelles certains thèmes ont été explorés : la recherche d’aide en lien avec la situation parentale, l’expérience d’utilisation des services et des activités du Service à la famille, le portrait de celui-ci, et la satisfaction à son égard. Au moment de l’entrevue, tous les jeunes étaient parents d’au moins un enfant et la majorité d’entre eux avait fait appel au Service à la famille la première fois durant la grossesse pour de l’aide sous diverses formes en rapport à celle-ci. Des besoins de divers ordres ont amené les jeunes à faire appel au Service à la famille. Ceux-ci pouvaient être comblés, mais pas nécessairement toujours, par le biais des rencontres avec les intervenantes du Service à la famille et par la participation aux activités de groupe offertes par la ressource et, par ailleurs, pouvaient concorder avec les objectifs d’intervention explicites du service. Dans l’ensemble, les entrevues suggèrent que les jeunes perçoivent le Service à la famille et, plus précisément, les intervenantes qui y travaillent, d’un œil favorable. Les interviewés formulent en effet une appréciation positive sur un bon nombre d’éléments se rapportant à leur expérience d’utilisation de la ressource. Des jeunes perçoivent néanmoins des limites dans la capacité du Service à la famille à fournir l’aide attendue, notamment des restrictions budgétaires et une surcharge de travail des intervenantes liée à une forte demande de services. Même si les jeunes n’ont pas nécessairement demandé de l’aide de la ressource dans l’optique de prévenir la violence familiale et la négligence, mandat premier du Service à la famille, une bonne part d’entre eux reconnaissent avoir reçu de l’aide utile à cet égard de la part des intervenantes, notamment lorsqu’ils ont rapporté avoir vécu des relations amoureuses teintées de violence conjugale. Ils reconnaissent également différentes façons par le biais desquelles les intervenantes les auraient encouragés à être bien et à prendre soin d’eux-mêmes afin de pouvoir bien s’occuper de leur(s) enfant(s). Tous les jeunes interviewés ont exprimé une satisfaction à l’égard du suivi reçu au Service à la famille et ils ont affirmé qu’ils le recommanderaient à d’autres personnes. L’approche d’intervention préconisée par la ressource est considérée comme un point fort dans la réponse aux besoins des jeunes. Cette approche aurait permis aux jeunes devenus parents d’être aidés en fonction de ce dont ils avaient besoin à un moment précis. L’un des aspects de l’utilisation du service qui gagneraient à être améliorés, aux yeux des jeunes, est l’accessibilité; l’aide dont les interviewés considéraient avoir besoin n’ayant pas toujours été à leur disposition alors qu’ils l’avaient demandée. Devant la perception d’un manque de disponibilité des intervenantes, des jeunes proposent des pistes d’amélioration qui permettraient à l’aide dispensée par le Service à la famille d’être plus accessible aux jeunes quand ils considèrent en avoir besoin.

Economic Valuation of Coastal Wetlands: A Study of Cochin Back waters in Kerala

The major objective of this chapter was to estimate the indirect benefits provided by the Cochin wetlands to direct, indirect and non-user populations.This chapter gives the details of the Contingent valuation survey that was executed in the study area. Section one described the actual survey and its execution. Section two undertook a detailed discussion of the methodological issues involved in the survey. Section three contained some discussion on the study.This analysis has demonstrated the feasibility of extending the use of contingent valuation methods to local populations in developing countries like India. Certain issues emerge from these applications. Income is strongly related to willingness to pay in these surveys, yet income levels are often low.Secondly, education is not a factor that influences willingness to pay in the coastal belt very much. Rather, relation of individual occupation to any wetland based activity very much influenced their willingness to pay. The study revealed that people very much valued the indirect function performed by wetlands, in fact as much as they valued the direct benefits provided by the system. There still exist differences of opinions among experts when undertaking such valuation studies. However, in the absence of a better technique for valuing environmental services that have no markets, this is definitely a first step

Factores de riesgo relacionados con accidentalidad laboral en una empresa del sector de hidrocarburos, Colombia julio 2010- junio 2013

Objetivo. Para fortalecer las estrategias preventivas de forma integral, se pretende caracterizar la accidentalidad ocurrida en una empresa del sector de hidrocarburos e identificar los posibles factores de riesgo relacionados con estos eventos. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, utilizando las bases de datos SIGA y AUDICOMP del periodo Julio-2010 a Junio-2013, que almacenan información sobre accidentes laborales en trabajadores vinculados a Petrobras, Colombia. Nuestra variable resultado fue el número de accidentes laborales en función de la experiencia laboral y tiempo de contratación en la empresa, estratificada por características demográficas, propias del cargo ocupado y área anatómica lesionada. A las variables continuas se les calculo las medidas de tendencia central y dispersión y a las categóricas la proporción; se estimó el Odds Ratio (OR) de presentar un accidente en < 1 o entre 1-5 años de contratación. Resultados: se presentaron 457 accidentes, 96% (IC95% 94.2-97.8) fueron hombres, la década entre 25-34 años (36.8; IC95% 32.4-41.2) y el tipo de cargo obrero fueron los más frecuentes (35.3%; IC95% 30.9-39.6). Ser obrero (IC95% 2,11-2,65) y contar con experiencia laboral menor a un año (IC95% 1,78-2,33) fueron los principales factores relacionados con un accidente en < 1 año de contratación; el modelo con mayor AUC fue el de hombres entre 18-24 años de edad, contratados para laborar como obrero y con menos de un año de experiencia laboral (AUC 0,973; IC95% 0,865-0,995). Conclusiones. Los hombres entre 18-24 años de edad, contratados para laborar como obrero y con menos de un año de experiencia laboral, tenían mayor riesgo de presentar un accidente en menos de un año desde la contratación. El modelo propuesto ayudó a identificar a trabajadores con alta probabilidad de presentar un accidente en < 1 año desde la contratación.

Consumer attitudes towards and willingness to pay for pesticide residue limit compliant 'safe' vegetables in Northeast Thailand

Pesticide residue in vegetables is a major food safety issue in Thailand. A range of vegetable products (organic/pesticide-free/ hydroponic) has emerged in Thai markets that guarantee compliance with maximum residue limits. The Government of Thailand is eager to extend the benefits of this suite of alternative vegetables to the entire population, particularly the semi-urban/rural segments that are often bypassed by such speciality products. However, little information is available to guide such an effort, particularly with regard to up-country consumer attitudes, shopping and consumption habits and willingness to pay premiums for such produce. This research aims to fill this gap in knowledge. It reports the results of a survey of vegetable consumption and shopping habits and attitudes of 608 consumers in northeast Thailand. Willingness to pay premiums for pesticide residue limit compliant vegetables is also assessed by using a contingent valuation method, and determinants of willingness to pay are examined using an ordered probit empirical model. Results indicate that, given adequate awareness of relative risks, even up-country consumers are willing to pay market premium levels for these products, and that inadequate availability, rather than lack of demand is the constraining factor. Willingness to pay is found to increase with income, age and supermarket sourcing of vegetables. We also discuss the challenge of improving availability at mainstream outlets.