Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy associated with nonneovascular chronic angle-closure glaucoma

Purpose: Cases of angle-closure glaucoma in patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy have been reported secondary to neovascularization of the anterior segment. Cases secondary to nonneovascular mechanisms have not been previously reported. Methods: Two cases are presented of angle-closure glaucoma as a result of a nonneovascular mechanism. Results: Neovascularization was found to be a very unlikely explanation for the angle closure in these two cases. Conclusion: There may be an association between familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and angle-closure glaucoma as a direct result of a retrolental process or more likely a relative lens-iris pupillary block with a large lens.

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia as a differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism:studies in a large kindred and a review of surgical experience in the condition

We have studied 46 members of a large kindred with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) after a neck exploration failed to cure hypercalcaemia in an asymptomatic patient. Serum calcium, serum phosphate, plasma parathormone and vitamin D metabolites do not distinguish affected members from patients with hyperparathyroidism. Because of the continuing debate as to whether or not FHH is a variant of, or distinct from, hyperparathyroidism, we have carried out a review of surgical experience with subtotal parathyroidectomy in hyperparathyroidism secondary to parathyroid hyperplasia and in FHH. Whereas the procedure is successful in 90 per cent of the former cases only one case of FHH has been cured by it. This provides evidence for the two conditions being aetiologically distinct. Before patients with asymptomatic hypercalcaemia are referred for parathyroid surgery the calcium:creatinine clearance ratio should be measured using a 2 h urine sample collected after an overnight fast and a fasting blood sample. If this ratio is less than 0.01 then screening of first degree relations should be undertaken before any parathyroid surgery is performed. Unnecessary surgery can therefore be avoided.

Transmission of two novel mutations in a pedigree with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency:structure-function relationships and studies in a compound heterozygous proband

Two novel mutations were identified in a compound heterozygous male with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency. Exon sequence determination of the LCAT gene of the proband revealed two novel heterozygous mutations in exons one (C110T) and six (C991T) that predict non-conservative amino acid substitutions (Thr13Met and Pro307Ser, respectively). To assess the distinct functional impact of the separate mutant alleles, studies were conducted in the proband's 3-generation pedigree. The compound heterozygous proband had negligible HDL and severely reduced apolipoprotein A-I, LCAT mass, LCAT activity, and cholesterol esterification rate (CER). The proband's mother and two sisters were heterozygous for the Pro307Ser mutation and had low HDL, markedly reduced LCAT activity and CER, and the propensity for significant reductions in LCAT protein mass. The proband's father and two daughters were heterozygous for the Thr13Met mutation and also displayed low HDL, reduced LCAT activity and CER, and more modest decrements in LCAT mass. Mean LCAT specific activity was severely impaired in the compound heterozygous proband and was reduced by 50% in individuals heterozygous for either mutation, compared to wild type family members. It is also shown that the two mutations impair both catalytic activity and expression of the circulating protein.

How to classify the Oldest Old according to Health Status: A study of 1160 subjects belonging to 552 90+ Italian sibships characterised by familial longevity recruited within the GeHA EU project

The health status of the oldest old, the fastest increasing population segment worldwide, progressively becomes more heterogeneous, and this peculiarity represents a major obstacle to their classification. We compared the effectiveness of four previously proposed criteria (Franceschi et al., 2000; Evert et al., 2003; Gondo et al., 2006; Andersen-Ranberg et al., 2001) in 1160 phenotypically fully characterized Italian siblings of 90 years of age and older (90+, mean age: 93 years; age range: 90–106 years) belonging to 552 sib-ships, recruited in Northern, Central and Southern Italy within the EU-funded project GEHA, followed for a six-year-survival. Main findings were: (i) ‘‘healthy’’ subjects varied within a large range, i.e. 5.2% (Gondo), 8.7% (Evert), 17.7% (Franceschi), and 28.5% (Andersen-Ranberg); (ii) Central Italy subjects showed better health than those from Northern and Southern Italy; (iii) mortality risk was correlated with health status independently of geographical areas; and (iv) 90+ males, although fewer in number, were healthier than females, but with no survival advantage. In conclusion, we identified a modified version of Andersen-Ranberg criteria, based on the concomitant assessment of two basic domains (cognitive, SMMSE; physical, ADL), called ‘‘Simple Model of Functional Status’’ (SMFS), as the most effective proxy to distinguish healthy from not-healthy subjects. This model showed that health status was correlated within sib-ships, suggesting a familial/genetic component.

Prevalence of germ-line mutations in p16, p19ARF, and CDK4 in familial melanoma:analysis of a clinic-based population

Five to ten percent of individuals with melanoma have another affected family member, suggesting familial predisposition. Germ-line mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p16 have been reported in a subset of melanoma pedigrees, but their prevalence is unknown in more common cases of familial melanoma that do not involve large families with multiple affected members. We screened for germ-line mutations in p16 and in two other candidate melanoma genes, p19ARF and CDK4, in 33 consecutive patients treated for melanoma; these patients had at least one affected first or second degree relative (28 independent families). Five independent, definitive p16 mutations were detected (18%, 95% confidence interval: 6%, 37%), including one nonsense, one disease-associated missense, and three small deletions. No mutations were detected in CDK4. Disease-associated mutations in p19ARF, whose transcript is derived in part from an alternative codon reading frame of p16, were only detected in patients who also had mutations inactivating p16. We conclude that germ-line p16 mutations are present in a significant fraction of individuals who have melanoma and a positive family history.

Adaptor protein-2 sigma subunit mutations causing familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia type 3 (FHH3) demonstrate genotype-phenotype correlations, codon bias and dominant-negative effects

The adaptor protein-2 sigma subunit (AP2sigma;2) is pivotal for clathrin-mediated endocytosis of plasma membrane constituents such as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Mutations of the AP2sigma;2 Arg15 residue result in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia type 3 (FHH3), a disorder of extracellular calcium (Ca<inf>o</inf>²⁺) homeostasis. To elucidate the role of AP2sigma;2 in Ca<inf>o</inf>²⁺ regulation, we investigated 65 FHH probands, without other FHH-associated mutations, for AP2sigma;2 mutations, characterized their functional consequences and investigated the genetic mechanisms leading to FHH3. AP2sigma;2 mutations were identified in 17 probands, comprising 5 Arg15Cys, 4 Arg15His and 8 Arg15Leu mutations. A genotype-phenotype correlation was observed with the Arg15Leu mutation leading to marked hypercalcaemia. FHH3 probands harboured additional phenotypes such as cognitive dysfunction. All three FHH3-causing AP2sigma;2 mutations impaired CaSR signal transduction in a dominant-negative manner. Mutational bias was observed at the AP2sigma;2 Arg15 residue as other predicted missense substitutions (Arg15Gly, Arg15Pro and Arg15Ser), which also caused CaSR loss-of-function, were not detected in FHH probands, and these mutations were found to reduce the numbers of CaSR-expressing cells. FHH3 probands had significantly greater serum calcium (sCa) and magnesium (sMg) concentrations with reduced urinary calcium to creatinine clearance ratios (CCCR) in comparison with FHH1 probands with CaSR mutations, and a calculated index of sCa × sMg/100 × CCCR, which was ≥ 5.0, had a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 83 and 86%, respectively, for FHH3. Thus, our studies demonstrate AP2sigma;2 mutations to result in a more severe FHH phenotype with genotype-phenotype correlations, and a dominant-negative mechanism of action with mutational bias at the Arg15 residue.

Nuclear cataract shows significant familial aggregation in an older population after adjustment for possible shared environmental factors.

PURPOSE: To quantify the association between siblings in age-related nuclear cataract, after adjusting for known environmental and personal risk factors. METHODS: All participants (probands) in the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project and their locally resident siblings underwent digital slit lamp photography and were administered a questionnaire to assess risk factors for cataract including: age, gender, lifetime sun exposure, smoking and diabetes history, and use of alcohol and medications such as estrogens and steroids. In addition, blood pressure, body mass index, and serum antioxidants were measured in all participants. Lens photographs were graded by trained observers masked to the subjects' identity, using the Wilmer Cataract Grading System. The odds ratio for siblings for affectedness with nuclear cataract and the sibling correlation of nuclear cataract grade, after adjusting for covariates, were estimated with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Among 307 probands (mean age, 77.6 +/- 4.5 years) and 434 full siblings (mean age, 72.4 +/- 7.4 years), the average sibship size was 2.7 per family. After adjustment for covariates, the probability of development of nuclear cataract was significantly increased (odds ratio [OR] = 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-3.30) among individuals with a sibling with nuclear cataract (nuclear grade > or = 3.0). The final fitted model indicated a magnitude of heritability for nuclear cataract of 35.6% (95% CI: 21.0%-50.3%) after adjustment for the covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Findings in this study are consistent with a genetic effect for age-related nuclear cataract, a common and clinically significant form of lens opacity.

Cortical, but not posterior subcapsular, cataract shows significant familial aggregation in an older population after adjustment for possible shared environmental factors.

PURPOSE:

To quantify the risk for age-related cortical cataract and posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) associated with having an affected sibling after adjusting for known environmental and personal risk factors.

DESIGN:

Sibling cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS:

Participants in the ongoing Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) study (n = 321; mean age, 78.1+/-4.2 years) and their locally resident siblings (n = 453; mean age, 72.6+/-7.4 years) were recruited at the time of Rounds 3 and 4 of the SEE study. INTERVENTION/TESTING METHODS: Retroillumination photographs of the lens were graded for the presence of cortical cataract and PSC with the Wilmer grading system. The residual correlation between siblings' cataract grades was estimated after adjustment for a number of factors (age; gender; race; lifetime exposure to ultraviolet-B light; cigarette, alcohol, estrogen, and steroid use; serum antioxidants; history of diabetes; blood pressure; and body mass index) suspected to be associated with the presence of cataract.

RESULTS:

The average sibship size was 2.7 per family. Multivariate analysis revealed the magnitude of heritability (h(2)) for cortical cataract to be 24% (95% CI, 6%-42%), whereas that for PSC was not statistically significant (h(2) 4%; 95% CI, 0%-11%) after adjustment for the covariates. The model revealed that increasing age, female gender, a history of diabetes, and black race increased the odds of cortical cataract, whereas higher levels of provitamin A were protective. A history of diabetes and steroid use increased the odds for PSC.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study is consistent with a significant genetic effect for age-related cortical cataract but not PSC.

Familial aggregation of hyperopia in an elderly population of siblings in Salisbury, Maryland.

PURPOSE: To determine whether hyperopia aggregates in families in an older mixed-race population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional familial aggregation study using sibships. METHODS: We recruited 759 subjects (mean age, 73.4 years) in 241 families through the population-based Salisbury Eye Evaluation study. Subjects underwent noncycloplegic refraction if best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was <or=20/40, had lensometry to measure their currently worn spectacles if BCVA was >20/40 with spectacles, or were considered to be plano (refraction of zero) if the BCVA was >20/40 without spectacles. Preoperative refraction from medical records was used for bilaterally pseudophakic subjects. RESULTS: Utilizing hyperopia cutoffs from 1.00 to 2.50 diopters, age-, race-, and gender-adjusted odds ratios for hyperopia with an affected sibling ranged from 2.72 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84-4.01) to 4.87 (95% CI, 2.54-9.30). The odds of hyperopia increased with age until 75 years, after which they remained relatively constant. Black men were significantly less likely to be hyperopic than white men, white women, or black women. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperopia appears to be under strong genetic control in this older population.

Heritability of refractive error and familial aggregation of myopia in an elderly American population.

PURPOSE: To determine the heritability of refractive error and the familial aggregation of myopia in an older population. METHODS: Seven hundred fifty-nine siblings (mean age, 73.4 years) in 241 families were recruited from the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) Study in eastern Maryland. Refractive error was determined by noncycloplegic subjective refraction (if presenting distance visual acuity was < or =20/40) or lensometry (if best corrected visual acuity was >20/40 with spectacles). Participants were considered plano (refractive error of zero) if uncorrected visual acuity was >20/40. Preoperative refraction from medical records was used for pseudophakic subjects. Heritability of refractive error was calculated with multivariate linear regression and was estimated as twice the residual between-sibling correlation after adjusting for age, gender, and race. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of myopia, given a myopic sibling relative to having a nonmyopic sibling. RESULTS: The estimated heritability of refractive error was 61% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34%-88%) in this population. The age-, race-, and sex-adjusted ORs of myopia were 2.65 (95% CI: 1.67-4.19), 2.25 (95% CI: 1.31-3.87), 3.00 (95% CI: 1.56-5.79), and 2.98 (95% CI: 1.51-5.87) for myopia thresholds of -0.50, -1.00, -1.50, and -2.00 D, respectively. Neither race nor gender was significantly associated with an increased risk of myopia. CONCLUSIONS: Refractive error and myopia are highly heritable in this elderly population.

Création littéraire sous contexte médiatisé: l'œuvre de Michel Houellebecq, Amélie Nothomb et Jacques Chessex

Partindo da análise dos processos de legitimação e de consagração que regem, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, a mediatização do campo literário, propomo-nos estudar os peri-fenómenos consequentes, tal como a correlação possível entre essa circunstância e a própria criação. O objeto deste estudo focaliza-se na produção de três escritores paradigmáticos das letras de expressão francesa europeias contemporâneas, cuja mediatização acompanha a popularidade: o francês Michel Houellebecq, a belga Amélie Nothomb e o suíço romando Jacques Chessex. Interrogamo-nos sobre as relações possíveis entre os instrumentos dessa mediatização e os seus efeitos nas opções de escrita destes três escritores. Atenta à projeção transfronteiriça de autores e de obras, resultado de uma convergência de alguns fatores de mediatização, mas também às particularidades da memória cultural e literária onde se inscrevem as literaturas respectivas (num percurso de legitimação progressiva das literaturas de periferia face à centralidade franco-francesa), a nossa reflexão visa também contribuir para uma recontextualização do cânone da literatura francesa no contexto globalizado da sociedade mediática contemporânea na qual os autores visados estão comprometidos.

Construction d'une communauté apprenante dans le contexte de la réforme le cas d'un récit d'apprentissage d'une équipe-école au Brésil

Cette thèse résulte d'une recherche qualitative qui s'inscrit dans le domaine de la recherche-action. L'origine de cette étude vient d'un projet pilote exploratoire réalisé auprès d'enseignants dans une école secondaire du Brésil. Les problèmes de transfert quant à la formation et à l'appropriation de la réforme en éducation nous ont amenée à développer une démarche particulière.Cette démarche privilégie l'usage de l'apprentissage dans l'action selon deux approches complémentaires: l'approche du codéveloppement professionnel (Payette et Champagne, 2000) et l'approche normative de l'organisation apprenante (Senge et al ., 2000) dans la construction d'une communauté apprenante dans un contexte de réforme scolaire. L'approche du codéveloppement met l'accent sur le partage des expériences, sur la réflexion individuelle et de groupe, sur les interactions structurées entre professionnels expérimentés. Elle vise à élargir les capacités d'action et de réflexion de chaque membre du groupe. L'approche normative de l'organisation apprenante suppose que l'apprentissage, comme activité collective, se produit sous certaines conditions ou certaines circonstances. Le rôle des responsables de l'organisation dans cette perspective est de créer les conditions essentielles afin que se produise l'apprentissage. L'objectif de cette recherche porte sur l'évolution du développement de la communauté d'apprentissage dans une équipe-école au Brésil. Une communauté apprenante est un groupe de personnes qui adopte une approche active, collaborative, orientée vers l'apprentissage, lequel favorise la croissance et le développement des individus pour résoudre les problèmes, les mystères et les incertitudes liées à l'enseignement et à l'apprentissage (Mitchell et Sackney, 2000). Grâce à une collecte de données articulant l'observation participante, les questions et les exercices réflexifs, nous avons pu faire émerger les données. L'analyse des données a été guidée par le modèle interactif de Huberman et Miles (1991) et de la théorie ancrée de Glaser et Strauss (1967). Le récit d'apprentissage (Roth et Kleiner, 2000), une approche qui préconise l'entrevue semi-structurée comme principal instrument de collecte des données, a permis de décrire et de comprendre l'évolution du processus et les impacts produits par les stratégies d'intervention.Cette approche se caractérise par une nouvelle façon de présenter et de raconter un changement à travers les mots et les voix des personnes impliquées. Elle est composé de sept étapes: vie réelle, sessions de planification, collecte de données, distillation, écriture et production, validité et dissémination. À la lumière des résultats, nous avons pu dégager que les stratégies d'intervention ont eu des effets significatifs sur le développement personnel, professionnel et organisationnel, que la réforme de l'éducation, dans ce cas, passe premièrement par un processus de développement individuel et de groupe et par une transformation d'une équipe-école en une communauté apprenante.Cette communauté s'avère un véritable processus dynamique, qui se construit à l'intérieur d'un espace scolaire, à partir d'échanges d'expérience et à l'aide de stratégies particulières.

Caractéristiques des pratiques d'enseignement en sciences humaines et sociales chez de futurs enseignants de l'enseignement primaire en contexte de formation en milieu de pratique au Québec

Cette thèse est le résultat d'une étude de type descriptif et exploratoire portant sur les pratiques d'enseignement en sciences humaines et sociales au primaire mises en oeuvre par neuf futurs enseignants en contexte de formation initiale en milieu de pratique au Québec. Elle vise à identifier les finalités associées à l'enseignement des sciences humaines et sociales (le pourquoi?) et les objets d'apprentissage privilégiés (le quoi?) et de dégager les dispositifs de formation mis de l'avant dans les pratiques (le comment? et l'avec quoi?). Par l'articulation entre une conception des sciences humaines et sociales qui met en relief leur contribution à la construction intellectuelle de la réalité et le concept d'intervention éducative en tant que médiation pédagogico-didactique visant à créer les conditions les plus adéquates pour que l'élève s'engage dans une démarche d'apprentissage, nous avons mis en place une double lecture des pratiques: une première lecture à partir de l'analyse des données recueillies par observation de ce que font réellement les futurs enseignants en classe, et une deuxième lecture à partir de l'analyse des données recueillies par entretiens, avant et après l'observation, en s'attardant au sens qu'ils donnent à leur action. L'analyse des résultats met en relief le fait que les pratiques reposent sur le développement d'apprentissages de nature factuelle et de quelques habiletés techniques. De plus, même si les séquences d'enseignement-apprentissage peuvent avoir du sens pour les élèves et susciter leur intérêt et leur motivation à s'engager dans le processus d'apprentissage proposé, les savoirs qui doivent être acquis, étant peu problématisés et peu ancrés dans la réalité sociale de l'élève, restent en marge du processus. Ces résultats nous amènent à nous questionner, entre autres, sur l'impact des processus de formation à l'enseignement sur les conceptions et pratiques des futurs enseignants à l'égard de l'enseignement des sciences humaines au primaire.

Évolution de l'identité professionnelle d'étudiantes de niveaux collégial et universitaire dans le contexte de la réalisation d'un stage en milieu de garde québécois ou international

La présente étude a comme objectif d'évaluer l'impact du stage pratique comme situation d'apprentissage dans le développement de l'identité professionnelle. Le cadre conceptuel fait référence à une perspective interactionniste où transige une dialectique entre le sujet et le monde de la socialisation professionnelle: donc, d'une identité négociée en fonction des valeurs du milieu d'éducation et des intérêts de l'individu. Des mesures de ce construit sont prises en compte avant et après la réalisation du stage, puis sont comparées au construit collectif associé aux milieux de stage. Le choix méthodologique s'est porté vers la méthode Q qui s'avère une approche compatible avec l'étude des systèmes de valeurs des individus (Stephenson, 1953). Ainsi, la technique du Q-Sort consiste en une priorisation impliquant un tri d'énoncés de nature qualitative. Le traitement statistique permet ensuite d'examiner l'interrelation d'attitudes individuelles privilégiées par un groupe de répondants. L'échantillon se compose de stagiaires en milieux de garde du collégial (n= ll), de niveau universitaire (n=12) et d'éducatrices (n=81 ) provenant du Québec, de la France, de la Belgique et du Mali. Le Q-sort se compose de 79 énoncés distribués selon une répartition quasi-normale à choix forcés dans sept catégories. L'analyse statistique porte sur les matrices inversées de données afin d'évaluer le degré de rapprochement entre les individus dans la priorisation des valeurs en se basant sur les corrélations et les analyses factorielles. Les résultats mettent en évidence le degré de rapprochement entre les systèmes de valeurs des éducatrices québécoises et ceux des intervenants des autres pays. Quant à l'impact du stage sur les étudiantes, celui-ci se traduit par un éloignement, un rapprochement ou un maintien aux valeurs des éducatrices des milieux de garde. L'étude démontre qu'il s'avère possible d'évaluer l'impact de la formation pratique sur les valeurs liées à l'identité professionnelle tant sur le plan qualitatif que quantitatif.