Intentional risk reduction practices of men in Switzerland who have anal intercourse with casual male partners.

OBJECTIVE: To identify prevalence of and factors associated with intentional use of HIV risk reduction practices by men who have sex with men during anal intercourse with casual partners. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey pertaining to the Swiss HIV behavioral surveillance system, using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire in a self-selected sample of men who have sex with men (n = 2953). Multinomial regression was used to estimate factors associated with reporting either "no or inconsistent condom use" or "one or more risk reduction practices" over "consistent condom use." RESULTS: 57.2% reported anal intercourse with casual partner(s) over the last 12 months. Of these, 24.0% declared having used a risk reduction practice (73.8% of those who did not use condoms consistently). HIV-positive people were more likely to have done so. Most predictors were similarly associated to both regression categories. Four significant predictors were common to both regression categories: Internet partner seeking, age, age squared, and the interaction between HIV status positive and number of partners. The only association that differed markedly between the 2 regression categories was having a number of partners above median, significantly associated with the risk reduction category. CONCLUSIONS: Although condom use is the most frequent protection strategy in anal intercourse with casual partners, risk reduction practices are highly prevalent. However, there are no clear differences regarding predictors between risk reduction practices and inconsistent or no condom use. This suggests that risk reduction is an opportunistic response rather than a strategy per se.

Prévention du sida chez les toxicomanes en Suisse: une évolution encourageante. [Prevention of AIDS in drug addicts in Switzerland: an encouraging development].

Switzerland has adopted a prevention strategy including the promotion of non-sharing injection material and use of condoms. The access to sterile equipment has been made easier, but regional differences still exist. Studies conducted between 1989 and 1992 among drug users in different Swiss regions are reviewed in order to examine if progress in prevention occurred. Syringe sharing diminished everywhere, but rather high sharing rates persist where sterile material is less accessible. Condom use increased, but the situation is still unsatisfactory considering the high HIV prevalence among i.v. drug users. Where several surveys have been conducted consecutively, a stabilization of HIV prevalence was observed. This suggests a slowing down of the progression of the epidemic among drug users. These results, obtained in few years, are encouraging in the light of the pessimism which prevailed at the beginning of the epidemic about the ability of drug users to adopt preventive behaviour.

Associations between online pornography and sexual behavior among adolescents: myth or reality?

This study aimed to compare the sexual behavior of adolescents who were or were not exposed to online pornography, to assess to what extent the willingness of exposure changed these possible associations, and to determine the profiles of youths who were exposed to online pornography. Data were drawn from the 2002 Swiss Multicenter Adolescent Survey on Health, a self-administered cross-sectional, paper and pencil questionnaire. From the 7529 adolescents aged 16-20 years, 6054 (3283 males) used the Internet during the previous month and were eligible for our study. Males were divided into three groups (wanted exposure, 29.2%; unwanted exposure, 46.7%; no exposure, 24.1%) whereas females were divided into two groups (exposure, 35.9%; no exposure, 64.1%). The principal outcome measures were demographic characteristics, Internet use parameters and risky sexual behaviors. Risky sexual behaviors were not associated with online pornography exposure in any of the groups, except that males who were exposed (deliberately or not) had higher odds of not having used a condom at last intercourse. Bi/homosexual orientation and Internet use parameters were not associated either. Additionally, males in the wanted exposure group were more likely to be sensation-seekers. On the other hand, exposed girls were more likely to be students, higher sensation-seekers, early maturers, and to have a highly educated father. We conclude that pornography exposure is not associated with risky sexual behaviors and that the willingness of exposure does not seem to have an impact on risky sexual behaviors among adolescents.

Five-year monitoring of a gay-friendly voluntary counselling and testing facility in Switzerland: who got tested and why?

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: An increase in new HIV cases among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been reported in Switzerland since 2001. A rapid result HIV testing for MSM through voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) facility ("Checkpoint") was opened in Geneva in 2005. This gay-friendly facility, the first to open in Switzerland, provides testing for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and rapid result HIV testing and counselling. Our objective was to analyze Checkpoint's activity over its first five years of activity and its ability to attract at-risk MSM. METHODS: We used routine data collected anonymously about the facility activity (number of clients, number of tests, and test results) and about the characteristics of the clientele (sociodemographic data, sexual risk behaviour, and reasons for testing) from 2005 to 2009. RESULTS: The yearly number of HIV tests performed increased from 249 in 2005 to 561 in 2009. The annual proportion of positive tests among tests performed varied between 2% and 3%. Among MSM clients, the median annual number of anal intercourse (AI) partners was three. Roughly 30% of all MSM clients had at least one unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) experience in the previous 12 months with a partner of different/unknown HIV status.The main reason for testing in 2007, 2008, and 2009 was "sexual risk exposure" (~40%), followed by "routine" testing (~30%) and "condom stopping in the beginning of a new steady relationship" (~10%). Clients who came to the facility after a sexual risk exposure, compared to clients who came for "routine testing" or "condom stopping" reasons, had the highest number of AI partners in the previous 12 months, were more likely to have had UAI with a partner of different/unknown HIV status in the previous 12 months (respectively 57.3%, 12.5%, 23.5%), more likely to have had an STI diagnosed in the past (41.6%, 32.2%, 22.9%), and more likely to report recent feelings of sadness or depression (42.6%; 32.8%, 18.5%). CONCLUSION: Many of Checkpoint's clients reported elevated sexual risk exposure and risk factors, and the annual proportion of new HIV cases in the facility is stable. This VCT facility attracts the intended population and appears to be a useful tool contributing to the fight against the HIV epidemic among MSM in Switzerland.

Increased risks of early sexual initiators: time makes a difference

BACKGROUND: Years since onset of sexual intercourse (YSSI) is a rarely used variable when studying adolescents- sexual outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of YSSI on the adverse sexual outcomes of early sexual initiators. METHODS: Data were drawn from the 2002 Swiss Multicenter Adolescent Survey on Health database, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey including 7429 adolescents in post mandatory school aged 16-20 years. Only adolescents reporting sexual intercourse (SI) were included (N=4388; 45% females) and divided by age of onset of SI (early initiators, age<16: N=1469, 44% females; and late initiators, age≥16: N=2919, 46% females). Analyses were done separately by gender. Groups were compared for personal characteristics at the bivariate level. We analyzed three sexual outcomes (≥4 sexual partners, pregnancy and non-use of condom at last SI) controlling for all significant personal variables with two logistic regressions first using age, then YSSI as one of the confounding variables. Results are given as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) using lSI as the reference category. RESULTS: After adjusting for YSSI instead of age, negative sexual outcomes among early initiators were no longer significant, except for multiple sexual partners among females, although at a much lower level. Early initiators were less likely to report non-use of condom at last SI when adjusting for YSSI (females: aOR=0.59 [0.44-0.79]; p<0.001; males aOR=0.71 [0.50-1.00]; p=0.053). CONCLUSION: YSSI is an important explanatory variable when studying adolescents- sexuality and needs to be included in future research on adolescents- sexual health.

Parcs científics i tecnològics : la creació de nous entorns favorables a la innovació

Un parc científic té dos objectius primordials. El primer és actuar d’ens catalitzador del desenvolupament econòmic regional. El segon implica facilitar l’aparició i el creixement de noves empreses de base tecnològica i alhora, la transferència de coneixement de la universitat a les empreses

Increased voltage-dependent K+ channel Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 expression correlates with leiomyosarcoma aggressiveness

Voltage-dependent K+ channels (Kv) are involved in the proliferation and differentiation of mammalian cells, since Kv antagonists impair cell cycle progression. Although myofibers are terminally differentiated, some myoblasts may re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate. Since Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 expression is remodeled during tumorigenesis and is involved in smooth muscle proliferation, the purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 in smooth muscle neoplasms. In the present study, we examined human samples of smooth muscle tumors together with healthy speci­mens. Thus, leiomyoma (LM) and leiomyosarcoma (LMS) tumors were analyzed. Results showed that Kv1.3 was poorly expressed in the healthy muscle and indolent LM specimens, whereas aggressive LMS showed high levels of Kv1.3 expression. Kv1.5 staining was correlated with malignancy. The findings show a remodeling of Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 in human smooth muscle sarcoma. A correlation of Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 expression with tumor aggressiveness was observed. Thus, our results indicate Kv1.5 and Kv1.3 as potential tumorigenic targets for aggressive human LMS.

Multidrug resistance protein 1 localization in lipid raft domains and prostasomes in prostate cancer cell lines

Background: One of the problems in prostate cancer (CaP) treatment is the appearance of the multidrug resistance phenotype, in which ATP-binding cassette transporters such as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) play a role. Different localizations of the transporter have been reported, some of them related to the chemoresistant phenotype. Aim: This study aimed to compare the localization of MRP1 in three prostate cell lines (normal, androgen-sensitive, and androgen-independent) in order to understand its possible role in CaP chemoresistance. Methods: MRP1 and caveolae protein markers were detected using confocal microscopy, performing colocalization techniques. Lipid raft isolation made it possible to detect these proteins by Western blot analysis. Caveolae and prostasomes were identified by electron microscopy. Results: We show that MRP1 is found in lipid raft fractions of tumor cells and that the number of caveolae increases with malignancy acquisition. MRP1 is found not only in the plasma membrane associated with lipid rafts but also in cytoplasmic accumulations colocalizing with the prostasome markers Caveolin-1 and CD59, suggesting that in CaP cells, MRP1 is localized in prostasomes. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a reservoir of MRP1; thus, taking advantage of the release of their content, MRP1 could be translocated to the plasma membrane contributing to the chemoresistant phenotype. The presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a predictor of malignancy in CaP

Multidrug resistance protein 1 localization in lipid raft domains and prostasomes in prostate cancer cell lines

Background: One of the problems in prostate cancer (CaP) treatment is the appearance of the multidrug resistance phenotype, in which ATP-binding cassette transporters such as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) play a role. Different localizations of the transporter have been reported, some of them related to the chemoresistant phenotype. Aim: This study aimed to compare the localization of MRP1 in three prostate cell lines (normal, androgen-sensitive, and androgen-independent) in order to understand its possible role in CaP chemoresistance. Methods: MRP1 and caveolae protein markers were detected using confocal microscopy, performing colocalization techniques. Lipid raft isolation made it possible to detect these proteins by Western blot analysis. Caveolae and prostasomes were identified by electron microscopy. Results: We show that MRP1 is found in lipid raft fractions of tumor cells and that the number of caveolae increases with malignancy acquisition. MRP1 is found not only in the plasma membrane associated with lipid rafts but also in cytoplasmic accumulations colocalizing with the prostasome markers Caveolin-1 and CD59, suggesting that in CaP cells, MRP1 is localized in prostasomes. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a reservoir of MRP1; thus, taking advantage of the release of their content, MRP1 could be translocated to the plasma membrane contributing to the chemoresistant phenotype. The presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a predictor of malignancy in CaP

Multidrug resistance protein 1 localization in lipid raft domains and prostasomes in prostate cancer cell lines

Background: One of the problems in prostate cancer (CaP) treatment is the appearance of the multidrug resistance phenotype, in which ATP-binding cassette transporters such as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) play a role. Different localizations of the transporter have been reported, some of them related to the chemoresistant phenotype. Aim: This study aimed to compare the localization of MRP1 in three prostate cell lines (normal, androgen-sensitive, and androgen-independent) in order to understand its possible role in CaP chemoresistance. Methods: MRP1 and caveolae protein markers were detected using confocal microscopy, performing colocalization techniques. Lipid raft isolation made it possible to detect these proteins by Western blot analysis. Caveolae and prostasomes were identified by electron microscopy. Results: We show that MRP1 is found in lipid raft fractions of tumor cells and that the number of caveolae increases with malignancy acquisition. MRP1 is found not only in the plasma membrane associated with lipid rafts but also in cytoplasmic accumulations colocalizing with the prostasome markers Caveolin-1 and CD59, suggesting that in CaP cells, MRP1 is localized in prostasomes. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a reservoir of MRP1; thus, taking advantage of the release of their content, MRP1 could be translocated to the plasma membrane contributing to the chemoresistant phenotype. The presence of MRP1 in prostasomes could serve as a predictor of malignancy in CaP

Les Unitats de transferència i comercialització de tecnologia universitària

Aquest article presenta els resultats de l’anàlisi de cinquanta-dues unitats de transferència de tecnologia generada al sector públic. L’objectiu de l’anàlisi era aportar informació i coneixement adreçats a facilitar en el nostre entorn el disseny d’unitats de comercialització de patents i spin-offs per part de les autoritats universitàries i de les agències d’innovació. El projecte ha estat finançat pel Centre d'Innovació i Desenvolupament Empresarial (CIDEM) de la Generalitat de Catalunya

Prevalência e fatores correlatos de infecção pelo hiv e sífilis em prostitutas atendidas em centro de referência DST/AIDS

Um estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido com análise dos prontuários médicos de prostitutas atendidas no Centro de Referência para DST/AIDS em Vitória (ES) no período de janeiro de 1993 a dezembro de 1996. Durante este período, 180 mulheres receberam atendimento médico e psicológico nesta clínica. A média de idade foi de 25,9 anos (DP = 6,8). De um total de 180 mulheres, 140 concordaram em serem testadas para HIV, das quais 12 (8,6%) apresentaram resultado positivo. De 157 mulheres que concordaram em serem testadas para sífilis, 13 (8,3%) apresentaram o VDRL positivo. Quanto ao nível de educação, 6 mulheres (3,3%) eram analfabetas, 114 (63,3%) completaram o primeiro grau, 37 (20,6%) estudaram até o segundo grau, 7 (3,9%) estavam na universidade e 16 (8,9%) não quiseram informar. Quanto ao estado civil, 141 (78,3%) eram solteiras, 17 (9,4%) casadas, 10 (5,5%) divorciadas e 4 (2,2%) viúvas. Quanto à freqüência do uso de condom, 56 (31,3%) relataram que sempre usavam, 93 (52,0%) às vezes e 30 (16,8%) nunca usavam. Doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) prévias foram relatadas por 89 mulheres (49,4%) e 46 (25,6%) apresentavam alguma DST na ocasião da consulta. Nove mulheres (5,0%) relataram uso de drogas injetáveis. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o grupo com sorologia para HIV negativo e o positivo quando se comparou o uso de drogas injetáveis (p=0,031) e a infecção por sífilis (p=0,014). O presente estudo mostrou que as taxas de prevalência da infecção pelo HIV em trabalhadoras do sexo são mais altas que as encontradas na população em geral. Isto aponta para a necessidade de reforçar a assistência médica e campanhas educativas, especialmente direcionadas para esta população de mulheres, abordando a importância do uso regular do preservativo e dos riscos associados ao uso de drogas injetáveis.

Estudo por microscopia eletrônica do epitélio de neovaginas confeccionadas com membrana amniótica e pesquisa de receptores para estrogênios

Objetivo: verificar pela microscopia eletrônica as alterações ocorridas no âmnio empregado para a construção de neovaginas e a presença de receptores para estrogênio (REc) nesse epitélio. Métodos: um grupo de 33 pacientes jovens portadoras de agenesia vaginal, em sua maioria amenorréicas, com dificuldade ou impossibilidade de manter atividade sexual, submeteu-se à correção cirúrgica da anomalia pela técnica de McIndoeBanister. Em cada uma das mulheres, a vaginoplastia criou uma cavidade ampla pela dissecção romba do espaço vésicoretal. Um molde de esponja sintética revestido pelo condom e pela membrana amniótica era introduzido e fixado na cavidade criada. No 8º dia do pós-operatório, o molde era retirado, permanecendo um neoepitélio em formação, oriundo da metaplasia da membrana amniótica. Resultados: a microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) realizada em tecidos obtidos de biópsias das neovaginas mostrou características semelhantes nas três camadas destes epitélios, quer no citoplasma, quer nas organelas celulares em comparação com mulheres normais. Comparou-se a intensidade de coloração dos REc em cortes histológicos do neoepitélio vaginal do grupo de mulheres submetidas à neovaginoplastia pela técnica de McIndoe modificada com mulheres normais no menacme. Os REc apresentaram intensidade distinta nas três camadas da mucosa no grupo de mulheres em que foi elaborada a neovagina com revestimento de membrana amniótica. A análise do neoepitélio vaginal obtido com enxerto de membrana amniótica para correção cirúrgica de agenesia vaginal evidenciou pela MET características de um epitélio vaginal trófico. Conclusões: o tecido amniótico enxertado sofre um processo de transformação completa e esta mudança foi evidenciada à MET; os graus de intensidade dos REc das diferentes camadas do epitélio vaginal estudado, em cortes histológicos oriundos de mulheres no menacme, são semelhantes aos cortes histológicos obtidos em biópsias de neovaginas revestidas com membrana amniótica.

Infecção pelo Papilomavírus Humano em Adolescentes: Relação com o Método Anticoncepcional, Gravidez, Fumo e Achados Citológicos

Objetivo: avaliar a influência da gravidez, do hábito de fumar, do método anticoncepcional e quais os achados citológicos mais freqüentes em adolescentes com infecção pelo HPV. Métodos: foram analisadas retrospectivamente 54.985 citologias de pacientes atendidas entre julho de 1993 e dezembro de 1998. Deste total, 6.498 exames (11,8%) eram de pacientes com idade inferior a 20 anos, sendo que 326 (5,9%) apresentavam sinais citológicos de infecção por HPV, associada ou não a neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical (NIC) grau I. O grupo controle foi composto por 333 pacientes na mesma faixa etária, sem sinais citológicos de infecção por HPV. Resultados: a infecção pelo HPV foi mais freqüente nas adolescentes que fazem uso de anticoncepcionais orais (16,9% versus 13,8%, p<0,01) e que apresentam o achado citológico de clue cells (22,4% versus 14,7%, p<0,001). Os casais usuários de condom tiveram menor freqüência de infecção pelo HPV (0% versus 2,1%, p<0,01). A diferença do número de gestantes (41,1% versus 44,1%) e de fumantes (21,8% versus 16,5%) não foi estatisticamente significante. Conclusões: a infecção pelo HPV é mais freqüente em mulheres adolescentes que fazem uso de anticoncepcionais orais e que apresentam achado citológico de "clue cells". Os casais usuários de condom tiveram menor incidência de infecção pelo HPV. A gestação e o hábito de fumar não influenciaram na incidência da infecção pelo HPV.

Reanastomose Tubária Laparoscópica: Resultados Preliminares

Objetivos: avaliar as taxas de gravidez após realização de reversão laparoscópica de obstrução tubária por laqueadura prévia. Métodos: entre dezembro de 1998 e dezembro de 2001, realizamos estudo prospectivo no qual foram incluídas 26 pacientes previamente submetidas a esterilização tubária. As pacientes tinham idades entre 28 e 37 anos e a reanastomose foi efetuada por via laparoscópica. O período de seguimento variou entre 150 e 425 dias e as taxas de permeabilidade tubária (estudada por meio da histerossalpingografia) e as taxas de gestação foram avaliadas. Resultados: a reversão laparoscópica pôde ser realizada em 23 pacientes, sendo bilateral em 21. Duas pacientes apresentavam uma tuba extremamente danificada e três haviam sido submetidas a fimbriectomia bilateral. O tempo cirúrgico variou de 95 a 155 minutos e a alta hospitalar ocorreu na manhã seguinte em todos os casos. Constatou-se permeabilidade tubária em 15 pacientes (15/23) e a taxa de gestação foi 56,5% (13/23), sem gestações ectópicas. O intervalo entre a interrupção do uso do condom e a gravidez foi de até quatro meses em nove pacientes e de até 10 meses em quatro pacientes. Conclusão: em casos selecionados, a reversão tubária videolaparoscópica pode ser oferecida à pacientes laqueadas que desejam novas gestações. A seleção adequada das pacientes, assim como técnica cirúrgica meticulosa, são os fatores-chave para atingir taxas de gestação satisfatórias.