Ylirajaista rauhaa rakentamassa. Kansainvälisyys osana rauhanaatetta Concord-lehdessä vuosina 1898–1903

Peace Associationin julkaisemassa Concord-lehdessä rakennettua kansainvälisyyttä osana rauhanaatetta vuosina 1898–1903. Lehden näkemys heijasteli vuosisadan vaihteen rauhanliikkeessä suosittua uskoa sotien poistamiseen kansainvälisellä toiminnalla. Tukea näkemys sai valtioiden keskinäisen yhteistyön tiivistymisestä, mutta myös 1800-luvun alussa syntyneiden rauhanjärjestöjen kansainvälisen toiminnan ammattimaistumisesta vuosisadan lopulla. Toisaalta samanaikaisesti vahvistunut nationalismi ja tieteeseen nojannut aikalaisnäkemys Euroopan ylivoimasta kyseenalaistivat rauhanjärjestöjen tavoitteet. Pro gradu -tutkielmassani tutkitaan, miten nämä kolme eri ulottuvuutta – kansallinen, valtioiden välinen ja rauhanliikkeen ei-valtiollinen toiminta – kohtasivat Concordin tulkinnassa kansainvälisyydestä. Tutkielmassani myötäillään transnationalistista tutkimussuuntausta, jonka avulla kansainvälisyyttä tarkastellaan ylirajaisena, valtioiden rajat ylittävänä prosessina ja aatemaailmana. Kansainvälisyys mielletään täten valtiotasoa laajemmaksi toiminnaksi, johon osallistuivat myös ei-valtiolliset toimijat. Näkökulma ei kiellä kansallisen ja kansainvälisten suhteiden tasojen vaikutusta, vaan paljastaa niiden lomasta uusia painotuksia. Näkemykseen liittyy risteävät historiat -teorian korostama eriaikaisten tasojen monitahoinen vuorovaikutus vastakkainasettelun sijaan. Tärkeänä tutkimuksellisena lähtökohtana työssä on myös käsitehistoriallinen näkökulma, joka korostaa herkistymistä määritteiden monimuotoisuudelle ja avoimuudelle lopullisen määrittelyn sijaan. Rauhanaatteeseen kietoutunut kansainvälisyys miellettiin kirjoituksissa prosessiksi, joka pyrki ihmiskunnan ykseyden toteutumiseen kanssakäymistä lisäämällä. Kansainvälinen rauhan edistäminen laajennettiin totutusta valtioiden välisestä toiminnasta osaksi ei-valtiollisia ja kansallisia painotuksia. Toisaalta tutkielmassa havaittiin, etteivät artikkeleiden kirjoittajat olleet vapaita ajan vallitsevista aatevirtauksista. Aikalaiskeskusteluissa toistetut teemat, kuten kansalaisyhteiskunnan muutokset ongelmineen, kansalliset ennakkoluulot, kansainvälisen oikeuden kehittyminen sekä tieteis- ja edistysusko, ulottuivat myös Concordiin. Näin ennalta vastakkaisilta ja ristiriitaisilta näyttäytyneet kansallisen, valtioiden välisen ja ylirajaisen tematiikat kohtasivat lehdessä toisensa leikaten ja kirjoituksissa rakennettua kansainvälisyyden määritelmää muokaten.

Improving business processes in a globally dispersed make-to-order supply chain. Case study on outbound logistics in a Multinational Corporation

The purpose of this thesis is to find out how outbound logistics process can be improved by reducing unnecessary waste in a globally dispersed make-to-order (MTO) supply chain. The research problem was addressed by a multinational corporation that aims to find a solution for reducing unnecessary waste in their outbound logistics process. The focus is on customized products that are delivered via sea transportation. Theoretical framework for improving outbound logistics processes in globally dispersed MTO supply chain was created based on business process management, Porter’s value chain theory, value stream mapping and current reality tree. The empirical research was conducted by using constructive approach due to its ability to research a practical problem and to improve the existing practices. The data was collected from ten semi-structured interviews and three non-participant observations. By analysing the data and applying the theoretical framework, five types of waste were detected in the process that were seen to derive from six root causes. Practical solution was constructed to reduce the waste in the process by combining the existing literature with the ideas raising from empirical data. The results of this thesis suggest that a MNC with a globally dispersed MTO supply chain can improve its outbound logistics process by applying activities that enhance internal and external integration, collaboration and coordination, and increase predictability of the process. This research has practical relevance both for the case company as well as for other MNCs with globally dispersed MTO supply chains that aim to improve their outbound logistics processes. This research contributes to the BPM and CRA research by providing an evidence for their applicability in the new context.

Global instability of currencies: reasons and perspectives according to the state-corporation hegemonic stability theory

This paper analyses reasons of the instability of the world monetary system. The author considers this problem from historical and contemporary perspectives. According to presented point of view banknotes and electronic money which replaced gold and silver coins in popular circulation are the most important reason of the instability. There are also proven positive and negative consequences of money instability. Reforms of the world monetary system need agreement within the global collective hegemony of state-powers and transnational corporations.

Changing roles of nurse educators employed in acute and chronic care settings : the impact of professional and statutory mandates in Ontario at four sites of one hospital corporation /

The role of the hospital-employed nurse educator is evolving. Factors influencing this change include the introduction of standards for nurse educators by the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO), a change in the way nurses are educated, the emergence of nursing as a profession, and hospital restructuring as a result of budgetary constraints. Two of these influencing factors: the introduction of the updated Standards of Practice for Registered Nurses and Registered Practical Nurses (1996) and hospital restructuring occurred over the last 7 years at several hospitals in southern Ontario. Current literature as well as the Standards of Practice (1996) were utilized to examine the current roles and responsibilities of nurse educators and subsequently develop a questionnaire to study the impact of these influencing factors on the role of the nurse educator. This questionnaire was piloted and revised before its distribution at 4 hospitals in southern Ontario. Twenty-five of the 41 surveys (61%) distributed were returned for analysis. The data reflected that the Standards of Practice had a positive influence on the role of the nurse educator, while hospital restructuring had a negative impact. In addition, many of the roles and responsibilities identified in the literature were indeed part of the current role of nurse educators, as well as several responsibilities not captured in the literature. The predictions for the future of this role in its current state were not positive given the financial status of the health care system as well as the lack of clarity for the role and the current level ofjob satisfaction among practicing nurse educators. However, a list of recommendations were generated which, if implemented, could add clarity to the role and improve job satisfaction. This could enhance the retention of current nurse educators and the possibility of recruiting competent nurse educators to the role in the future.

Functional genomics of O-glucosyltransferases from Concord grape (Vitis labrusca)

Grape (Vitis spp.) is a culturally and economically important crop plant that has been cultivated for thousands of years, primarily for the production of wine. Grape berries accumulate a myriad of phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites, many of which are glucosylated in plantae More than 90 O-glucosyltransferases have been cloned and biochemically characterized from plants, only two of which have been isolated from Vitis spp. The world-wide economic importance of grapes as a crop plant, the human health benefits associated with increased consumption of grape-derived metabolites, the biological relevance of glucosylation, and the lack of information about Vitis glucosyltransferases has inspired the identification, cloning and biochemical characterization of five novel "family 1" O-glucosyltransferases from Concord grape (Vitis labrusca cv. Concord). Protein purification and associated protein sequencIng led to the molecular cloning of UDP-glucose: resveratrollhydroxycinnamic acid O-glucosyltransferase (VLRSGT) from Vitis labrusca berry mesocarp tissue. In addition to being the first glucosyltransferase which accepts trans-resveratrol as a substrate to be characterized in vitro, the recombinant VLRSGT preferentially produces the glucose esters of hydroxycinnamic acids at pH 6.0, and the glucosides of trans-resveratrol and flavonols at 'pH 9.0; the first demonstration of pH-dependent bifunctional glucosylation for this class of enzymes. Gene expression and metabolite profiling support a role for this enzyme in the bifuncitonal glucosylation ofstilbenes and hydroxycinnamic acids in plantae A homology-based approach to cloning was used to identify three enzymes from the Vitis vinifera TIGR grape gene index which had high levels of protein sequence iii identity to previously characterized UDP-glucose: anthocyanin 5-0-glucosyltransferases. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization demonstrated that these enzymes (rVLOGTl, rVLOGT2, rVLOGT3) glucosylate the 7-0-position of flavonols and the xenobiotic 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP), but not anthocyanins. Variable gene expression throughout grape berry development and enzyme assays with native grape berry protein are consistent with a role for these enzymes in the glucosylation of flavonols; while the broad substrate specificity, the ability of these enzymes to glucosylate TCP and expression of these genes in tissues which are subject to pathogen attack (berry, flower, bud) is consistent with a role for these genes in the plant defense response. Additionally, the Vitis labrusca UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-0-glucosyltransferase (VL3GT) was identified, cloned and characterized. VL3GT has 96 % protein sequence identity to the previously characterized Vitis vinifera flavonoid 3-0-glucosyltransferase (VV3GT); and glucosylates the 3-0-position of anthocyanidins and flavonols in vitro. Despite high levels of protein sequence identity, VL3GT has distinct biochemical characteristics (as compared to VV3GT), including a preference for B-ring methylated flavonoids and the inability to use UDP-galactose as a donor substrate. RT-PCR analysis of VL3GT gene expression and enzyme assays with native grape protein is consistent with an in planta role for this enzyme in the glucosylation of anthocyanidins,but not flavonols. These studies reveal the power of combining several biochemistry- and molecular biology-based tools to identify, clone, biochemically characterize and elucidate the in planta function of several biologically relevant O-glucosyltransferases from Vitis spp.

Buffalo, Brantford & Goderich Railway, County of Welland account book, 1853

The Buffalo and Brantford Railway Company was formed in 1850. The railway was renamed the Buffalo, Brantford & Goderich Railway in 1852 to reflect the plans to extend the line to Goderich. Financial problems led to a British group taking over the railway a few years later and the name was changed to the Buffalo & Lake Huron Railway. It was June 1858 before the line to Goderich was completed. Source: (http://brantford.library.on.ca/genealogy/railways.php#buffalo) March 8, 2010

By Laws of the Corporation of the Town of Welland, 1878 [fragment]

The fragment appears to be part of a larger group of bylaws for the Town of Welland, 1878. The fragment includes bylaws Cap. I and Cap. II. Cap. I is a bylaw appointing auditors for the town for the year 1878. Due to paper loss only a portion of the title of the Cap. II bylaw is extent but appears to be a bylaw appointing a Hey…….trustee for the town. Welland was incorporated in 1858 as a town and became a city in 1917.