A numerical study of automotive turbocharger mixed flow turbine inlet geometry for off design performance

Mixed flow turbines represent a potential solution to the increasing requirement for high pressure, low velocity ratio operation in turbocharger applications. While literature exists for the use of these turbines at such operating conditions, there is a lack of detailed design guidance for defining the basic geometry of the turbine, in particular, the cone angle – the angle at which the inlet of the mixed flow turbine is inclined to the axis. This investigates the effect and interaction of such mixed flow turbine design parameters.
Computational Fluids Dynamics was initially used to investigate the performance of a modern radial turbine to create a baseline for subsequent mixed flow designs. Existing experimental data was used to validate this model.
Using the CFD model, a number of mixed flow turbine designs were investigated. These included studies varying the cone angle and the associated inlet blade angle.
The results of this analysis provide insight into the performance of a mixed flow turbine with respect to cone and inlet blade angle.

Manutenção preditiva e pró-activa: filosofias alternativas ou complementares: estudo de caso

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica Ramo Manutenção e Produção

Lubrificação de compressores que aspiram fluido frigorigéneo a temperaturas inferiores a -30° C

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Projecto e concepção de instalação frigorífica a NH3, para uma unidade de congelação de frangos em contínuo, na Venezuela

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Estudo de Avarias em Compressores de Ar

As instalações de ar comprimido são uma constante em quase todo o tipo de indústria, já que o ar comprimido assume cada vez mais importância como fonte de energia para a movimentação de dispositivos com cargas moderadas ou médias. O uso cada vez mais frequente da pneumática por via da automação de sistemas e processos de fabrico, é outro fator que tem incrementado fortemente o uso de instalações de ar comprimido. A utilização de ar comprimido tem subjacente um ou mais compressores, responsáveis por captar o ar e criar as condições necessárias de pressão na rede que vai abastecer uma qualquer instalação industrial, ou mesmo comercial, como no caso dos serviços de reparação automóvel, entre outras. Desta forma, cria-se uma forte dependência em torno desta fonte de energia, sendo a avaria do compressor um fator extremamente limitativo do processo produtivo ou dos serviços a prestar. As empresas fabricantes de compressores, cientes deste facto, têm primado pela fiabilidade. No entanto, os utilizadores nem sempre criam as condições ideais para o funcionamento desses compressores, conduzindo a problemas de funcionamento. Neste trabalho pretendeu-se elaborar um estudo que permitisse identificar quais as causas que estão por detrás das avarias mais frequentes de alguns dos modelos mais vendidos pela Ingersoll-Rand no nosso país, através da Comingersoll, analisando as mesmas e tentando encontrar soluções que evitassem essas avarias. O estudo permitiu dissecar as avarias registadas em cinco diferentes modelos nos últimos anos, identificar possíveis causas, perceber a frequência com que ocorrem e sugerir melhorias que pudessem minimizar a ocorrência dessas mesmas avarias.

Otimização energética à secção das malhas

A presente dissertação realizada na empresa Continental-Indústria Têxtil do Ave, S.A., teve como objetivo a otimização energética da secção das malhas. Esta secção divide-se em duas áreas, a tricotagem e a ramulagem. Os artigos produzidos diferem no seu peso específico, composição e condições de operação, sendo os artigos A, B e C compostos por poliéster e termofixados a 190ºC e os artigos D e E compostos por poliéster e algodão, com uma temperatura de operação de 205ºC. Numa primeira etapa estudou-se o funcionamento da máquina de termofixação – a râmula – que opera em trabalho contínuo a 40 m/min. Esta máquina tem incorporado um permutador de calor, que aquece o ar fresco de entrada com os gases de exaustão das estufas. Posteriormente efetuou-se o levantamento energético de cada artigo, para as áreas de tricotagem e ramulagem. Verificou-se que os artigos D e E, pela sua constituição, são os que apresentam um consumo específico superior, em tep/ton. Entre as várias utilidades consumidas (gás natural, eletricidade e ar comprimido) o gás natural representa mais de 50% do consumo de energia total necessário para a produção de cada artigo. Após a completa análise aos consumos energéticos da râmula, foram realizados ensaios de otimização, tendo-se concluído que a diminuição do caudal de exaustão pode atingir valores de poupança anual de gás natural na ordem dos 3.000 €. Com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo de gás natural, não sendo possível a realização experimental, foram feitas simulações com base em alterações na corrente de entrada de ar fresco no permutador. Foi também estudada a possibilidade de isolamento e revestimento térmico da conduta exterior, projetada para o reaproveitamento do ar dos compressores, tendo-se obtido um orçamento de 2.500 €. Admitindo-se uma gama de temperaturas entre os 40ºC e os 60ºC, com um caudal de insuflação de 30%, obteve-se um payback entre os 0,97 e os 3,28 anos. Numa segunda fase admitiu-se uma temperatura média de 50ºC, aumentando o caudal de insuflação até 100%. O período de retorno obtido variou entre os 0,33 e os 1,38 anos, podendo as poupanças anuais atingirem os 7.600 €.

Analyse selbsterregter Strömungsfelder im Verdichter-Leitrad durch Kopplung von Particle Image Velocimetry und Hitzdrahtanemometrie mittels Fast Fourier Transformation

Der Einsatz der Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) zur Analyse selbsterregter Strömungsphänomene und das dafür notwendige Auswerteverfahren werden in dieser Arbeit beschrieben. Zur Untersuchung von solchen Mechanismen, die in Turbo-Verdichtern als Rotierende Instabilitäten in Erscheinung treten, wird auf Datensätze zurückgegriffen, die anhand experimenteller Untersuchungen an einem ringförmigen Verdichter-Leitrad gewonnen wurden. Die Rotierenden Instabilitäten sind zeitabhängige Strömungsphänomene, die bei hohen aerodynamischen Belastungen in Verdichtergittern auftreten können. Aufgrund der fehlenden Phaseninformation kann diese instationäre Strömung mit konventionellen PIV-Systemen nicht erfasst werden. Die Kármánsche Wirbelstraße und Rotierende Instabilitäten stellen beide selbsterregte Strömungsvorgänge dar. Die Ähnlichkeit wird genutzt um die Funktionalität des Verfahrens anhand der Kármánschen Wirbelstraße nachzuweisen. Der mittels PIV zu visualisierende Wirbeltransport erfordert ein besonderes Verfahren, da ein externes Signal zur Festlegung des Phasenwinkels dieser selbsterregten Strömung nicht zur Verfügung steht. Die Methodik basiert auf der Kopplung der PIV-Technik mit der Hitzdrahtanemometrie. Die gleichzeitige Messung mittels einer zeitlich hochaufgelösten Hitzdraht-Messung ermöglicht den Zeitpunkten der PIV-Bilder einen Phasenwinkel zuzuordnen. Hierzu wird das Hitzdrahtsignal mit einem FFT-Verfahren analysiert, um die PIV-Bilder entsprechend ihrer Phasenwinkel zu gruppieren. Dafür werden die aufgenommenen Bilder auf der Zeitachse der Hitzdrahtmessungen markiert. Eine systematische Analyse des Hitzdrahtsignals in der Umgebung der PIV-Messung liefert Daten zur Festlegung der Grundfrequenz und erlaubt es, der markierten PIV-Position einen Phasenwinkel zuzuordnen. Die sich aus den PIV-Bildern einer Klasse ergebenden Geschwindigkeitskomponenten werden anschließend gemittelt. Aus den resultierenden Bildern jeder Klasse ergibt sich das zweidimensionale zeitabhängige Geschwindigkeitsfeld, in dem die Wirbelwanderung der Kármánschen Wirbelstraße ersichtlich wird. In hierauf aufbauenden Untersuchungen werden Zeitsignale aus Messungen in einem Verdichterringgitter analysiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass zusätzlich Filterfunktionen erforderlich sind. Im Ergebnis wird schließlich deutlich, dass die Übertragung der anhand der Kármánschen Wirbelstraße entwickelten Methode nur teilweise gelingt und weitere Forschungsarbeiten erforderlich sind.

Compression-based Image Registration

Image registration is an important component of image analysis used to align two or more images. In this paper, we present a new framework for image registration based on compression. The basic idea underlying our approach is the conjecture that two images are correctly registered when we can maximally compress one image given the information in the other. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we show that the image registration process can be dealt with from the perspective of a compression problem. Second, we demonstrate that the similarity metric, introduced by Li et al., performs well in image registration. Two different versions of the similarity metric have been used: the Kolmogorov version, computed using standard real-world compressors, and the Shannon version, calculated from an estimation of the entropy rate of the images

Thermal performance analysis of earth pipe cooling system for subtropical climate

Energy crisis is one of the major obstacles for human development. There are on-going researches to overcome this for a sustainable environment and economy. Passive air cooling system of earth pipe cooling is seen as a viable energy efficient technology for hot and humid subtropical climates. It can be an attractive economical alternative to conventional cooling since there are no compressors or any habitual mechanical unit. It utilizes earth’s near constant underground temperature to cool air for residential, agricultural or industrial uses. This paper reports the thermal performance of earth pipe cooling technology for a hot and humid subtropical climatic zone in Queensland, Australia. A series of pipes buried underground were used in order to increase the cooling performance of the system. To measure the thermal performance, a thermal model was developed for the earth pipe cooling system and simulated using ANSYS Fluent. Data were collected from two modelled rooms built from shipping containers and installed at Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia. The impact of air temperature and velocity on room cooling performance has also been assessed. A significant temperature reduction is seen in this study, which will save energy cost for thermal cooling in buildings.

Nitrificação de efluentes de reatores anaeróbicos em filtros submersos aerados

Although the good performance in organic matter and suspended solids removal, the anaerobic reactors are unable to remove ammonia nitrogen from sewage, which makes indispensable to include a step of post-treatment for removal of ammonia or nitrate as necessary. This paper presents the performance of a new variant technology, where the nitrification unit, preceded by anaerobic units, is a submerged aerated biological filter, without continuous sludge discharge in their daily operation. The oxygenation system is very simple and inexpensive, consisting of perforated hoses and compressors. The anaerobic reactors are a septic tank with two chambers followed (8.82 m³) and two parallel anaerobic filters (36 m³ each) filled with ceramic bricks and conics plastic parts. Both followed aerated filters were filled with cut corrugated conduit. The study evaluated the behavior of the system with constant domestic sewage flow (10 m³/d) and different aeration conditions, are these: stage 01, when applied air flow of 0.01 m³ air/min in both aerated filter; stage 02, remained in the initial air flow rate in the second aerated filter and increased at the first to 0.05 m³ air/min; at last, at last, in stage 03, the air flow rate of first aerated filter was 0.10 m³ air/min and on the second remained at 0.01 m³ air/min. The filter FA1 received load of 0.41 kg COD/m³.d, 0.37 kg COD/m³.d and 0.26 kg COD/m³.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. The FA2 received loads of 0.25 kg COD/m³.d, 0.18 kg COD/m³.d and 0.14 kg COD/m³.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. During stage 01, were found the following results: 98% removals of BODtotal and 92% of CODtotal, with effluent presenting 9 mg/L of BODtotal final average and 53 mg/L of CODtotal average; suspended solids removals of 93%, with a mean concentration of 10 mg/L in the final effluent; 47% reduction of ammonia of FA2 to FAN 's, presenting average of 28 mg NNH3/ L of ammonia in the effluent with; the dissolved oxygen levels always remained around 2.0 mg/L. During stage 02, were found removals of 97% and 95% to BODtotal and suspended solids, respectively, with average final concentrations of 8 and 7 mg/L, respectively; was removed 60% of ammonia, whose final concentration was 16.3 mg NNH3/ L, and nitrate was increased to a final average concentration of 16.55 mg N-NO3/L. Finally, the stage 03 provided 6 mg/L of DBOtotal (98% removal) and 23 mg/L of CODtotal (95% removal) of final effluent concentrations average. At this stage was identified the higher ammonia oxidation (86%), with final effluent showing average concentration of 6.1 mg N-NH3/L, reaching a minimum of 1.70 mg N-NH3/L. In some moments, during stage 03, there was a moderate denitrification process in the last aerated filter. The average turbidity in the effluent showed around 1.5 NTU, proving the good biomass physical stability. Therefore, the results demonstrate the submerged biological filters potential, filled with high void ratio material (98%), and aerated with hoses and compressor adoption, in the carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter oxidation, also generating an effluent with low concentration of solids

Line-pack management for producing electric power on peak periods

The distribution of natural gas is carried out by means of long ducts and intermediate compression stations to compensate the pressure drops due to friction. The natural gas compressors are usually driven by an electric motor or a gas turbine system, offering possibilities for energy management, one of these consisting in generating energy for use in-plant or to commercialize as independent power producer. It can be done by matching the natural gas demand, at the minimum pressure allowed in the reception point, and the storage capacity of the feed duct with the maximum compressor capacity, for storing the natural gas at the maximum permitted pressure. This allows the gas turbine to drive an electric generator during the time in which the decreasing pressure in duct is above the minimum acceptable by the sink unit. In this paper, a line-pack management analysis is done for an existing compression station considering its actual demand curve for determining the economic feasibility of maintaining the gas turbine system driver generating electricity in a peak and off-peak tariff structure. The potential of cost reduction from the point of view of energy resources (natural gas and electric costs) is also analyzed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pressure drop correlation for oil-refrigerant R134a mixture flashing flow in a small diameter tube

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Experimental research on the influence of the air humidity conditions in an air conditioning system

The factors that have influence on the energy consumption of a small air conditioning system that are worth mentioning are the efficiencies of the compressor, evaporator and condenser, the form that the refrigerant flow is controlled, the fan model used, and climatic conditions. Within the climate issue, an interesting factor is that the relative humidity when it comes to the effect that it causes, especially in the performance of the air condenser, which generally is not considered in the projects. This study aims to evaluate the influence of humidity on the coefficient of system performance (COP), seeking to quantify their influence when it happens. The tests were performed on a testing bench, mounted at the Laboratory for Energy Efficiency (LAMOTRIZ) UNESP-Campus Guaratinguetá. In the study, the wet bulb temperature was ranged, keeping the rotation of the scroll compressor with application of a frequency inverter in its best performance. The test bench is provided with a supervisory system of data collection that is also able to control all functions of the bench. In the results, there was a significant influence, particularly when comparing high humidity conditions with low humidity, noting that only over 65% relative humidity is that significant changes are observed in the COP of the system. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Estudo experimental da interação fluido-estrutura em um modelo de válvula de compressor de refrigeração

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

Estudo experimental da interação fluido-estrutura no escoamento em um difusor radial

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS