Application Size Optimisation in Mobile Environment

Työssä tutkitaan menetelmiä, käytäntöjä ja oliosuunnittelumalleja jotka johtavat ohjelmistojen koon pienentymiseen. Työssä tutkitaan konkreettisia keinoja ohjelmistojen koon optimointiin Symbian-alustalla. Työ keskityy C++ ohjelmistoihin jotka on suunniteltu toimimaan matkapuhelimissa ja muissa langattomissa laitteissa. Työssä esitellään, analysoidaan ja optimoidaan todellinen, loppukäyttäjille suunnattu, langaton sovellus. Käytetyt optimointimenetelmät sekä saadut tulokset esitellään ja analysoidaan. Esimerkkisovelluksen toteuttamisesta kertyvien kokemusten perusteella esitetään suosituksia langattomaan sovelluskehitykseen. Hyvän teknisen arkkitehtuurisuunnitelman todettiin olevan merkittävässä roolissa. C++ -kielen luokkaperinnän huomattiin yllättäen olevan suurin ohjelmatiedostojen kokoon vaikuttava tekijä Symbian-käyttöjärjestelmässä. Pienten ohjelmien tuottamisessa vaaditaan taitoa ja kurinalaisuutta. Ohjelmistokehittäjien asenteet ovat yleensä suurin este sille. Monet ihmiset eivät vain välitä kirjoittaminen ohjelmiensa koosta.

The Optimisation of the Draft Tube of a Hydro Power Plant at Off-Design Conditions

Several possible methods of increasing the efficiency and power of hydro power plants by improving the flow passages are investigated in this stydy. The theoretical background of diffuser design and its application to the optimisation of hydraulic turbine draft tubes is presented in the first part of this study. Several draft tube modernisation projects that have been carried out recently are discussed. Also, a method of increasing the efficiency of the draft tube by injecting a high velocity jet into the boundary layer is presented. Methods of increasing the head of a hydro power plant by using an ejector or a jet pump are discussed in the second part of this work. The theoretical principles of various ejector and jet pump types are presented and four different methods of calculating them are examined in more detail. A self-made computer code is used to calculate the gain in the head for two example power plants. Suitable ejector installations for the example plants are also discussed. The efficiency of the ejector power was found to be in the range 6 - 15 % for conventional head increasers, and 30 % for the jet pump at its optimum operating point. In practice, it is impossible to install an optimised jet pump with a 30 % efficiency into the draft tube as this would considerabely reduce the efficiency of the draft tube at normal operating conditions. This demonstrates, however, the potential for improvement which lies in conventional head increaser technology. This study is based on previous publications and on published test results. No actual laboratory measurements were made for this study. Certain aspects of modelling the flow in the draft tube using computational fluid dynamics are discussed in the final part of this work. The draft tube inlet velocity field is a vital boundary condition for such a calculation. Several previously measured velocity fields that have successfully been utilised in such flow calculations are presented herein.

Congenital Nystagmus Gene FRMD7 Is Necessary for Establishing a Neuronal Circuit Asymmetry for Direction Selectivity.

Neuronal circuit asymmetries are important components of brain circuits, but the molecular pathways leading to their establishment remain unknown. Here we found that the mutation of FRMD7, a gene that is defective in human congenital nystagmus, leads to the selective loss of the horizontal optokinetic reflex in mice, as it does in humans. This is accompanied by the selective loss of horizontal direction selectivity in retinal ganglion cells and the transition from asymmetric to symmetric inhibitory input to horizontal direction-selective ganglion cells. In wild-type retinas, we found FRMD7 specifically expressed in starburst amacrine cells, the interneuron type that provides asymmetric inhibition to direction-selective retinal ganglion cells. This work identifies FRMD7 as a key regulator in establishing a neuronal circuit asymmetry, and it suggests the involvement of a specific inhibitory neuron type in the pathophysiology of a neurological disease. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

Accelerated Microstructure Imaging via Convex Optimisation for regions with multiple fibres (AMICOx)

This paper reviews and extends our previous work to enable fast axonal diameter mapping from diffusion MRI data in the presence of multiple fibre populations within a voxel. Most of the existing mi-crostructure imaging techniques use non-linear algorithms to fit their data models and consequently, they are computationally expensive and usually slow. Moreover, most of them assume a single axon orientation while numerous regions of the brain actually present more complex configurations, e.g. fiber crossing. We present a flexible framework, based on convex optimisation, that enables fast and accurate reconstructions of the microstructure organisation, not limited to areas where the white matter is coherently oriented. We show through numerical simulations the ability of our method to correctly estimate the microstructure features (mean axon diameter and intra-cellular volume fraction) in crossing regions.

Optimisation d'une approche pour l'analyse de l'expression de gènes au niveau unicellulaire chez des sous-populations spécialisées de lymphocytes T CD4+ humaines

Chez les patients cancéreux, les cellules malignes sont souvent reconnues et détruites par les cellules T cytotoxiques du patient. C'est pourquoi, depuis plusieurs années, des recherches visent à produire des vaccins sensibilisant les cellules de l'immunité adaptative, afin de prévenir certains cancers. Bien que les vaccins ciblant les cellules T CD8+ (cytotoxiques) ont une efficacité in-vitro élevée, un vaccin pouvant cibler les cellules T CD8+ et CD4+ aurait une plus grande efficacité (1-3). En effet, les cellules T helper (CD4+) favorisent la production et la maintenance des cellules T CD8+ mémoires à longue durée de vie. Il existe un grand nombre de sous-types de cellules T CD4+ et leur action envers les cellules cancéreuses est différente. Par exemple, les lymphocytes Treg ont une activité pro-tumorale importante (4) et les lymphocytes Th1 ont une activité anti-tumorale (5). Cependant, le taux naturel des différents sous-types de cellules T CD4+ spécifiques aux antigènes tumoraux est variable. De plus, une certaine flexibilité des différents sous-types de cellules T CD4+ a été récemment démontrée (6). Celle-ci pourrait être ciblée par des protocoles de vaccination avec des antigènes tumoraux administrés conjointement à des adjuvants définis. Pour cela, il faut approfondir les connaissances sur le rôle des cellules T CD4+ spécifiques aux antigènes dans l'immunité anti-tumorale et connaître précisément la proportion des sous-types de cellules T CD4+ activées avant et après la vaccination. L'analyse des cellules T, par la cytométrie de flux, est très souvent limité par le besoin d'un nombre très élevé de cellules pour l'analyse de l'expression protéique. Or dans l'analyse des cellules T CD4+ spécifiques aux antigènes tumoraux cette technique n'est souvent pas applicable, car ces cellules sont présentes en très faible quantité dans le sang et dans les tissus tumoraux. C'est pourquoi, une approche basée sur l'analyse de la cellule T individuelle a été mise en place afin d'étudier l'expression du profil génétique des cellules T CD8+ et CD4+. (7,8) Méthode : Ce nouveau protocole (« single cell ») a été élaboré à partir d'une modification du protocole PCR-RT, qui permet la détection spécifique de l'ADN complémentaire (ADNc) après la transcription globale de l'ARN messager (ARNm) exprimé par une cellule T individuelle. Dans ce travail, nous optimisons cette nouvelle technique d'analyse pour les cellules T CD4+, en sélectionnant les meilleures amorces. Tout d'abord, des clones à profils fonctionnels connus sont générés par cytométrie de flux à partir de cellules T CD4+ d'un donneur sain. Pour cette étape d'optimisation des amorces, la spécificité des cellules T CD4+ n'est pas prise en considération. Il est, donc, possible d'étudier et de trier ces clones par cytométrie de flux. Ensuite, grâce au protocole « single cell », nous testons par PCR les amorces des différents facteurs spécifiques de chaque sous-type des T CD4+ sur des aliquotes issus d'une cellule provenant des clones générés. Nous sélectionnons les amorces dont la sensibilité, la spécificité ainsi que les valeurs prédictives positives et négatives des tests sont les meilleures. (9) Conclusion : Durant ce travail nous avons généré de l'ADNc de cellules T individuelles et sélectionné douze paires d'amorces pour l'identification des sous-types de cellules T CD4+ par la technique d'analyse PCR « single cell ». Les facteurs spécifiques aux cellules Th2 : IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, CRTh2, GATA3 ; les facteurs spécifiques aux cellules Th1 : TNFα, IL-2 ; les facteurs spécifiques aux cellules Treg : FOXP3, IL-2RA ; les facteurs spécifiques aux cellules Th17 : RORC, CCR6 et un facteur spécifique aux cellules naïves : CCR7. Ces amorces peuvent être utilisées dans le futur en combinaison avec des cellules antigènes-spécifiques triées par marquage des multimères pMHCII. Cette méthode permettra de comprendre le rôle ainsi que l'amplitude et la diversité fonctionnelle de la réponse de la cellule T CD4+ antigène-spécifique dans les cancers et dans d'autres maladies. Cela afin d'affiner les recherches en immunothérapie oncologique. (8)

Cost Optimisation of Mobile Advertising Client Data Transfer

Data traffic caused by mobile advertising client software when it is communicating with the network server can be a pain point for many application developers who are considering advertising-funded application distribution, since the cost of the data transfer might scare their users away from using the applications. For the thesis project, a simulation environment was built to mimic the real client-server solution for measuring the data transfer over varying types of connections with different usage scenarios. For optimising data transfer, a few general-purpose compressors and XML-specific compressors were tried for compressing the XML data, and a few protocol optimisations were implemented. For optimising the cost, cache usage was improved and pre-loading was enhanced to use free connections to load the data. The data traffic structure and the various optimisations were analysed, and it was found that the cache usage and pre-loading should be enhanced and that the protocol should be changed, with report aggregation and compression using WBXML or gzip.

Ultrafine grinding of FGD and phosphogypsum with an attrition bead mill and a jet mill : optimisation and modelling of grinding and mill comparison

Fine powders of minerals are used commonly in the paper and paint industry, and for ceramics. Research for utilizing of different waste materials in these applications is environmentally important. In this work, the ultrafine grinding of two waste gypsum materials, namely FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurisation) gypsum and phosphogypsum from a phosphoric acid plant, with the attrition bead mill and with the jet mill has been studied. The ' objective of this research was to test the suitability of the attrition bead mill and of the jet mill to produce gypsum powders with a particle size of a few microns. The grinding conditions were optimised by studying the influences of different operational grinding parameters on the grinding rate and on the energy consumption of the process in order to achieve a product fineness such as that required in the paper industry with as low energy consumption as possible. Based on experimental results, the most influential parameters in the attrition grinding were found to be the bead size, the stirrer type, and the stirring speed. The best conditions, based on the product fineness and specific energy consumption of grinding, for the attrition grinding process is to grind the material with small grinding beads and a high rotational speed of the stirrer. Also, by using some suitable grinding additive, a finer product is achieved with a lower energy consumption. In jet mill grinding the most influential parameters were the feed rate, the volumetric flow rate of the grinding air, and the height of the internal classification tube. The optimised condition for the jet is to grind with a small feed rate and with a large rate of volumetric flow rate of grinding air when the inside tube is low. The finer product with a larger rate of production was achieved with the attrition bead mill than with the jet mill, thus the attrition grinding is better for the ultrafine grinding of gypsum than the jet grinding. Finally the suitability of the population balance model for simulation of grinding processes has been studied with different S , B , and C functions. A new S function for the modelling of an attrition mill and a new C function for the modelling of a jet mill were developed. The suitability of the selected models with the developed grinding functions was tested by curve fitting the particle size distributions of the grinding products and then comparing the fitted size distributions to the measured particle sizes. According to the simulation results, the models are suitable for the estimation and simulation of the studied grinding processes.

Optimisation of the lipase-catalysed preparation of a nucleoside prodrug model using an experimental design methodology

The preparation of 2', 3'-di-O-hexanoyluridine (2) by a Candida antarctica B lipase-catalysed alcoholysis of 2', 3', 5'-tri-O-hexanoyluridine (1) was optimised using an experimental design. At 25 ºC better experimental conditions allowed an increase in the yield of 2 from 80% to 96%. In addition to the yield improvement, the volume reaction could be diminished in a factor of 5 and the reaction time significantly shortened.

Microcontroller-based interface circuit for inductive sensors

This work proposes a fully-digital interface circuit for the measurement of inductive sensors using a low-cost microcontroller (µC) and without any intermediate active circuit. Apart from the µC and the sensor, the circuit just requires an external resistor and a reference inductance so that two RL circuits with a high-pass filter (HPF) topology are formed. The µC appropriately excites such RL circuits in order to measure the discharging time of the voltage across each inductance (i.e. sensing and reference) and then it uses such discharging times to estimate the sensor inductance. Experimental tests using a commercial µC show a non-linearity error (NLE) lower than 0.5%FSS (Full-Scale Span) when measuring inductances from 1 mH to 10 mH, and from 10 mH to 100 mH.

Use of experimental design in the optimisation of a solid phase preconcentration system for Cobalt determination by GFAAS

In this work is proposed a solid phase preconcentration system of Co2+ ions and its posterior determination by GFAAS in which fractional factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) were used for optimization of the variables associated with preconcentration system performance. The method is based on cobalt extraction as a complex Co2+-PAN (1:2) in a mini-column of polyurethane foam (PUF) impregnated with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-naphthol (PAN) followed by elution with HCl solution and its determination by GFAAS. The chemical and flow variables studied were pH, buffer concentration, eluent concentration and preconcentration and elution flow rates. Results obtained from fractional factorial design 2(5-1) showed that only the variables pH, buffer concentration and interaction (pH X buffer concentration) based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) were statistically significant at 95% confidence level. Under optimised conditions, the method provided an enrichment factor of 11.6 fold with limit of detection and quantification of 38 and 130 ng L-1, respectively, and linear range varying from 0.13 to 10 µg L-1. The precision (n = 9) assessed by relative standard deviation (RSD) was respectively 5.18 and 2.87% for 0.3 and 3.0 µg L-1 cobalt concentrations.

Electrical Equivalent Circuit for Dry Bacteriorhodopsin Sensor

Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) is a photosensitive protein which functions as a light-driven proton pump. Due to its photoactivity, BR could be used in photosensing and information processing which has inspired researchers to study the photoelectric response and the appropriate measurement instrumentation for BR. In this thesis, the measurement instrumentation connected to a dry BR sensor was confirmed to affect the photovoltage response measured by using voltage amplifiers. Changing of the input impedance of the measurement instrumentation was shown to alter a part of the measured photovoltage response. The photocurrent measurements using transimpedance amplifier and the presented electrical equivalent circuit were used to show that the photocurrent measurements have no significant effect on the photoelectric response. The photocurrent was shown to be a derivate of the photovoltage response measured from the dry BR sensor when it was compared to the response measured with a voltage amplifier. This confirmed that another part of the photovoltage response was not affected by the measurement instrumentation. The time-variant behavior of the dry BR sensor was confirmed in both the photocurrent and the photovoltage measurements. This was caused by the fact that the capacitance of the dry BR sensor changes with the excitation light intensity.

Structural and operational optimisation : applications in energy systems

In this work mathematical programming models for structural and operational optimisation of energy systems are developed and applied to a selection of energy technology problems. The studied cases are taken from industrial processes and from large regional energy distribution systems. The models are based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP), Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) and on a hybrid approach of a combination of Non-Linear Programming (NLP) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). The optimisation of the structure and operation of energy systems in urban regions is treated in the work. Firstly, distributed energy systems (DES) with different energy conversion units and annual variations of consumer heating and electricity demands are considered. Secondly, district cooling systems (DCS) with cooling demands for a large number of consumers are studied, with respect to a long term planning perspective regarding to given predictions of the consumer cooling demand development in a region. The work comprises also the development of applications for heat recovery systems (HRS), where paper machine dryer section HRS is taken as an illustrative example. The heat sources in these systems are moist air streams. Models are developed for different types of equipment price functions. The approach is based on partitioning of the overall temperature range of the system into a number of temperature intervals in order to take into account the strong nonlinearities due to condensation in the heat recovery exchangers. The influence of parameter variations on the solutions of heat recovery systems is analysed firstly by varying cost factors and secondly by varying process parameters. Point-optimal solutions by a fixed parameter approach are compared to robust solutions with given parameter variation ranges. In the work enhanced utilisation of excess heat in heat recovery systems with impingement drying, electricity generation with low grade excess heat and the use of absorption heat transformers to elevate a stream temperature above the excess heat temperature are also studied.