Isolation and characterization of the oxygen-evolving photosystem II complex from the economical red alga Bangia fusco-purpurea

The highly pure and active photosystem II (PSII) complex was isolated from Bangia fusco-purpurea (Dillw) Lyngb., an important economic red alga in China, through two steps of sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and characterized by the room absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, DCIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol) reduction, and oxygen evolution rates. The PSII complex from B. fusco-purpurea had the characteristic absorption peaks of chlorophyll (Chl) a (436 and 676 nm) and typical fluorescence emission peak at 685 nm (Ex = 436 nm). Moreover, the acquired PSII complex displayed high oxygen evolution (139 mu mol O-2/(mg Chl h) in the presence of 2.5 mM 2,6-dimethybenzoqinone as an artificial acceptor and was active in photoreduction of DCIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol) by DPC (1,5-diphenylcarbazide) at 163 U/(mg Chl a h). SDS-PAGE also suggested that the purified PSII complex contained four intrinsic proteins (D1, D2, CP43, and CP47) and four extrinsic proteins (33-kD protein, 20-kD protein, cyt c-550, and 14-kD protein).

Photosynthetic performance of regenerated protoplasts from disintegrated cells of Bryopsis hypnoides (Chlorophyta)

The photosynthetic performances of regenerated protoplasts of Bryopsis hypnoides, which were incubated in seawater for 1, 6, 12, and 24 h, were studied using chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and oxygen measurements. Results showed that for the regenerated protoplasts, the pigment content, the ratios of photosynthetic rate to respiration rate, the maximal photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (F-v/F-m), and the effective PSII quantum yield (I broken vertical bar(PSII)) decreased gradually along with the regeneration progress, indicated that during 24 h of regeneration there was a remarkable reduction in PSII activity of those newly formed protoplasts. We assumed that during the cultivation progress the regenerated protoplasts had different photosynthetic vigor, with only some of them able to germinate and develop into mature thalli. The above results only reflected the photosynthetic features of the regenerated protoplasts at each time point as a whole, rather than the actual photosynthetic activity of individual aggregations. Further investigation suggested a relationship between the size of regenerated protoplasts and their viability. The results showed that the middle-sized group (diameter 20-60 mu m) retained the largest number of protoplasts for 24 h of growth. The changes in F-v/F-m and I broken vertical bar(PSII) of the four groups of differently sized protoplasts (i.e. < 20, 20-60, 60-100, and > 100 mu m) revealed that the protoplasts 20-60 mu m in diameter had the highest potential activity of the photosynthetic light energy absorption and conversion for several hours.

The statistic inversion algorithms of water constituents for the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea

A group of statistical algorithms are proposed for the inversion of the three major components of Case-H waters in the coastal area of the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea. The algorithms are based on the in situ data collected in the spring of 2003 with strict quality assurance according to NASA ocean bio-optic protocols. These algorithms are the first ones with quantitative confidence that can be applied for the area. The average relative error of the inversed and in situ measured components' concentrations are: Chl-a about 37%, total suspended matter (TSM) about 25%, respectively. This preliminary result is quite satisfactory for Case-H waters, although some aspects in the model need further study. The sensitivity of the input error of 5% to remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) is also analyzed and it shows the algorithms are quite stable. The algorithms show a large difference with Tassan's local SeaWiFS algorithms for different waters, except for the Chl-a algorithm.

南黄海浮游植物的固碳强度与污染物胁迫下海水碳源/汇格局的变化

本论文在解析了南黄海生态环境的基础上，首次研究揭示了浮游植物固碳强度的年际变化及生态反馈机制，获得了东中国近海浮游植物固碳强度及对海域源/汇格局的影响程度；同时，用室内模拟实验探讨了重金属和有机污染物胁迫下海水无机碳体系和源汇格局的变化过程，获得了一些新的认识。主要结论如下： 1. 南黄海浮游植物固碳强度具有明显的时空变化特征，与海域光照、流系和水团变化、海水磷的浓度等因素密切相关，并在一定程度上决定海区碳源/汇的性质。2005年秋季浮游植物日固碳量达9.5万吨，1983-2005年间，南黄海浮游植物固碳强度有降低的趋势，与海水关键营养盐－磷的限制有关。东中国近海浮游植物年总固碳量约为2.2亿吨，约占全球近海浮游植物的年固碳量的2.0%。 在综合分析秋季南黄海水文、化学、生物背景的基础上，系统阐明了海域浮游植物固碳体系的生物地球化学机制。结果表明，2005年秋季南黄海浮游植物固碳强度，即初级生产力变化在 97−701 mgC m-2 d-1之间，平均为307 mg C m-2 d-1；与其关系比较密切的环境因子为海水透明度、盐度、pH、氨氮 (NH4-N)、磷酸盐 (PO4-P) 以及Chl a。在这些因素中，PO4-P对初级生产力的影响最大，显然11月份南黄海的磷是浮游植物生长的限制因子，次之的影响因素是Chl a和NH4-N。 对南黄海源汇格局的研究发现，如果除去涌升流较为活跃的站位（A9、B7、B8、B9、C8、C9、 D9和A1），2005年秋季表层海水pCO2与浮游植物固碳强度明显负相关（r=-0.8，n=23, p<0.001）。在南黄海东部浮游植物固碳强度较高，pCO2值较低；而在西部海区浮游植物固碳强度较低的区域，其pCO2值较高。碳源/汇转折点浮游植物固碳强度为230 mgC m-2 d-1，即小于此值，海区为大气二氧化碳的源，反之为汇，并且CO2汇区浮游植物固碳强度平均值约是CO2源区的2倍多；浮游植物固碳作用，在某一时间和空间尺度内，基本决定了海区的源汇格局。估算结果显示，东中国近海浮游植物固碳量约为222×106t a-1，约为东中国近海通过海－气界面总表观碳汇强度每年1369万吨的16.2倍，仅就浮游植物的年固碳量而言，东中国近海约占全球近海浮游植物的年固碳量的2.0%。 研究揭示了近年来南黄海浮游植物固碳强度具有区域与年际变化明显这一显著特点。一般，近岸区（由黄海沿岸水和表层水控制）内，光照是浮游植物固碳的主要限制因子；从2001年后的大多数年份中，中央区（黄海冷水团控制）的浮游植物固碳强度均与磷酸盐浓度显著正相关，但与氮浓度的相关性不大，说明南黄海生态系统普遍存在着磷限制而非氮限制；混合区终年受黄、东海混合水控制，受到光照条件和营养盐浓度同时影响。根据本次观测所获数据，结合以前研究者的调查资料，我们发现从1983年到2005年，南黄海浮游植物优势种由Bacillariophyta变为Pyrrophyta，浮游植物细胞丰度和Chl a明显下降，浮游植物固碳强度几乎下降了二分之一 （由569.50 mgC m-2 d-1下降至306.83 mgC m-2 d-1），说明南黄海在世界边缘海固碳过程中的作用在降低。经过相关水质参数及生态环境变化的分析，以上现象是对关键营养盐磷的限制以及光限制响应的缘故。此外，研究还发现，由于南黄海初级生产者产量下降所引起的一些生态反馈信息，如浮游动物固碳量的下降和鱼类产量的锐减。 2. 室内模拟实验显示，重金属（铅、铜、镉和锌）及有机污染物（乙醇、丙酮、尿素和多灭磷）对水体生物固碳体系有重要影响，较低浓度时可提高水体的固碳能力，相应水体中的DIC、HCO3-和 Pco2 与对照组相比都明显下降 (P<0.01)；当污染物达到一定浓度后，水体生物的固碳能力明显下降，其有机碳可降解转化为无机碳。当污染物小于转折浓度水体为大气二氧化碳的汇，反之为源。 水体固碳体系对于不同种类、不同浓度的污染物质所表现的受胁迫情况不同，低浓度各污染物（包括重金属和有机污染物）添加组中（对于重金属为0.1和1µmol•L-1，醇和酮分别为<0.5 mol L-1和<0.75 mol L-1），藻干重及固碳量均要大于初始值，说明适量的外源污染可能会促进藻类生长，提高水体的固碳能力，相应水体中的DIC、HCO3- 和PCO2与对照组相比都明显下降 (P<0.01)。当污染物达到一定浓度后，由于其毒害作用，使得水体内生物的固碳能力下降，甚至分解并转化为无机碳，从会引起DIC、HCO3- 和PCO2含量的升高，其含量上升幅度会因固碳体系对不同种类污染物耐受程度的差异而不同。对于尿素和多灭磷，二者浓度分别达到80和20mgL-1时，水体中二氧化碳各参数仍呈现下降趋势，说明在该浓度范围内，大型藻类（如石莼）仍可利用添加物中的氮和磷，将其做为氮源或磷源，促进水体总固碳量的增加。 污染物胁迫对水体碳源汇能力及格局可起到一定的调控作用，与污染物的浓度密切相关，污染物存在着一转折浓度，分别为5µmol L-1（铜）、20µmol L-1（镉） 0.75mol L-1（酮），当污染物添加小于转折浓度并排除其他影响因素时，水体表现为大气CO2的汇，并且适量的增加污染物浓度会使海洋碳汇能力有所增强；而当污染物超出转折浓度时，水体成为CO2的源，其CO2的释放量是随着污染物浓度的增加而增大。对与研究中其他种类的污染物，在实验室设计范围内，水体始终表现为大气CO2的汇。

褐藻两个光系统的色素-蛋白质复合物的分离及特性研究

以褐藻裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)、萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentarius)、海蒿子(Sargassum confusum)、叉开网地藻(Dictyopteris divaricata)、海带(Laminaria japonica)、囊藻(Colpomenia sinuosa)、鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)、水云(Ectocarpus confervoides)为材料，对其色素-蛋白质复合物的分离技术及其特性进行了系统研究。通过对裙带菜色素-蛋白质复合物分离技术及其影响因素的研究，确立了褐藻的PAGE分离方法。采用Tris-Gly电泳分离系统，以非离子去污剂DMG或DIG为增溶剂(DMG: Chl=20: 1, DIG: Chl=50: 1, 4 ℃增溶1 h)，10%的分离胶浓度，丙烯酰胺与甲叉双丙烯酰胺的比例为30: 0.8,从裙带菜中成功地分离出8条含色素的蛋白质复合物带。采用Anderson命名系统，以高等植物菠菜为参照，将其命名为CPIa, CPI, CPa, LHC_1, LHC_2, LHC_3, LHC_4和LHC_5。游离色素较少。通过对三种褐藻的色素-蛋白质复合物的表观分子量测定、光谱学研究以及对裙带菜色素-蛋白质复合物的多肽组成分析，揭示了褐藻各种色素-蛋白质复合物的特征。CPIa是褐藻分子量较大的PSI复合物，为墨角藻黄素-叶绿素 a/c-蛋白质复合物。CPI是褐藻的PSI核心复合物，为P700-叶绿素 a-蛋白质复合物。CPa是褐藻的PSII复合物，为墨角藻黄素-叶绿素 a/c-蛋白质复合物。其余5条为捕光色素-蛋白质复合物，LHC_1和LHC_3是墨角藻黄素-叶绿素 a/c-蛋白质复合物，LHC_2, LHC_4和LHC_5是叶绿素 a/c-蛋白质复合物。根据裙带菜色素-蛋白质复合物的多肽分析结果并与高等植物比较，提出褐藻PSI和PSII的结构模型。褐藻PSI和PSII的反应中心多肽与高等植物相同，捕光复合物明显区别。褐藻LHCI和LHCII的多肽组成相同，都是由单一的20 kDa多肽组成。褐藻叶状体、叶绿体、类囊体膜和PSI复合物的77 K 荧光发射光谱具有特异性，缺少高等植物PSI特征的730 nm 荧光峰。叶状体的77 K 荧光发射光谱按荧光主峰的波长分为两种类型，一种类型的荧光主峰在690 nm，另一种类型的在705-720 nm。三种褐藻PSI复合物的77 K 荧光发射光谱相同，有两个分别们于680 nm和715 nm 的发射峰。褐藻的77 K 荧光特异是由PSI的结构决定的。根据褐藻PSI复合物的荧光特性以及去污剂增溶动力学分析结果，推动F715来自褐藻核心色素-蛋白质复合物，F680来源于PSI复合物中的捕光复合物。褐藻PSI复合物中缺少高等植物发射730 nm 荧光的LHCIb复合物的能量传递模型。

条斑紫菜孢子体与配子体PSII的特性以及单颗粒分析

选择条斑紫菜（Porphyra yezoensis）两个不同发育阶段（孢子体和配子体）作为研究对象，分别从孢子体与配子体的类囊体膜上分离到具有高放氧活性的PSII复合物。配子体PSII复合物的放氧活性为2269.77±152.94 μmolO2/chl(mg).h，孢子体PSII复合物的放氧活性为2256.33±141.81 μmolO2/chl(mg).h。对分离到的PSII复合物的稳定性和放氧活性进行了研究，结果表明：孢子体和配子体的PSII复合物，在4℃条件下保存比-80℃下放氧活性高，稳定性高。配子体跟孢子体比较，在-80℃保存条件下第六天就已经没有放氧活性，而此时-80℃下孢子体PSII复合物仍然具有放氧活性。同时对4℃下保存的PSII复合物进行分子筛柱层析，室温吸收光谱测定以及放氧活性测定，发现随着放氧活性逐渐降低的同时，蛋白大分子有聚合现象。室温吸收光谱表明经过长期的保存，吸收峰向短波长方向偏移，同时叶绿素易降解成为脱镁叶绿素。分别测定了配子体与孢子体PSII复合物的SDS-PAGE电泳蛋白条带的氨基酸序列，配子体PSII复合物经过SDS-PAGE电泳后的蛋白条带，经过质谱测定，鉴定出CP-47、D2、D1蛋白。孢子体PSII复合物，经过SDS-PAGE电泳后的蛋白条带，经过质谱分析鉴定出CP-47、CP-43、D2、D1蛋白。CP-47， CP-43蛋为PSII反应中心叶绿素P680的脱辅基蛋白，D1 与D2蛋白为PSII的反应中心蛋白。对纯化的PSII复合物，并首次采用单颗粒技术分析比较其形态结构，电镜观察证实纯化的PSII复合物为二聚体，颗粒大小约为13nm×7.8nm，经过计算总分子量约为500kDa，但是孢子体与配子体的PSII复合物在形态上有轻微差别，配子PSII复合物要略宽于孢子体复合物，孢子体PSII复合物周边棱角形较配子体明显。

管藻目绿藻 PSI 和 PSII 结构特异性研究

测定了管藻目绿藻刺松藻和假根羽藻的叶状体、叶绿体及类囊体膜的吸收光谱和低温荧光光谱，并同软丝藻等5种非管藻目绿藻和菠菜进行了比较。证实绿藻普遍缺少作为高等植物 PSI 标志的 730nm 的低温长波荧光，其长波发射峰在 710 ～ 715nm 以及 695nm 荧光也不明显。采用和的 PAGE 法从刺松藻、假根羽藻、软丝藻和菠菜中分别得到 11 种、11 种、7 种和 9 种色素蛋白复合物，并测定了各复合物的分子量、Chl a/b、叶绿素的分布、多肽组成和结构关系，以及吸收光谱、低温荧光发射和激发光谱等各种光谱特性。刺松藻和假根羽藻的 CPIa_(1-2) 复合物的荧光发射主峰分别在 698、690 和 685nm，软丝藻 CPIa 在 715nm，菠菜 CPIa_(1-2) 分别在 729 和 722nm。两种管藻目绿藻的 LHCI 与 CII 的结合程度较菠菜和软丝藻更紧密，其 CPI 复合物中仍含有一定量的，710 ～ 715nm 荧光呈隐现状态。用二次 PAGE 法将刺松藻和假根羽藻的 CPIa 和 CIP 再分离，得到 PSI 的捕光复合 LHCI，为管藻黄素-Chl a/b-蛋白复合物， Chl a/b=1.2，含有 27.5、26.2、26 和 24.5kDa 四种多肽，77K 荧光峰在 682 ～ 683nm。LHCI 没有发射高等植物 730nm 荧光的相应组分是管藻目绿藻缺少 730nm 荧光的主要原因。核心复合物 CCI 含有 67 和 56kDa 两种多肽，与软丝藻和菠菜相似，但 3 种藻类核心复合物的 77K 荧光峰在 715nm，而菠菜在 720nm。刺松藻和假根羽藻有 LHCI 存在时，715nm 荧光峰不明显，随着 LHCI 的解离，荧光逐渐显现。刺松藻 PSI 中与 CCI 结合最紧密的是 LHCI 的 27.5 和 24.5kDa 多肽，两个 26 kDa 多肽的结合较为松散。用差速离心法对刺松藻、假根羽藻、软丝藻及菠菜的 PSI 颗粒进行了初步的分离。PSI 粗提物的 77K 长波荧光发射峰分别在 710、712、713 和 730nm，与 PAGE 法得到的结果相符。刺松藻和假根羽藻的 PSII 核心复合物 CPa 与菠菜相同，都含有两个 33kDa 核心多肽及 40 ～ 47 kDa 的内天线蛋白。从两种管藻目绿藻中首次分离到 6 种 LHCII 捕光复合物，其中 LHCP_(1-3)，四种都是管藻黄素- Chl a/b-蛋白复合物， Chl a/b=0.7 ～ 0.9。刺松藻和假根羽藻中含量最高、最稳定的捕光复合物是分子量最大的 LHCP_1 由 34.4、31.5、29.5、28.1 和 26.5kDa 多肽构成，其中 34.4 和 31.5kDa 多肽在菠菜和软丝藻中没有对应组分。LHCP_1 再分离结果表明，分子量较小的捕光复合物都是 LHCP_1 的组成部分，但分子量最小的 Fca_1 和 Fca_2 与其它复合物的关系尚不确定。31.5 和 29.5 kDa 多肽是 LHCP_1 的核心，34.4、28.1 和 26.5kDa 多肽位于外侧；整个 LHCP_1 以 28.1 和 26.5kDa 多肽与 CCII 紧密结合，构成 PSII。根据刺松藻和假根羽藻光系统结构及其特异性的研究结果，提出了一个管藻目绿藻 PSI 和 PSII 色素蛋白复合物结构关系模型，并与高等植物的模型做了比较。讨论了光合作用两个光系统结构和特性的进化过程，指出 730nm 低温荧光峰不能作为管藻目乃至非管藻目绿藻 PSI 的表征。管藻目绿藻同杂色藻类在这方面有相似性。

过量氮和磷引起的富营养化对海水无机碳源汇强度的影响

过量氮和磷引起的海水富营养化引起了一系列的生态环境效应，探讨二者的耦合关系对阐明全球海洋生态环境变化机制意义重大。本论文首次探讨了过量氮和磷引起的富营养化对海水无机碳体系的影响，通过室内系统模拟实验，构筑了过量氮和磷与无机碳体系变化的定量耦合关系，在此基础上获得了中国近海典型海域特别是南黄海近十年氮和磷演变引起的无机碳源汇格局变化，获得了以下一系列新的结果和认识： 1、不同营养盐（NO3-、NH4+、NO2-和PO43-）对水体溶解无机碳体系均有重要影响，且影响程度有较大的差异。 在模拟实验中，当NO3-<188 μmol/L，NH4+<126 μmol/L，NO2-<39.5 μmol/L时均可明显提高水体的固碳能力，相应水体中的DIC、HCO3-和 pCO2均较空白对照组时有一定程度的下降。当N浓度达到一定值后，其固碳能力减弱，DIC、HCO3-和pCO2出现相反变化。当NH4+>126 μmol/L和NO2->39.5 μmol/L时pCO2增加，向大气释放CO2。在PO43-添加组中，当浓度小于19.5μmol/L时DIC、pCO2较空白对照组下降，水体表现为大气CO2的汇，其固碳能力高于N组。在孔石莼添加组中，各营养盐组水体的固碳能力均高于空白对照组，相应水体中DIC、HCO3-和pCO2的下降明显。其中，同一营养盐浓度水平下，NH4+组中各无机碳组分的变化幅度明显高于NO3-和NO2-组，PO43-组的无机碳体系变化幅度低于N组。其中，当NO3-、NH4+和NO2-浓度分别在71 μmol/L，49.7 μmol/L和11.7 μmol/L时，pCO2下降明显，水体表现为大气CO2的强汇。对无机碳各参数的变化量与营养盐进行多元回归分析，得到以下统计关系： ⊿DIC=-0.937(⊿PO43-)-0.34(⊿NO3-)-0.46(⊿NH4+)+0.11(⊿NO2-)（R2=0.69, n=30，Sig.<0.05） ⊿HCO3-=-1.357(⊿PO43-)-0.35(⊿NO3-)-0.57(⊿NH4+)-0.013(⊿NO2-)（R2=0.76, n=32, Sig.<0.05） ⊿CO32-=0.344(⊿PO43-)+0.16(⊿NO3-)+0.18(⊿NH4+)+0.076(⊿NO2-)（R2=0.69, n=32, Sig.<0.05） ⊿pCO2=-1.321(⊿PO43-)-0.12(⊿NO3-)-0.31(⊿NH4+)-0.032(⊿NO2-)（R2=0.84, n=35, Sig.<0.01） 2．氮、磷对海水无机碳体系的源汇格局影响主要受控于水体浮游藻类对营养盐的利用。 模拟实验各种情况下Chl-a的浓度均有不同程度的变化。在N组中，当NH4+<126 μmol/L，随着NH4+浓度的增加，Chl-a浓度增加，而高浓度（NH4+>126 μmol/L）的实验组中，Chl-a则随浓度的增加而下降。当NO2-和PO43-的浓度分别大于39.5 μmol/L和19.5 μmol/L时，水体中Chl-a随营养盐浓度的增加而出现下降趋势，不同的是NO3-添加组在实验浓度范围内藻类均出现了不同程度的增长，这可能与浮游藻类对过量营养盐的耐受性不同有关。在低浓度时，PO43-组pCO2的下降最为明显，这与 PO43-组Chl-a的含量较高相一致，其次为NH4+，NO3-高于NO2-，可见在实验水体中PO43-对于藻类新陈代谢作用影响明显，从而作用到无机碳上的影响也就最为明显。对各实验水体⊿Chl-a与无机碳各组分作相关性分析发现，⊿Chl-a与⊿pCO2的相关性最为明显（R2=0.75，p<0.0001），这可能是因为浮游藻类光合作用和分解作用消耗或生成的首先是海水中的游离CO2（即pCO2）。在孔石莼组中，由于大藻对过量营养盐的耐受性较强，因此各组中藻类干重均有一定程度的增长。藻类干重的增加以NH4+最为明显，其次为NO3-和NO2-，这可能与其对N盐的优先吸收顺序NH4+>NO3->NO2-有关。加PO43-组中藻类的干重增加量低于NH4+和NO3-组，这与大藻的生理特性有关。对藻类干重增加量⊿m与⊿DIC作相关性发现，二者相关性明显（R2=0.64，p<0.01），这是由于孔石莼光合作用同时吸收HCO3-和CO2为碳源有关。 3、近年来，中国近海由于海水过量氮磷引起的富营养化，可使大部分海域海水无机碳汇强度增加 应用室内模拟获得的无机碳与氮、磷之间的定量耦合关系，估算了过量氮、磷引起的富营养化条件下，中国近海水体无机碳源汇的变化情况。结果表明，近十年来，由于氮、磷浓度的增加而导致渤海、南黄海、北黄海和东海每年从大气中多吸收0.197×106t C、0.302×106t C、0.039×106t C和2.233×106t C，东中国近海营养要素的含量的变化及组成比例的时间性和地区性差异是造成各海区碳通量差异的重要因素；对2006年南黄海水文、化学、生物与无机碳体系之间的相互关系进行综合分析，可知水体无机碳体系与营养盐水平密切相关。

海洋微藻产生溶解有机物及东海溶解有机物三维荧光特征研究

本文通过胶州湾围隔实验、微藻培养实验研究了海洋微藻产生溶解有机物的三维荧光特性，并初步利用经验正交函数对三维荧光光谱图进行了主成分分析，通过东海取样研究了东海荧光溶解有机物的时空分布特征，并对荧光溶解有机物的来源进行了分析。得到了一些初步结论： 胶州湾围隔实验中不同营养盐培养结果表明浮游植物可产生类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光，类蛋白荧光峰由类酪氨酸(tyrosine-like)荧光峰和类色氨酸(tryptophan-like)荧光峰组成，主要位置为Exmax/Emmax=270nm/290~310nm，Exmax/Emmax= 270~290/320~350的荧光峰强度比较弱；在Exmax/Emmax=250~260/380~480nm(A峰)、Exmax/Emmax=310~320/380~420nm(C峰)和Exmax/Emmax=330~350/420~480nm(M峰)位置均出现零散的类腐殖质荧光峰，其中以A峰为主。类酪氨酸荧光强度明显高于类腐殖质荧光强度。浮游植物量降低时，类酪氨酸荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度呈明显的负相关。硅藻和甲藻产生的类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之间具有较好的相关性，两者来源相似, 并且甲藻与硅藻相比能够产生更多的类蛋白荧光物质。不同环境下类腐殖质混合物的组分比例不同，甲藻生长环境下相对于硅藻具有较低的A:C比值。 在实验室培养中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）、微小亚历山大藻（Alexandrium mimutum）、锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）、东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）及海洋原甲藻（Prorocentrum micans）的实验结果表明，微藻在生长过程中产生出荧光溶解有机物，中肋骨条藻为代表的硅藻主要产生类腐殖质荧光物质，而甲藻在指数增长期主要产生类蛋白荧光物质。进入消亡期后类蛋白荧光和类腐殖质荧光强度迅速增大，原因可能是衰老、死亡藻细胞的破碎释放出大量的荧光有机物质所致，此外还有细菌对非荧光有机物进一步降解。塔玛亚历山大藻、微小亚历山大藻、东海原甲藻及海洋原甲藻的类蛋白荧光强度在消亡后期由于细菌降解或光降解等因素而降低。同属微藻产生的荧光物质相似，例如塔玛亚历山大藻与微小亚历山藻、东海原甲藻与海洋原甲藻，但具体荧光峰位置有所不同。利用经验正交函数能够对三维荧光光谱谱图进行主成份分析。 在利用三维荧光光谱法研究长江口海域台风前后不同站位荧光溶解有机物荧光特性及分布特征的结果表明，长江口海区主要的荧光溶解有机物荧光峰为T峰、S峰和A峰。风前和风后的类色氨酸分别来源于相似物质。风前，在表层浮游植物能够产生类蛋白荧光物质，而底层类蛋白荧光物质不受浮游植物的影响，长江冲淡水能够带来部分类蛋白荧光物质；表层的类腐殖质不受浮游植物的影响，而底层的浮游植物在降解过程中能够产生一部分类腐殖质，并且长江冲淡水对表层和底层的类腐殖质来源均有很大贡献。风后，表层的类色氨酸与叶绿素a浓度不呈相关性，而底层却呈正相关，另外表层和底层的类色氨酸均受到长江冲淡水的影响；表层和底层的类腐殖质与叶绿素a均没有相关性，但受陆源影响显著，长江冲淡水能带来类腐殖质。

Phytoplankton biomass size structure and its regulation in the Southern Yellow Sea (China): Seasonal variability

Phytoplankton size structure plays a significant role in controlling the carbon flux of marine pelagic ecosystems. The mesoscale distribution and seasonal variation of total and size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass in surface waters. as measured by chlorophyll a (Chl a), was studied in the Southern Yellow Sea using data from four cruises during 2006-2007. The distribution of Chl a showed a high degree of spatial and temporal variation in the study area. Chl a concentrations were relatively high in the summer and autumn, with a mean of 142 and 1.27 mg m(-3), respectively. Conversely, in the winter and spring. the average Chl a levels were only 098 and 0.99 mg m(-3) Total Chl a showed a clear decreasing gradient from coastal areas to the open sea in the summer, autumn and winter cruises. Patches of high Chl a were observed in the central part of the Southern Yellow Sea in the spring due to the onset of the phytoplankton bloom. The eutrophic coastal waters contributed at least 68% of the total phytoplankton biomass in the surface layer. Picophytoplankton showed a consistent and absolute dominance in the central region of the Southern Yellow Sea (>40%) in all of the cruises, while the proportion of microphytoplankton was the highest in coastal waters The relative proportions of pico- and nanophytoplankton decreased with total biomass, whereas the proportion of the micro-fraction increased with total biomass. Relationships between phytoplankton biomass and environmental factors were also analysed. The results showed that the onset of the spring bloom was highly dependent on water column stability. Phytoplankton growth was limited by nutrient availability in the summer due to the strong thermocline. The combined effects of P-limitation and vertical mixing in the autumn restrained the further increase of phytoplankton biomass in the Surface layer. The low phytoplankton biomass in winter was caused by vertical dispersion due to intense mixing. Compared with the availability of nutrients. temperature did not seem to cause direct effects on phytoplankton biomass and its size structure. Although interactions of many different environmental factors affected phytoplankton distributions. hydrodynamic conditions seemed to be the dominant factor. Phytoplankton size structure was determined mainly by the size-differential capacity in acquiring resource. Short time scale events, such as the spring bloom and the extension of Yangtze River plume, can have substantial influences, both on the total Chl a concentration and on the size structure of the phytoplankton. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A field study on the conversion ratio of phytoplankton biomass carbon to chlorophyll-a in Jiaozhou Bay, China

A one-year field study was conducted to determine the conversion ratio of phytoplankton biomass carbon (Phyto-C) to chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in Jiaozhou Bay, China. We measured suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) and phytoplankton Chl-a samples collected in surface water monthly from March 2005 to February 2006. The temporal and spatial variations of Chl-a and POC concentrations were observed in the bay. Based on the field measurements, a linear regression model II was used to generate the conversion ratio of Phyto-C to Chl-a. In most cases, a good linear correlation was found between the observed POC and Chl-a concentrations, and the calculated conversion ratios ranged from 26 to 250 with a mean value of 56 A mu g A mu g(-1). The conversion ratio in the fall was higher than that in the winter and spring months, and had the lowest values in the summer. The ratios also exhibited spatial variations, generally with low values in the near shore regions and relatively high values in offshore waters. Our study suggests that temperature was likely to be the main factor influencing the observed seasonal variations of conversion ratios while nutrient supply and light penetration played important roles in controlling the spatial variations.

Spatial distributions and seasonal variations of particulate phosphorus in the Jiaozhou Bay in North China

Based oil the measurements of particulate phosphorus (PP) in the Jiaozhou Bay front May 2003 to April 2004, the spatial distribution, seasonal variation and biogeochemical characteristics of PP Were investigated to Understand the fates and roles of phosphorus in the Jiaozhou Bay ecosystem. The Concentration of the total PP ranged from 0. 07 to 2. 09 mu mol/dm(3). The concentration of POP was from 0. 01 to 1. 83 mu mol/dm(3), with all average of with all average of 0. 33 mu mol/dm(3), which accounted for 50. 4% in total PP. In general, file concentrations of IT in surface water show obvious seasonal variations in the Jiaozhou Bay. POP was the highest in spring, which derived front the accumulation of phyto-detritus and was the lowest ill autumn, which was decomposed into seawaters to participate the recycle of phosphorus. PIP was the highest in spring and summer and Was the lowest in autumn and winter. PLP Was Mainly influenced by river input in the inner bay lint POP derived front autochthonous source in the outer bay. Overkill, the concentrations of IT in the inner bay were higher than those in mouth and the Older bay. In the inner bay. the concentrations of IT with the area near the shore were higher than those in the center of the bay. Totally PP showed the decreasing trend with depth especially in spring and winter. The high value of PP emerged in 20 and 10 in Corresponding to summer and autumn, respectively. The changes of POP showed hysteretic effect compared with the changes of Chl a in the investigated year. However, according to the Change of Chl a, the second high value of POP which should be emerged ill October was missing due to the remineralization of POP and participation in the recycle of phosphorus, which lead to the high concentration of orthophosphate in seawaters.

Distribution patterns of chlorophyll a in spring and autumn in association with hydrological features in the southern Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea

Two field studies were conducted to measure pigments in the Southern Yellow Sea (SYS) and the northern East China Sea (NECS) in April (spring) and September (autumn) to evaluate the distribution pattern of phytoplankton stock (Chl a concentration) and the impact of hydrological features such as water mass, mixing and tidal front on these patterns. The results indicated that the Chl a concentration was 2.43 +/- 2.64 (Mean +/- SD) mg m(-3) in April (range, 0.35 to 17.02 mg m(-3)) and 1.75 +/- 3.10 mg m(-3) in September (from 0.07 to 36.54 mg m(-3)) in 2003. Additionally, four areas with higher Chl a concentrations were observed in the surface water in April, while two were observed in September, and these areas were located within or near the point at which different water masses converged (temperature front area). The distribution pattern of Chl a was generally consistent between onshore and offshore stations at different depths in April and September. Specifically, higher Chl a concentrations were observed along the coastal line in September, which consisted of a mixing area and a tidal front area, although the distributional pattern of Chl a concentrations varied along transects in April. The maximum Chl a concentration at each station was observed in the surface and subsurface layer (0-10 m) for onshore stations and the thermocline layer (10-30 m) for offshore stations in September, while the greatest concentrations were generally observed in surface and subsurface water (0-10 m) in April. The formation of the Chl a distributional pattern in the SYS and NECS and its relationship with possible influencing factors is also discussed. Although physical forces had a close relationship with Chl a distribution, more data are required to clearly and comprehensively elucidate the spatial pattern dynamics of Chl a in the SYS and NECS.

Feeding and respiration rates of a planktonic copepod (Calanus sinicus) oversummering in Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Waters

The distribution, feeding and oxygen consumption of Calanus sinicus were studied in August 2001 on a transect across Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Waters (YSCBW) and two additional transects nearby. The distribution of C. sinicus adults and copepodites stage CV appeared to be well correlated with water temperature. They tended to concentrate in the YSCBW (>10,000 ind. m(-2)) to avoid high surface temperature. Gut pigment contents varied from 0.44 to 2.53 ng chlorophyll a equivalents (chl a equiv.) ind.(-1) for adults, and from 0.24 to 2.24 ng chl a equiv. ind.(-1) for CV copepodites. We found no relationship between gut pigment contents and the ambient chl a concentrations. Although the gut evacuation rate constants are consistent with those measured for other copepods, their low gut pigment contents meant an estimated daily herbivorous ingestion of <3% of body carbon in the YSCBW and <10% outside the YSCBW. However, based on estimates of clearance rates, C. sinicus feeds actively whether in the YSCBW or not, so the low ingestion rates probably reflect shortage of food. Oxygen consumption rates of C. sinicus ranged from 0.21 to 0.84 mul O-2 ind.(-1) h(-1), with high rates often associated with high temperature. From the oxygen consumption rates, daily loss of body carbon was estimated to be 4.0-13.7%, which exceeds our estimates of their carbon ingestion rates. C. sinicus was probably not in diapause, either within or outside the YSCBW, but this cold-water layer provides C. sinicus with a refuge to live through the hot, low-food summer.

Abundance of Calanus sinicus across the tidal front in the Yellow Sea, China

The abundance of Calanus sinicus eggs, nauplii, copepodites and adults and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration were studied across tidal fronts in October 2000, and May and June 2001 in the Yellow Sea, China. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of tidal fronts in the ecology of C. sinicus. The hydrographic tidal fronts were identified by the horizontal temperature gradient in the bottom layer and the temperature profiles across the fronts. The survey results showed that the concentration of Chl-a was high in the vicinity of the fronts, particularly in spring and early summer. The abundance of C. sinicus eggs and nauplii was usually higher in the tidal fronts than in the adjacent areas. In May and June 2001, the abundance of copepodites and adults of C. sinicus peaked in the tidal front. In June 2001 and October 2000, many copepodites and adults were found in stratified region.