Évaluation du rôle des caractéristiques personnelles des enquêteurs policiers sur la conduite d'entrevues d’enquête auprès d’enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle

Depuis les années 1990, de nombreuses recherches ont porté sur le dévoilement de l’agression sexuelle chez l’enfant et sur les caractéristiques y étant associées. Outre les facteurs liés à l’enfant et au contexte, le type de questions utilisé par l’intervieweur (notamment les invitations et les questions ouvertes) est une variable déterminante pour le dévoilement de l’enfant et la quantité de détails qui sera fournie entourant l’agression sexuelle. Bien que plusieurs enquêteurs reçoivent une formation sur l’utilisation des questions ouvertes dans les entrevues avec les enfants, peu d’entre eux utilisent un style de question approprié une fois sur le terrain. L’objectif de cette recherche vise à déterminer si certaines caractéristiques personnelles des enquêteurs sont associées à leur adhésion à un protocole d’entrevue structuré pour lequel ils ont été formés, à l’utilisation de questions ouvertes dans des entrevues d’enquête auprès d’enfants soupçonnés d’avoir vécu une agression sexuelle et à la quantité de détails dévoilés par l’enfant lors de ces entrevues. Deux études ont été menées pour répondre à cette question. La première étude a été effectuée à l'École nationale de police du Québec auprès de 24 enquêteurs de police ayant suivi une formation d'une semaine visant l’apprentissage du protocole d’entrevue structuré du National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Le genre féminin, les habiletés cognitives et le trait de personnalité Ouverture à l’expérience sont trois caractéristiques personnelles qui ont été reliées positivement à la performance des enquêteurs lors d’une entrevue simulée avec un comédien jouant le rôle d’un enfant victime d’agression sexuelle, tandis que le nombre d’années d’expérience et la capacité de gestion du stress de ces enquêteurs ont montré une relation négative avec cette performance. Dans la seconde étude effectuée sur le terrain auprès de 13 enquêteurs du Service de police de la Ville de Montréal, 114 entrevues conduites auprès d’enfants ayant dévoilé une agression sexuelle ont été recueillies et cotées pour mesurer l’adhésion au protocole d’entrevue du NICHD, le ratio de questions ouvertes et la quantité de détails dévoilés par l’enfant par question posée par l’enquêteur. L’intelligence émotionnelle et les traits de personnalité Extraversion, Esprit consciencieux et Agréabilité ont été trouvés comme des caractéristiques personnelles positivement associées à l’adhésion au protocole d’entrevue et à l’utilisation de questions ouvertes, tandis que le nombre d’années d’expérience et le trait de personnalité Névrosisme ont été négativement associés à ces deux critères de performance. Le niveau d’habiletés cognitives des enquêteurs a quant à lui montré une association positive avec la quantité de détails dévoilés par l’enfant. La signification et l’interprétation de ces résultats, de même que les implications potentielles pour la sélection et la formation des enquêteurs sont finalement discutées.

Entre la gobernanza social e institucional: Una mirada al fenómeno de la trata de personas en Colombia en el período entre 2000 y 2012

La presente monografía tiene por objetivo identificar la influencia de las acciones emprendidas por la sociedad civil y las organizaciones internacionales frente a la problemática de la trata de personas en Colombia, durante el período comprendido entre los años 2000 y 2012. En este sentido, la investigación constituye un esfuerzo por develar las transformaciones en las narrativas institucionales que han posibilitado el reconocimiento de los elementos de prevención y centralidad de las víctimas, como ejes articuladores del discurso gubernamental frente a la trata de personas. Para ello, se hace uso de la teoría de la gobernanza global enmarcada en el enfoque constructivista de las Relaciones Internacionales, en tanto permite establecer una relación entre las acciones de los diferentes actores y el impacto de estas en la construcción de estrategias nacionales para hacer frente a problemáticas que, como la trata de personas, se encuentran en estrecha relación con el mundo globalizado.

Análisis bibliométrico de depresión infantil

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las tendencias en la investigación de la depresión infantil mediante un análisis bibliométrico de artículos publicados entre enero de 2010 y enero de 2015, en las bases de datos EBSCO, Scopus y Scielo. Se incluyeron 146 artículos, escritos en inglés, español y portugués. En el trabajo se identifican los autores más productivos y las tendencias de los autores con respecto al sexo, profesión y producción; así como los países, instituciones y revistas que más publicaron sobre dicho trastorno. La edad y la ansiedad son las variables que con más frecuencia se asocian al tema; de igual forma, se identificó el Children Depression Inventory (CDI) como el instrumento más común para medir la depresión infantil. En este periodo de tiempo destacan los artículos centrados en investigaciones sobre poblaciones con diferentes estados de salud, diseños correlacionales, de corte transversal y escritos por múltiples autores. Al analizar los resultados obtenidos se observa un creciente interés y preocupación de los investigadores por conocer la frecuencia de los trastornos del estado de ánimo y más específicamente de la depresión en niños, y la asociación e influencia que esta puede tener para su desarrollo.

Critical speed and endurance capacity in young swimmers: Effects of gender and age

This study analyzed the relationship between critical speed (CS) and maximal speed for 30 min (S30) in swimmers of ages 10-15 years. Fifty-one swimmers were divided by chronological age (10-12 years = G10-12, 13-15 years = G13-15), sexual maturation (pubic hair stages; P1-P3 and P4-P5), and gender (M = boys, F = girls). The CS was determined through the slope of the linear regression between the distances (100, 200, and 400 m) and participants' respective times. CS and S30 were similar in the younger (G10-12M = 0.97 vs. 0.97 m/s, and G10-12F = 1.01 vs. 0.97 m/s, respectively), and older swimmers (G13-15M = 1.10 vs. 1.07 m/s and G13-15F = 0.93 vs. 0.91 m/s, respectively). In conclusion, the CS can be used in young swimmers for the evaluation of aerobic capacity, independent of gender and age. © 2005 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Violência na infância: Londrina (1930-1970)

Based on criminal processes regarding child sexual abuse from the early 1940s to the late 1970s, this article intents to analyze both the conception of innocence and childhood held at that time, and the influence of such on the local judiciary.

Tráfico de mulheres: um estudo sobre a produção acadêmica brasileira

A presente dissertação elegeu como objeto de estudo a produção acadêmica brasileira sobre Tráfico de Pessoas, principalmente o tráfico de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual no Brasil. A pergunta orientadora da investigação foi: Como a perspectiva metodológica de articulação das categorias classe social, raça/etnia, gênero vem sendo trabalhada nas dissertações e teses que têm como objeto de estudo o tráfico de pessoas? As categorias de análise desta pesquisa foram: trafico de pessoas, tráfico de mulheres, gênero, classe social, raça/etnia. Objetivou-se conhecer como a perspectiva metodológica de articulação das categorias classe social, raça/etnia, gênero vem sendo trabalhada nas dissertações e teses que têm como objeto de estudo o tráfico de pessoas e tráfico de mulheres. A pesquisa desenvolvida foi ancorada na abordagem qualitativa com ênfase na revisão e análise bibliográfica de obras sobre as categorias e o conteúdo das dissertações e teses. De um universo de 20 (vinte) dissertações de mestrado e 01 (uma) tese de doutorado, 13 (treze) dissertações e uma tese, foram selecionadas. A abordagem metodológica pautada no materialismo histórico dialético vinculado pela articulação classe social, gênero, raça/etnia permitiu observar os avanços e os limites da referida proposta metodológica no exame dos estudos sobre tráfico de pessoas e de mulheres no Brasil. Os resultados permitiram concluir que embora a metodologia da articulação classe social, gênero, raça/etnia seja reconhecida pelos autores inexiste um aprofundamento analítico da proposta, observando-se uma centralidade na categoria gênero e na terminologia pobreza, como principais determinações do tráfico de pessoas, particularmente do tráfico de mulheres.

Estudo psicanalítico sobre a feminização da epidemia do HIV/AIDS com usuários do Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os processos de subjetivação de mulheres sem parceiro fixo à exposição ao vírus HIV/ Aids para identificar fatores sobredeterminantes de vulnerabilidade. Utilizamos como método o estudo de caso, visando uma análise em profundidade, que permitisse identificar um maior número de determinantes subjetivos relacionados com a problemática considerada. O estudo apresenta fragmentos de casos clínicos de mulheres vivendo com Aids, internadas nas enfermarias do Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto (HUJBB), no Estado do Pará, Brasil. A partir da análise da transferência e da contratransferência, apontamos como resultado o que cada caso em sua singularidade, desvela a partir do encontro terapêutico: No caso Clínico I, encontramos que a paciente, a qual chamamos Dinah, apresentava um modo de subjetivação psicopatológico masoquista feminino, que faz com que ela demonstre certa satisfação quando se expõe ao sofrimento, se posicionando como vítima em seus relacionamentos afetivos e sexuais, sobre determinados pela identificação imaginária com ideais culturais sobre o ser mulher, concebendo imagens de homens e mulheres, e, portanto, suas e de seu parceiro, como pares antitéticos de força/fraqueza, atividade/passividade, poder/submissão. Esse ideal de eu compósito de mulher virgem e de um homem só, levou Dinah a negar seus temores de contaminação, aceitar passivamente relações desprotegidas, atribuindo à iniciativa sexual a seu parceiro e, tornando-se vulnerável a infecção pelo HIV. No caso Clínico II, Alice, submetida a um modo de subjetivação melancólico, auto-destrutivo, se posicionava nas relações afetivas e sexuais procurando incessantemente sua auto-destruição pela própria vulnerabilidade inconsciente à contaminação pelo HIV. Tendo contraído o vírus e contaminado seu marido e, demais parceiros, mesmo após saber de seu diagnóstico, Alice permanecia aprisionada em um silêncio mortífero, impedindo-se de cuidar de sua saúde e procurar atendimento médico contínuo, tornando-se vulnerável à reinfecção. O Caso III, Ana Laura, é de uma mulher que sofreu inúmeras violências desde a infância, como abuso sexual infantil, exploração do trabalho doméstico e, abandono pelos pais. Após ter tido seu primeiro filho, este lhe foi retirado sem seu consentimento, pela tia materna que o deu a terceiros, razão alegada por Ana Laura, para prostituir-se no cais do porto da cidade de Belém, onde trabalhou até bem pouco tempo antes de sua internação. Lá onde a negociação por sexo mais caro sem preservativo era prática comum, Ana Laura negociou sua vida, vendendo sexo sem preservativo, assim se infectando. O desamparo e as violências sofridas por esta paciente são, portanto, sobredeterminantes de sua vulnerabilidade à infecção pelo HIV. Como conclusões, destacamos que as mulheres atendidas sem parceiro fixo, não apresentaram maior facilidade para se protegerem, estando em desacordo com os estudos que apontam que estas mulheres negociam o preservativo com maior liberdade e estão menos vulneráveis, demonstrando a importância de estudos que abordem os aspectos psíquicos, sociais, políticos e culturais, de maneira a desvelar os modos de produção de subjetividade dos sujeitos em sua singularidade, para além da mensuração de dados, a fim de estabelecer estratégias de prevenção em saúde mais eficazes.

Critical discourses on resilience: exploring alternatives strategies used by young people at-risk

The concept of resilience is often situated in a dominant discourse that reflects medical and developmentalist epistemology, in Western models, with the ideology of white people, and middle class hegemonic norms. Behavior that falls outside of the normal, or what is socially acceptable, is associated with riskiness and tacitly if not explicitly labeled as pathological, and then, not resilient. However, the context of social injustice of many young people at-risk can have drastic effects on them. When we offer institutions such as schools that do not understand their needs, they may refuse our services and some of them may engage in antisocial activities, since they are looking for personal validation, pathways to recognize themselves, and places and organizations that contribute to the building of their social identity. This paper analyses how the denial of support and resources for the wellbeing of young people can lead them to situations that are socially unacceptable, such as sexual exploitation and drug trafficking. The main argument is that these activities, in the absence of conventional mechanisms, may bring some benefit to the subjects. Benefits may be in material conditions, though strongly marked by issues of social inequality; or subjective, in gaining relationships with people outside the normative places and institutions for young people. Unconventional circumstances produce unconventional attitudes that are expressed in alternative forms of resilience.

Weekly Problems Scales: Instruments for Sexually Abused Youth and Their Nonoffending Parents in Treatment

This study’s purpose was to determine if efficient measures could be created to assess multiple problematic behaviors identified in youth who were sexually abused and in treatment. Because of the lack of easily administered brief instruments that assess multiple domains of interest in this population, complementary parent and child assessment measures were developed. The Weekly Problems Scale–Child Version (WPSC) and the Weekly Problems Scale–Parent Version (WPS-P) were created to monitor the weekly progress of the child and family in treatment and focus specifically on common areas of difficulties in this population. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to assist in identifying the number of underlying dimensions in the scales. Results indicate that the WPS-C and WPS-P demonstrate adequate internal consistency, temporal stability, and construct validity. The WPS-C and WPSP display significant promise as research and clinical assessment tools for use with youth who are sexually abused and their nonoffending parents in treatment.

La tratta di donne a fini di sfruttamento sessuale: strumenti di contrasto e possibilità di intervento.

L’obiettivo della ricerca è, da un lato, quello di definire un quadro conoscitivo di sfondo rispetto al fenomeno della tratta e dello sfruttamento sessuale di donne che approdano nel contesto italiano, dall’altro quello di esaminare gli interventi politici e legislativi posti in essere per contrastare il fenomeno e per tutelarne le vittime. Dopo uno sguardo alle caratteristiche strutturali della tratta, alla normativa italiana, europea e internazionale connessa al suo contrasto e alla protezione delle vittime e ai modelli di intervento sociale nel settore posti in essere nel nostro Paese, l’analisi si è concretizzata prendendo in considerazione i risultati emersi dall’attività di ricerca. L’analisi delle storie di vita delle vittime, di nazionalità nigeriana, albanese e serba ha permesso, da un lato, di evidenziare la complessità dei loro percorsi di vita e dall’altro di tracciare un quadro delle modalità organizzative e di sfruttamento utilizzate dal racket nigeriano e da quello albanese. Sul versante legislativo, invece, le interviste ai ricercatori svedesi sono state volte a comprendere se la normativa che punisce l’acquisto di prestazioni sessuali potesse avere un potere deterrente e, quindi, se potesse rappresentare una risposta efficace per arginare il fenomeno della prostituzione schiavizzata. In ultimo, dal punto di vista processuale, l’analisi delle sentenze giudiziarie penali emesse dal Tribunale di Rimini è stata utile per individuare le principali dinamiche che caratterizzano il rapporto tra l’autore e la vittima di reato e, non di meno, per sottolineare l’importanza del ruolo della vittima nel processo penale.

Youth at Risk: Part 1, 2012 Massachusetts Family Impact Seminar

The youth of Massachusetts are of primary concern to legislators and citizens. This briefing report features three essays by experts – Lisa Jones, Ramon Borges-Mendez, and Janis Wolak – who focus on three aspects of youth wellbeing: youth victimization and other indicators of psychological health, youth unemployment, and online sexual predators of youth. Although youth well-being is of primary concern, the worrisome stories about crimes against children that regularly fill the media have unfortunately obscured some more positive news from statistical reports on these same issues. Child victimizations of various types – i.e., child sexual abuse, witnessing domestic violence, child physical abuse, sexual assaults of teenagers, physical assaults and robberies of teenagers, and homicides of teenagers – have been declining nationwide and in Massachusetts since the early 1990s, in some cases declining dramatically.

Human Trafficking: Awareness, Data and Policy

The implications of the new research presented in Volume 2, Issue 1 (Human Trafficking) of the Journal of Applied Research on Children are explored, calling attention to the need for increased awareness, greater availability of data, and proactive policy solutions to combat child trafficking.

Sex Trafficking of Minors in the U.S.: Implications for Policy, Prevention and Research

Context: Information currently available on the trafficking of minors in the U.S. for commercial sexual exploitation includes approximations of the numbers involved, risk factors that increase the likelihood of victimization and methods of recruitment and control. However, specific characteristics about this vulnerable population remain largely unknown. Objective: This article has two distinct purposes. The first is to provide the reader with an overview of available information on minor sex trafficking in the U.S. The second is to present findings and discuss policy, research, and educational implications from secondary data analysis of 115 cases of minor sex trafficking in the U.S. Design: Minor sex trafficking cases were identified through two main venues - a review of U.S. Department of Justice press releases of human trafficking cases and an online search of media reports. Searches covered the time period from October 28, 2000, which coincided with the passage of the VTVPA through October 31, 2009. Cases were included in analysis if the incident involved at least one victim under the age of 18, occurred in the U.S., and at least one perpetrator had been arrested, indicted, or convicted. Results: A total of 115 separate incidents involving at least 153 victims were located. These occurrences involved 215 perpetrators, with the majority of them having been convicted (n = 117, 53.4%), The number of victims involved in a single incident ranged from 1 to 9. Over 90% of victims were female who ranged in age from 5 to 17 years. There were more U.S. minor victims than those from other countries. Victims had been in captivity from less than 6 months to 5 years. Minors most commonly fell into exploitation through some type of false promise indicated (16.3%, n = 25), followed by kidnapping (9.8%, n = 15). Over a fifth of the sample (22.2%, n = 34) were abused through two commercial sex practices, with almost all (94.1%, n = 144) used in prostitution. One of every five victims (24.8%, n = 38) had been advertised on an Internet website. Conclusions: Results of a review of known information about minor sex trafficking and findings from analysis of 115 incidents of the sex trafficking of youth in the U.S. indicate a need for stronger legislation to educate various professional groups, more comprehensive services for victims, stricter laws for pimps and traffickers, and preventive educational interventions beginning at a young age.

Health Care Providers' Training Needs Related to Human Trafficking: Maximizing the Opportunity to Effectively Screen and Intervene

Human trafficking is a complex and multifaceted problem that takes the form of economic, physical and sexual exploitation of people, both adults and children, who are reduced to simple products for commerce. Human trafficking in the United States also has both a domestic and an international aspect. Health care providers are in a unique position to screen for victims of trafficking and may provide important medical and psychological care for victims while in captivity and thereafter. Trafficked persons are likely to suffer a wide spectrum of health risks that reflect the unique circumstances and experiences in a trafficked victim’s life. Although trafficked victims typically have experienced inadequate medical care, once contact is made by the victim with the health care professionals, the opportunity then exists to identify, treat, and assist such victims. The range of services and supports required to appropriately respond to human trafficking victims once identified is broad and typically goes beyond just what is immediately provided by the health care professional and includes safe housing, legal advice, income support, and, for international victims, immigration status related issues. An informed and responsive community is necessary to serve both the international and domestic victims of human trafficking, and needs assessments demonstrated a number of barriers that hindered the delivery of effective services to human trafficking victims. One of the consistent needs identified to combat these barriers was enhanced training among all professionals who might come in contact with human trafficking victims. We highlight the efforts of the Houston Rescue and Restore Coalition (HRRC), a local grassroots non-profit organization whose mission focuses on raising awareness of human trafficking in the Greater Houston Metropolitan area. HRRC responded to the consistent recommendation from various community needs assessments for additional training of front line professionals who would have the opportunity to identify human trafficking victims and supported the design and pilot testing of a health professions training program around human trafficking. Dissemination of this type of training along with careful evaluation and continued refinement will be one way for health care professionals to engage in a positive manner with human trafficking victims.

A case-control study to identify risk factors for preterm labor in Colorado Springs, Colorado

The study objectives were to determine risk factors for preterm labor (PTL) in Colorado Springs, CO, with emphasis on altitude and psychosocial factors, and to develop a model that identifies women at high risk for PTL. Three hundred and thirty patients with PTL were matched to 460 control patients without PTL using insurance category as an indirect measure of social class. Data were gathered by patient interview and review of medical records. Seven risk groups were compared: (1) Altitude change and travel; (2) Psychosocial ((a) child, sexual, spouse, alcohol and drug abuse; (b) neuroses and psychoses; (c) serious accidents and injuries; (d) broken home (maternal parental separation); (e) assault (physical and sexual); and (f) stress (emotional, domestic, occupational, financial and general)); (3) demographic; (4) maternal physical condition; (5) Prenatal care; (6) Behavioral risks; and (7) Medical factors. Analysis was by logistic regression. Results demonstrated altitude change before or after conception and travel during pregnancy to be non-significant, even after adjustment for potential confounding variables. Five significant psychosocial risk factors were determined: Maternal sex abuse (p = 0.006), physical assault (p = 0.025), nervous breakdown (p = 0.011), past occupational injury (p = 0.016), and occupational stress (p = 0.028). Considering all seven risk groups in the logistic regression, we chose a logistic model with 11 risk factors. Two risk factors were psychosocial (maternal spouse abuse and past occupational injury), 1 was pertinent to maternal physical condition ($\le$130 lbs. pre-pregnancy weight), 1 to prenatal care ($\le$10 prenatal care visits), 2 pertinent to behavioral risks ($>$15 cigarettes per day and $\le$30 lbs. weight gain) and 5 medical factors (abnormal genital culture, previous PTB, primiparity, vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge). We conclude that altitude change is not a risk factor for PTL and that selected psychosocial factors are significant risk factors for PTL. ^