Análise tribo-termodinâmica da aplicação de nanopartículas de Al2O3 como aditivo lubrificante em compressor hermético de refrigeração

The thermodynamic performance of a refrigeration system can be improved by reducing the compression work by a particular technique for a specific heat removal rate. This study examines the effect of small concentrations of Al2O3 (50 nm) nanoparticles dispersion in the mineral oil based lubricant on the: viscosity, thermal conductivity, and lubrication characteristics as well as the overall performance (based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics) of the refrigerating system using R134a or R600a as refrigerants. The study looked at the influences of variables: i) refrigerant charge (100, 110, 120 and 130 g), ii) rotational speed of the condenser blower (800 and 1100 RPM) and iii) nanoparticle concentration (0.1 and 0.5 g/l) on the system performance based on the Taguchi method in a matrix of L8 trials with the criterion "small irreversibility is better”. They were carried pulldown and cycling tests according to NBR 12866 and NBR 12869, respectively, to evaluate the operational parameters: on-time ratio, cycles per hour, suction and discharge pressures, oil sump temperature, evaporation and condensation temperatures, energy consumption at the set-point, total energy consumption and compressor power. In order to evaluate the nanolubricant characteristics, accelerated tests were performed in a HFRR bench. In each 60 minutes test with nanolubricants at a certain concentration (0, 0.1 and 0.5 g/l), with three replications, the sphere (diameter 6.00 ± 0.05 mm, Ra 0.05 ± 0.005 um, AISI 52100 steel, E = 210 GPa, HRC 62 ± 4) sliding on a flat plate (cast iron FC200, Ra <0.5 ± 0.005 um) in a reciprocating motion with amplitude of 1 mm, frequency 20 Hz and a normal load of 1,96 N. The friction coefficient signals were recorded by sensors coupled to the HFRR system. There was a trend commented bit in the literature: a nanolubricant viscosity reduction at the low nanoparticles concentrations. It was found the dominant trend in the literature: increased thermal conductivity with increasing nanoparticles mass fraction in the base fluid. Another fact observed is the significant thermal conductivity growth of nanolubricant with increasing temperature. The condenser fan rotational speed is the most influential parameter (46.192%) in the refrigerator performance, followed by R600a charge (38.606%). The Al2O3 nanoparticles concentration in the lubricant plays a minor influence on system performance, with 12.44%. The results of power consumption indicates that the nanoparticles addition in the lubricant (0.1 g/L), together with R600a, the refrigerator consumption is reduced of 22% with respect to R134a and POE lubricant. Only the Al2O3 nanoparticles addition in the lubricant results in a consumption reduction of about 5%.

Análise tribo-termodinâmica da aplicação de nanopartículas de Al2O3 como aditivo lubrificante em compressor hermético de refrigeração

The thermodynamic performance of a refrigeration system can be improved by reducing the compression work by a particular technique for a specific heat removal rate. This study examines the effect of small concentrations of Al2O3 (50 nm) nanoparticles dispersion in the mineral oil based lubricant on the: viscosity, thermal conductivity, and lubrication characteristics as well as the overall performance (based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics) of the refrigerating system using R134a or R600a as refrigerants. The study looked at the influences of variables: i) refrigerant charge (100, 110, 120 and 130 g), ii) rotational speed of the condenser blower (800 and 1100 RPM) and iii) nanoparticle concentration (0.1 and 0.5 g/l) on the system performance based on the Taguchi method in a matrix of L8 trials with the criterion "small irreversibility is better”. They were carried pulldown and cycling tests according to NBR 12866 and NBR 12869, respectively, to evaluate the operational parameters: on-time ratio, cycles per hour, suction and discharge pressures, oil sump temperature, evaporation and condensation temperatures, energy consumption at the set-point, total energy consumption and compressor power. In order to evaluate the nanolubricant characteristics, accelerated tests were performed in a HFRR bench. In each 60 minutes test with nanolubricants at a certain concentration (0, 0.1 and 0.5 g/l), with three replications, the sphere (diameter 6.00 ± 0.05 mm, Ra 0.05 ± 0.005 um, AISI 52100 steel, E = 210 GPa, HRC 62 ± 4) sliding on a flat plate (cast iron FC200, Ra <0.5 ± 0.005 um) in a reciprocating motion with amplitude of 1 mm, frequency 20 Hz and a normal load of 1,96 N. The friction coefficient signals were recorded by sensors coupled to the HFRR system. There was a trend commented bit in the literature: a nanolubricant viscosity reduction at the low nanoparticles concentrations. It was found the dominant trend in the literature: increased thermal conductivity with increasing nanoparticles mass fraction in the base fluid. Another fact observed is the significant thermal conductivity growth of nanolubricant with increasing temperature. The condenser fan rotational speed is the most influential parameter (46.192%) in the refrigerator performance, followed by R600a charge (38.606%). The Al2O3 nanoparticles concentration in the lubricant plays a minor influence on system performance, with 12.44%. The results of power consumption indicates that the nanoparticles addition in the lubricant (0.1 g/L), together with R600a, the refrigerator consumption is reduced of 22% with respect to R134a and POE lubricant. Only the Al2O3 nanoparticles addition in the lubricant results in a consumption reduction of about 5%.

Retificação plana tangencial dos ferros fundidos nodular, vermicular e cinzento em várias condições de corte

In a scenario of increasing competitiveness of the global industrial sector and with a consumer market increasingly demanding, there is an increased demand for new materials and, consequently, possibilities to explore new research and technological advances towards the development of new manufacturing methods or the improvement of existing technologies. In the case of cast irons, new grades of them have been developed so that their mechanical properties have been improved, making them more competitive with steel, expanding the applications and thus represents great economic gain for metallurgy and manufacturing sectors. This increases the interest and creates new opportunities to study these materials and identify how they respond in terms of the surface integrity, tool wear, cutting forces, among others, when machined by grinding operation. In this context, due to the lack of results from grinding of cast irons and studies comparing grindability among several grades of cast irons found in the literature, this work aims to generate scientific and technological contribution to the metallurgical and metal working sector through roughness results (Ra and Rz parameters) and evaluation and analysis of the subsurface integrity of three cast iron grades (gray, compacted graphite and nodular). The machining trials were performed on a surface grinding machine with silicon carbide grinding wheel at different cutting conditions. The input variables were the radial depth of cut (15 and 30 μm), worktable speed, vw (5 and 10 m/min) and the abrasive grain size of the grinding wheel. The results showed that surface roughness increased with the radial depth of cut for all materials tested; and the lowest values were obtained for gray cast iron. Also, roughness was sensitive to variation of worktable speed and the lowest values were obtained after machining with vw = 5 m/min. With respect to the abrasive grain size, as it decreased the roughness values increased to gray and nodular cast iron grades. Furthermore, grinding burns marks were observed on the surfaces of nodular cast iron and compacted graphite iron grades after grinding the smallest grain size, contrary to what is usually reported in literature. However, no evidence of severe thermal damages below the machined surfaces of all cast iron grades was observed after analyzing the results of hardness and the SEM micrograph images.

Strahlenmodifizierte Kunststoffseilscheiben in Seiltrieben

Kunststoffseilscheiben sind leichter als Stahl- oder Graugussseilscheiben, woraus sich insbesondere bei Auslegerkranen Vorteile in deren Konstruktion und Handling-Eigenschaften ergeben. Während die Betriebsdauer von Stahlseilen über metallische Seilscheiben gut bestimmbar ist, ist diese Bestimmung bei Verwendung von Kunststoffseilscheiben nur ungenau möglich. In einem AiF-ZIM-Forschungsprojekt wurden strahlenvernetzte sowie naturbelassene Kunststoffseilscheiben auf ihre veränderten Gebrauchseigenschaften untersucht und mit den Ergebnissen beim Lauf über Stahlseilscheiben verglichen.

Otimização dos parâmetros de maquinagem no processo de fresagem

Cada vez mais, os principais objetivos na indústria é a produção a baixo custo, com a máxima qualidade e com o tempo de fabrico o mais curto possível. Para atingir esta meta, a indústria recorre, frequentemente, às máquinas de comando numérico (CNC), uma vez que com esta tecnologia torna se capaz alcançar uma elevada precisão e um tempo de processamento mais baixo. As máquinas ferramentas CNC podem ser aplicadas em diferentes processos de maquinagem, tais como: torneamento, fresagem, furação, entre outros. De todos estes processos, o mais utilizado é a fresagem devido à sua versatilidade. Utiliza-se normalmente este processo para maquinar materiais metálicos como é o caso do aço e dos ferros fundidos. Neste trabalho, são analisados os efeitos da variação de quatro parâmetros no processo de fresagem (velocidade de corte, velocidade de avanço, penetração radial e penetração axial), individualmente e a interação entre alguns deles, na variação da rugosidade num aço endurecido (aço 12738). Para essa análise são utilizados dois métodos de otimização: o método de Taguchi e o método das superfícies. O primeiro método foi utilizado para diminuir o número de combinações possíveis e, consequentemente, o número de ensaios a realizar é denominado por método de Taguchi. O método das superfícies ou método das superfícies de resposta (RSM) foi utilizado com o intuito de comparar os resultados obtidos com o método de Taguchi, de acordo com alguns trabalhos referidos na bibliografia especializada, o RSM converge mais rapidamente para um valor ótimo. O método de Taguchi é muito conhecido no setor industrial onde é utilizado para o controlo de qualidade. Apresenta conceitos interessantes, tais como robustez e perda de qualidade, sendo bastante útil para identificar variações do sistema de produção, durante o processo industrial, quantificando a variação e permitindo eliminar os fatores indesejáveis. Com este método foi vi construída uma matriz ortogonal L16 e para cada parâmetro foram definidos dois níveis diferentes e realizados dezasseis ensaios. Após cada ensaio, faz-se a medição superficial da rugosidade da peça. Com base nos resultados obtidos das medições da rugosidade é feito um tratamento estatístico dos dados através da análise de variância (Anova) a fim de determinar a influência de cada um dos parâmetros na rugosidade superficial. Verificou-se que a rugosidade mínima medida foi de 1,05m. Neste estudo foi também determinada a contribuição de cada um dos parâmetros de maquinagem e a sua interação. A análise dos valores de “F-ratio” (Anova) revela que os fatores mais importantes são a profundidade de corte radial e da interação entre profundidade de corte radial e profundidade de corte axial para minimizar a rugosidade da superfície. Estes têm contribuições de cerca de 30% e 24%, respetivamente. Numa segunda etapa este mesmo estudo foi realizado pelo método das superfícies, a fim de comparar os resultados por estes dois métodos e verificar qual o melhor método de otimização para minimizar a rugosidade. A metodologia das superfícies de resposta é baseada num conjunto de técnicas matemáticas e estatísticas úteis para modelar e analisar problemas em que a resposta de interesse é influenciada por diversas variáveis e cujo objetivo é otimizar essa resposta. Para este método apenas foram realizados cinco ensaios, ao contrário de Taguchi, uma vez que apenas em cinco ensaios consegue-se valores de rugosidade mais baixos do que a média da rugosidade no método de Taguchi. O valor mais baixo por este método foi de 1,03μm. Assim, conclui-se que RSM é um método de otimização mais adequado do que Taguchi para os ensaios realizados. Foram obtidos melhores resultados num menor número de ensaios, o que implica menos desgaste da ferramenta, menor tempo de processamento e uma redução significativa do material utilizado.

A eliminação dos muxarabis, rótulas e geolosias do Brasil : um caso de dominação econômica

O objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado é apontar para uma possível razão que explicaria a eliminação de alguns dos prováveis contributos mouriscas à Arquitetura Brasileira - os Muxarabis, Rótulas e Gelosias - durante o Brasil Joanino e Independente ao longo do XIX. O motivo apontado seria a dominação que as nações industrializadas, nomeadamente Inglaterra, exercia sobre Portugal (a antiga metrópole) e Brasil Tais contributos mouriscas foram eliminados das cidades brasileiras através editais que obrigavam a sua retirada e foram substituídos pelo seu equivalente industrializado: as vidraças e estruturas de ferro fundido importados. ABSTRACT: The objective of this master dissertation is to indicate a possible reason that would explain the elimination of some probable Moorish contributes to Brazilian Architecture - Mashrabiyya and Lattice Work - during the Joanine and Independent Brazil through the XIX century. The indicated reason would be the domination which industrialized nations, mainly England, took over Portugal (former colonizer) and Brazil. Such contributes were eliminated from Brazilian cities by official documents forcing their removal and were replaced by their industrialized equivalent: glass window and cast iron imported.

O engenheiro Adriano Monteiro e a utilização do ferro na reconversão e refuncionalização de espaços em Évora: o caso do Palácio D. Manuel e dos Paços do Concelho

Resumo A partir da segunda metade do século XIX e XX assistiu-se à introdução de novos materiais, como o ferro fundido, o aço e o vidro, na remodelação ou construção de edifícios que procuravam dar resposta às novas necessidades de gestão urbana e de criação de espaços de lazer e sociabilidade. Nestas intervenções, que ficaram marcadas pela arquitectura do ferro, os engenheiros, grupo profissional detentor de competências técnicas que os habilitavam a trabalhar com estes materiais, tiveram um papel determinante. Na cidade de Évora a ligação entre a utilização de novos materiais e os engenheiros, é visível no papel que o Engenheiro Adriano Monteiro teve na reconversão do Palácio D. Manuel e na remodelação do edifício dos Paços do Concelho. Palavras-chave: Engenheiro, Arquitectura do Ferro, Évora, Palácio D. Manuel, Paços do Concelho Abstract From the second half of the nineteenth century onwards, there was the introduction of new materials, such as cast iron, steel and glass, in the remodeling or in the construction of buildings that sought to satisfy the new needs of urban management and the creation of leisure spaces and sociability. In these interventions that were marked by the iron architecture, the engineers, a professional group with technical skills that enabled them to work with these materials, played a decisive role. In the city of Évora this link between the utilization of new materials and engineers, is visible in the role that engineer Adriano Monteiro had in the conversion of the D. Manuel Palace and in the remodeling of the Town Hall building. Keywords: Engineers, Iron Architecture, Évora, D. Manuel Palace, City Hall

The effect of mischmetal addition on the structure and mechanical properties of a cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy containing excess iron (up to 0.6 Pct)

The effect of Fe content (0.2 to 0.6 pct) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg (LM 25/356) alloy has been investigated. Further, 1 pct mischmetal (MM) additions (a mixture of rare-earth (RE) elements) were made to these alloys, and their mechanical properties at room and at elevated temperatures (up to 200 degreesC) were evaluated. A structure-property correlation on this alloy was attempted using optical microstructure analysis, fractographs, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDX), and quantitative metallography by image analysis. An increase in Fe content increased the volume percentage of Fe-bearing intermetallic compounds (beta and pi phases), contributing to the lower yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), percentage elongation, and higher hardness. An addition of 1 pct MM to the alloys containing 0.2 and 0.6 pct Fe was found to refine the microstructure; modify the eutectic silicon and La, Ce, and Nd present in the MM; form different intermetallic compounds with Al, Si, Fe, and Mg; and improve the mechanical properties of the alloys both at room and elevated temperatures.

Lower-cost canal lining program : unreinforced and reinforced cast-in-place concrete pipe.

Mode of access: Internet.

A description of Ithiel Town's improvement in the principle, construction, and practical execution of bridges, for roads, railroads, and aqueducts [microform] : whether built entirely of wood, or of cast wrought iron ... other modes of construction used ... also critical remarks ... with practical and scientific remarks and observations on ... suitable materials ... /

Master microform held by: ResP.

As-cast morphology of iron-intermetallics in Al-Si foundry alloys

The as-cast three-dimensional morphologies of alpha-Al-15(Fe,Mn)(3)Si-2 and beta-Al5FeSi intermetallics were investigated by serial sectioning. Large beta-Al5FeSi intermetallics were observed to grow around pre-existing dendrite arms. The alpha-Al-15(Fe,Mn)(3)Si-2 intermetallic particle was observed to have a central polyhedral particle and an external highly convoluted three-dimensional structure. (c) 2005 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characteristics and alteration origins of matrix minerals in volcaniclastic kimberlite of the Muskox pipe (Nunavut, Canada)

The matrix of volcaniclastic kimberlite (VK) from the Muskox pipe (Northern Slave Province, Nunavut, Canada) is interpreted to represent an overprint of an original clastic matrix. Muskox VK is subdivided into three different matrix mineral assemblages that reflect differences in the proportions of original primary matrix constituents, temperature of formation and nature of the altering fluids. Using whole rock X-ray fluorescence (XRF), whole rock X-ray diffraction (XRD), microprobe analyses, back-scatter electron (BSE) imaging, petrography and core logging, we find that most matrix minerals (serpentine, phlogopite, chlorite, saponite, monticellite, Fe-Ti oxides and calcite) lack either primary igneous or primary clastic textures. The mineralogy and textures are most consistent with formation through alteration overprinting of an original clastic matrix that form by retrograde reactions as the deposit cools, or, in the case of calcite, by precipitation from Ca-bearing fluids into a secondary porosity. The first mineral assemblage consists largely of serpentine, phlogopite, calcite, Fe-Ti oxides and monticellite and occurs in VK with relatively fresh framework clasts. Alteration reactions, driven by deuteric fluids derived from the juvenile constituents, promote the crystallisation of minerals that indicate relatively high temperatures of formation (> 400 °C). Lower-temperature minerals are not present because permeability was occluded before the deposit cooled to low temperatures, thus shielding the facies from further interaction with fluids. The other two matrix mineral assemblages consist largely of serpentine, phlogopite, calcite, +/- diopside, and +/- chlorite. They form in VK that contains more country rock, which may have caused the deposit to be cooler upon emplacement. Most framework components are completely altered, suggesting that larger volumes of fluids drove the alteration reactions. These fluids were likely of meteoric provenance and became heated by the volcaniclastic debris when they percolated into the VK infill. Most alteration reactions ceased at temperatures > 200 °C, as indicated by the absence or paucity of lower-temperature phases in most samples, such as saponite. Recognition that Muskox VK contains an original clastic matrix is a necessary first step for evaluating the textural configuration, which is important for reconstructing the physical processes responsible for the formation of the deposit.