Quality of certain ready-to-eat fish products of the domestic trade

Quality of 181 samples of ready-to-eat fish products comprising fried fish, fish curry and fish/prawn pickles collected from Cochin and Calicut were studied. Salmonella was absent in all the samples. V. cholerae was tested in the samples collected at Cochin and was absent in all the cases. Coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and coagulase-positive staphylococci were present in some of the samples studied. The study indicated the necessity to improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the hotels engaged in the preparation of these products. The study further indicated that fried fish and fish curry shall not be served after 6 hours of their preparation. Added care is to be exercised in the selection of shrimps and fish for the preparation of pickles.

Quality of fish in retail markets of Bombay

Study carried out on the quality of fresh fish in retail markets of Bombay revealed that only 75% of the samples were of acceptable quality. Incidence of faecal streptococci was generally high, indicating poor sanitary and hygienic practices in handling of fresh fish. Total bacterial counts higher than Indian standard specified limits were observed in more than one third of the samples analysed. 7.5% of the samples were found to be contaminated either with Salmonella or Clostridium perfringens, thus posing a serious potential health hazard to the consumer. The quality of fish in different markets is also discussed. The urgent need for formulation and implementation of quality standards for fresh fish in domestic trade is highlighted.

Multi-Study Assessment of Vaginal Cytokines and Microflora in the Safety Evaluation of Intravaginal Rings in Pig-Tailed Macaques

BACKGROUND: HIV microbicide trials have emphasized the need to evaluate the safety of topical microbicides and delivery platforms in an animal model prior to conducting clinical efficacy trials. An ideal delivery device should provide sustainable and sufficient concentrations of effective products to prevent HIV transmission while not increasing transmission risk by either local mucosal inflammation and/or disruption of the normal vaginal microflora.

METHODS: Safety analyses of macaque-sized elastomeric silicone and polyurethane intravaginal rings (IVRs) loaded with candidate antiretroviral (ARV) drugs were tested in four studies ranging in duration from 49 to 73 days with retention of the IVR being 28 days in each study. Macaques were assigned to 3 groups; blank IVR, ARV-loaded IVR, and naïve. In sequential studies, the same macaques were used but rotated into different groups. Mucosal and systemic levels of cytokines were measured from vaginal fluids and plasma, respectively, using multiplex technology. Changes in vaginal microflora were also monitored. Statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney test) was used to compare data between two groups of unpaired samples (with and without IVR, and IVR with and without ARV) for the groups collectively, and also for individual macaques.

RESULTS: There were few statistically significant differences in mucosal and systemic cytokine levels measured longitudinally when the ring was present or absent, with or without ARVs. Of the 8 proinflammatory cytokines assayed a significant increase (p = 0.015) was only observed for IL8 in plasma with the blank and ARV loaded IVR (median of 9.2 vs. 5.7 pg/ml in the absence of IVR). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of H2O2-producing lactobacilli or viridans streptococci, or other microorganisms indicative of healthy vaginal microflora. However, there was an increase in the number of anaerobic gram negative rods in the presence of the IVR (p= < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: IVRs with or without ARVs neither significantly induce the majority of potentially harmful proinflammatory cytokines locally or systemically, nor alter the lactobacillus or G. vaginalis levels. The increase in anaerobic gram negative rods alone suggests minimal disruption of normal vaginal microflora. The use of IVRs as a long-term sustained delivery device for ARVs is promising and preclinical studies to demonstrate the prevention of transmission in the HIV/SHIV nonhuman primate model should continue.

Using microbiological tracers to assess the impact of winter land use restrictions on the quality of stream headwaters in a small catchment.

Diverse land use activities can elevate risk of microbiological contamination entering stream headwaters. Spatially distributed water quality monitoring carried out across a 17km(2) agricultural catchment aimed to characterize microbiological contamination reaching surface water and investigate whether winter agricultural land use restrictions proved effective in addressing water quality degradation. Combined flow and concentration data revealed no significant difference in fecal indicator organism (FIO) fluxes in base flow samples collected during the open and prohibited periods for spreading organic fertilizer, while relative concentrations of Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci and sulfite reducing bacteria indicated consistently fresh fecal pollution reached aquatic receptors during both periods. Microbial source tracking, employing Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene markers, demonstrated a dominance of bovine fecal waste in river water samples upstream of a wastewater treatment plant discharge during open periods. This contrasted with responses during prohibited periods where human-derived signatures dominated. Differences in microbiological signature, when viewed with hydrological data, suggested that increasing groundwater levels restricted vertical infiltration of effluent from on-site wastewater treatment systems and diverted it to drains and surface water. Study results reflect seasonality of contaminant inputs, while suggesting winter land use restrictions can be effective in limiting impacts of agricultural wastes to base flow water quality.

Reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide to trimethylamine by the human gut microbiota: supporting evidence for ‘metabolic retroversion’

Dietary sources of methylamines such as choline, trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and carnitine are present in a number of foodstuffs, including meat, fish, nuts and eggs. It is recognized that the gut microbiota is able to convert choline to TMA in a fermentation-like process. Similarly, PC and carnitine are converted to TMA by the gut microbiota. It has been suggested that TMAO is subject to ‘metabolic retroversion’ in the gut (i.e. it is reduced to TMA by the gut microbiota, with this TMA being oxidized to produce TMAO in the liver). Sixty-six strains of human faecal and caecal bacteria were screened on solid and liquid media for their ability to utilize trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), with metabolites in spent media profiled by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Enterobacteriaceae produced mostly TMA from TMAO, with caecal/small intestinal isolates of Escherichia coli producing more TMA than their faecal counterparts. Lactic acid bacteria (enterococci, streptococci, bifidobacteria) produced increased amounts of lactate when grown in the presence of TMAO, but did not produce large amounts of TMA from TMAO. The presence of TMAO in media increased the growth rate of Enterobacteriaceae; while it did not affect the growth rate of lactic acid bacteria, TMAO increased the biomass of these bacteria. The positive influence of TMAO on Enterobacteriaceae was confirmed in anaerobic, stirred, pH-controlled batch culture fermentation systems inoculated with human faeces, where this was the only bacterial population whose growth was significantly stimulated by the presence of TMAO in the medium. We hypothesize that dietary TMAO is used as an alternative electron acceptor by the gut microbiota in the small intestine/proximal colon, and contributes to microbial population dynamics upon its utilization and retroversion to TMA, prior to absorption and secondary conversion to TMAO by hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases. Our findings support the idea that oral TMAO supplementation is a physiologically-stable microbiota-mediated strategy to deliver TMA at the gut barrier.

Routine use of point-of-care tests: usefulness and application in clinical microbiology.

Point-of-care (POC) tests offer potentially substantial benefits for the management of infectious diseases, mainly by shortening the time to result and by making the test available at the bedside or at remote care centres. Commercial POC tests are already widely available for the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections and for parasitic diseases, including malaria. Infectious diseases specialists and clinical microbiologists should be aware of the indications and limitations of each rapid test, so that they can use them appropriately and correctly interpret their results. The clinical applications and performance of the most relevant and commonly used POC tests are reviewed. Some of these tests exhibit insufficient sensitivity, and should therefore be coupled to confirmatory tests when the results are negative (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes rapid antigen detection test), whereas the results of others need to be confirmed when positive (e.g. malaria). New molecular-based tests exhibit better sensitivity and specificity than former immunochromatographic assays (e.g. Streptococcus agalactiae detection). In the coming years, further evolution of POC tests may lead to new diagnostic approaches, such as panel testing, targeting not just a single pathogen, but all possible agents suspected in a specific clinical setting. To reach this goal, the development of serology-based and/or molecular-based microarrays/multiplexed tests will be needed. The availability of modern technology and new microfluidic devices will provide clinical microbiologists with the opportunity to be back at the bedside, proposing a large variety of POC tests that will allow quicker diagnosis and improved patient care.

Adult native septic arthritis: a review of 10 years of experience and lessons for empirical antibiotic therapy.

Objectives To review the epidemiology of native septic arthritis to establish local guidelines for empirical antibiotic therapy as part of an antibiotic stewardship programme. Methods We conducted a 10 year retrospective study based on positive synovial fluid cultures and discharge diagnosis of septic arthritis in adult patients. Microbiology results and medical records were reviewed. Results Between 1999 and 2008, we identified 233 episodes of septic arthritis. The predominant causative pathogens were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and streptococci (respectively, 44.6% and 14.2% of cases). Only 11 cases (4.7%) of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) arthritis were diagnosed, among which 5 (45.5%) occurred in known carriers. For large-joint infections, amoxicillin/clavulanate or cefuroxime would have been appropriate in 84.5% of cases. MRSA and Mycobacterium tuberculosis would have been the most frequent pathogens that would not have been covered. In contrast, amoxicillin/clavulanate would have been appropriate for only 75.3% of small-joint infections (82.6% if diabetics are excluded). MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa would have been the main pathogens not covered. Piperacillin/tazobactam would have been appropriate in 93.8% of cases (P < 0.01 versus amoxicillin/clavulanate). This statistically significant advantage is lost after exclusion of diabetics (P = 0.19). Conclusions Amoxicillin/clavulanate or cefuroxime would be adequate for empirical coverage of large-joint septic arthritis in our area. A broad-spectrum antibiotic would be significantly superior for small-joint infections in diabetics. Systematic coverage of MRSA is not justified, but should be considered for known carriers. These recommendations are applicable to our local setting. They might also apply to hospitals sharing the same epidemiology.

Efficacité d’un traitement intra-­mammaire prolongé à base de ceftiofur (Spectramast®) pour les mammites cliniques chez les vaches laitières

Peu d’études ont exploré l’utilisation du traitement prolongé pour les mammites cliniques et aucune ne portait sur l’utilisation du traitement prolongé à base de ceftiofur pour le traitement des mammites cliniques légères à modérées. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’efficacité du traitement intra-mammaire prolongé à base de ceftiofur pour les mammites cliniques légères à modérées, en considérant toutes les bactéries responsables ou seulement Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) et les streptocoques. Des vaches laitières (n = 241) de 22 élevages du Québec et de l’Ontario ont été inclues. L’étude a été conçue comme un essai clinique à allocation aléatoire. Pour chaque cas de mammite clinique légère à modérée, 125 mg d’hydrochloride de ceftiofur (Spectramast® LC) a été administré par voie intra-mammaire une fois par jour pour 2 ou 8 jours. Le pourcentage de guérison clinique 21 jours après la fin du traitement était de 89% (n = 98/110 pour chaque groupe, p = 0,95). Les pourcentages de guérison bactériologique 21 jours après la fin du traitement pour les groupes 2 jours et 8 jours étaient 32% (n = 15/47) et 61% (n = 25/41) respectivement pour toutes les bactéries (p < 0,01); 64% (n = 9/14) et 82% (n = 9/11) respectivement pour les streptocoques (p = 0,50); et 0% (n = 0/20) et 47% (n = 9/19) pour S. aureus (p < 0,01). Il n'y avait pas de différence entre les 2 groupes pour les nouvelles infections intra-mammaires (p = 0,30). Le traitement prolongé à base de ceftiofur est un choix raisonnable pour le traitement des mammites cliniques légères à modérées, en particulier causées par S. aureus.

Le système de recombinaison site-spécifique dif/Xer de Campylobacter jejuni

Chez les bactéries à chromosome circulaire, la réplication peut engendrer des dimères que le système de recombinaison site-spécifique dif/Xer résout en monomères afin que la ségrégation des chromosomes fils et la division cellulaire se fassent normalement. Ses composants sont une ou deux tyrosines recombinases de type Xer qui agissent à un site de recombinaison spécifique, dif, avec l’aide de la translocase FtsK qui mobilise l’ADN au septum avant la recombinaison. Ce système a été d’abord identifié et largement caractérisé chez Escherichia coli mais il a également été caractérisé chez de nombreuses bactéries à Gram négatif et positif avec des variantes telles que les systèmes à une seule recombinase comme difSL/XerS chez Streptococcus sp et Lactococcus sp. Des études bio-informatiques ont suggéré l’existence d’autres systèmes à une seule recombinase chez un sous-groupe d’ε-protéobactéries pathogènes, dont Campylobacter jejuni et Helicobacter pylori. Les acteurs de ce nouveau système sont XerH et difH. Dans ce mémoire, les premières recherches in vitro sur ce système sont présentées. La caractérisation de la recombinase XerH de C. jejuni a été entamée à l’aide du séquençage de son gène et de tests de liaison et de clivage de l’ADN. Ces études ont montré que XerH pouvait se lier au site difSL de S. suis de manière non-coopérative : que XerH peut se lier à des demi-sites de difSL mais qu’elle ne pouvait, dans les conditions de l’étude effectuer de clivage sur difSL. Des recherches in silico ont aussi permis de faire des prédictions sur FtsK de C. jejuni.

Comparison of 3M Petrifilm™ Staph Express, 3M Petrifilm™ Rapid Coliform and 3M Petrifilm™ Aerobic count plates with standard bacteriology of bovine milk

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Rôle essentiel des cellules dendritiques dans l'immunité innée face a des streptocoques encapsulés

Streptococcus du Groupe B (GBS) et Streptococcus suis sont deux pathogènes encapsulés qui induisent des pathologies similaires dont la méningite et la septicémie chez les animaux et/ou les humains. Les sérotypes III et V du GBS et les sérotypes 2 et 14 du S. suis (utilisés dans cette étude) sont parmi les plus prévalents et/ou les plus virulents. La capsule polysaccharidique (CPS) définit le sérotype et est considérée comme un facteur de virulence essentiel pour les deux espèces bactériennes. Malgré que plusieurs études aient été réalisées au niveau des interactions entre ces streptocoques et les cellules de l’immunité innée, aucune information n’est disponible sur la régulation de la réponse immunitaire contre ces pathogènes par les cellules dendritiques (DCs) et leur interactions avec d’autres cellules, notamment les cellules ‘natural killer’ (NK). Dans cette étude, différentes approches (in vitro, ex vivo et in vivo) chez la souris ont été développées pour caractériser les interactions entre les DCs, les cellules NK et GBS ou S. suis. L’utilisation de mutants non encapsulés a permis d’évaluer l’importance de la CPS dans ces interactions. Les résultats in vitro avec les DCs infectées par GBS ou S. suis ont démontré que ces deux pathogènes interagissent différemment avec ces cellules. GBS est grandement internalisé par les DCs, et ce, via de multiples mécanismes impliquant notamment les radeaux lipidiques et la clathrine. Le mécanisme d’endocytose utilisé aurait un effet sur la capacité du GBS à survivre intracellulairement. Quant au S. suis, ce dernier est très faiblement internalisé et, si le cas, rapidement éliminé à l’intérieur des DCs. GBS et S. suis activent les DCs via différents récepteurs et favorisent la production de cytokines et chimiokines ainsi que l’augmentation de l’expression de molécules de co-stimulation. Cette activation permet la production d’interferon-gamma (IFN-y) par les cellules NK. Cependant, GBS semble plus efficient à activer les DCs, et par conséquent, les cellules NK que S. suis. La production d’IFN-y, en réponse à la stimulation bactérienne, est principalement assurée par un contact direct entre les DCs et les cellules NK et ne dépend qu’en partie de facteurs solubles. De plus, nos résultats in vivo ont démontré que ces deux streptocoques induisent rapidement la libération d'IFN-y par les cellules NK lors de la phase aiguë de l'infection. Ceci suggère que les interactions entre les DCs et les cellules NK pourraient jouer un rôle dans le développement d’une réponse immune T auxiliaire de type 1 (T ‘helper’ 1 en anglais; Th1). Cependant, la capacité de S. suis à activer la réponse immunitaire in vivo est également plus faible que celle observée pour GBS. En effet, les CPSs de GBS et de S. suis jouent des rôles différents dans cette réponse. La CPS de S. suis empêche une activation optimale des DCs et des cellules NK alors que c’est l’opposé pour la CPS de GBS, indépendamment du sérotype évalué. En résumé, cette étude adresse pour la première fois la contribution des DCs et des cellules NK dans la réponse immunitaire innée lors d’une infection à GBS ou à S. suis et, par extension, dans le développement d’une réponse Th1. Nos résultats renforcent davantage le rôle central des DCs dans le contrôle efficace des infections causées par des bactéries encapsulées.

‘Studies on Bacterial Indicators and Pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Cochin Backwater

Microbiological studies on the incidence, behaviour, activity and ecological implications of marine micro~organisms, particularly microbial pathogens in coastal waters and estuaries exhibit the increasing concern and awareness of environmental impacts on health and wealth. Marine microbiologists have been active in investigating on the distribution, kinds of organisms and their activity in the environment. However, informations on the effect of environment on the ecology or on the distribution (spatial/temporal) of microbial comunity and competition among groups inhabiting the ecosystem are sparE§L Estuarine environment are complex with respect to diversity of habitats, variation in physicochemical parameters and contamination by terrestrial bacterial species. Being the organisms of‘public health significance, ecological studies on total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, §. ggli and X. parahaemolyticus have great relevance as studies of these types would provide a wealth of information to environmentalists and to fishery industry. In order to evalé%e the status, role and significance of potentially hazardous bacterial species in natural environment it is necessary to monitor the ecology of such organisms systematically in relation to physico-chemical parameters

Risk Assessment of Rooftop- Collected Rainwater for Individual Household and Community Use in Central Kerala, India

Water quality of rooftop-collected rainwater is an issue of increased interest particularly in developing countries where the collected water is used as a source of drinking water. Bacteriological and chemical parameters of 25 samples of rooftop-harvested rainwater stored in ferrocement tanks were analyzed in the study described in this article. Except for the pH and lower dissolved oxygen levels, all other physicochemical parameters were within World Health Organization guidelines. Bacteriological results revealed that the rooftop-harvested rainwater stored in tanks does not often meet the bacteriological quality standards prescribed for drinking water. Fifty percent of samples of harvested rainwater for rural and urban community use and 20% of the samples for individual household use showed the presence of E. coli. Fecal coliform/fecal streptococci ratios revealed nonhuman animal sources of fecal pollution. Risk assessment of bacterial isolates from the harvested rainwater showed high resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin, penicillin, and vancomycin. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing of the isolates and elucidation of the resistance patterns revealed that 73% of the isolates exhibited MAR

Effect of Delayed Icing on the Microbiological Quality of Hilsa Toli

Effect of delayed icing on the microbial quality and shelf-life of Hilsa toll was studied . Fish iced in rigor condition had a shelf-life of 11 days irrespective of the state of rigor . Fish procured from the landing centre had a shelf-life of only 8 days . It showed the presence of coagulase positive staphylococci, faecal streptococci and E. coli. Total bacterial count was low in all the samples and it increased after spoilage