The life and letters of Lewis Carroll (Rev. C.L. Dodgson) /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 431-443) and index.

The memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz. Being the observations he made in his late travels from Prussia thro' Germany, Italy, France, Flanders, Holland, England, &c. In letters to his friend, discovering not only the present state of the chief cities and towns; but the characters of the principal persons at the several courts.

"Account of the electoral family of Saxony, translated from the Bron's State of it": v. 1, p. 99-155.

Statement of John L. Lewis : in opposition to the Taft-Hartley act before the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate, Washington, D. C., April 24, 1953.

Title on cover: Return American business and labor to the bargaining table.

Camp life of a Confederate boy, of Bratton's Brigade, Longstreet's Corps, C.S.A. : letters written by Lieut. Richard Lewis, of Walker's regiment, to his mother, during the war, facts and inspirations of camp life, marches, &c.

Reprint of: the 1883 ed. published by News and Courier Book Presses, Charleston, S.C.

AMOR E EDUCAÇÃO EM C. S. LEWIS E JOSEF PIEPER

Josef Pieper e C. S. Lewis são dois dos principais filósofos do nosso tempo. A presente pesquisa visa analisar as doutrinas desses pensadores sobre o amor e extrair as consequências para a educação. Pieper e Lewis são importantes intelectuais, respeitados por todo o mundo acadêmico, por conta de suas obras, originais e profundas, como pensadores cristãos. Seus estudos sobre o amor cada autor com seu próprio ponto de vista são incontornáveis para todos que se ocupam da educação. Lewis e Pieper compartilham uma metodologia centrada na linguagem, o que leva à compreensão da essência comum aos amores (Pieper) e dos quatro amores: afeto, amizade, eros e caridade (Lewis). E ambos voltam-se para a linguagem comum. Quanto mais a palavra amor é distorcida e deturpada hoje em dia, tanto mais é necessária uma análise filosófica como a de Pieper e Lewis. De acordo com os autores, a educação para o amor remete à Antropologia Filosófica e esta dissertação apresenta a conexão entre a concepção de amor e a de homem, e a educação que a elas se segue.

Zero- one- and two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structures in the 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid with the monocyclic heteroaromatic Lewis bases 2-aminopyrimidine, nicotinamide and isonicotinamide

The structures of the anhydrous 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid (DCPA) with the monocyclic heteroaromatic Lewis bases 2-aminopyrimidine, 3-(aminocarboxy) pyridine (nicotinamide) and 4-(aminocarbonyl) pyridine (isonicotinamide), namely 2-aminopyrimidinium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate C4H6N3+ C8H3Cl2O4- (I), 3-(aminocarbonyl) pyridinium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate C6H7N2O+ C8H3Cl2O4- (II) and the unusual salt adduct 4-(aminocarbonyl) pyridinium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate 2-carboxymethyl-4,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (1/1/1) C6H7N2O+ C8H3Cl2O4-.C9H6Cl2O4 (III) have been determined at 130 K. Compound (I) forms discrete centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded cyclic bis(cation--anion) units having both R2/2(8) and R2/1(4) N-H...O interactions. In compound (II) the primary N-H...O linked cation--anion units are extended into a two-dimensional sheet structure via amide-carboxyl and amide-carbonyl N-H...O interactions. The structure of (III) reveals the presence of an unusual and unexpected self-synthesized methyl monoester of the acid as an adduct molecule giving one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chains. In all three structures the hydrogen phthalate anions are

One-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structures in the 1:1 proton-transfer salts of 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid with the aliphatic Lewis bases diisopropylamine and hexamethylenetetramine

The crystal structures of the 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid with the aliphatic Lewis bases diisopropylamine and hexamethylenetetramine, viz. diisopropylaminium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate (1) and hexamethylenetetraminium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate hemihydrate (2), have been determined. Crystals of both 1 and 2 are triclinic, space group P-1, with Z = 2 in cells with a = 7.0299(5), b = 9.4712(7), c = 12.790(1)Å, α = 99.476(6), β = 100.843(6), γ = 97.578(6)o (1) and a = 7.5624(8), b = 9.8918(8), c = 11.5881(16)Å, α = 65.660(6), β = 86.583(4), γ = 86.987(8)o (2). In each, one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chain structures are found: in 1 formed through aminium N+-H...Ocarboxyl cation-anion interactions. In 2, the chains are formed through anion carboxyl O...H-Obridging water interactions with the cations peripherally bound. In both structures, the hydrogen phthalate anions are essentially planar with short intra-species carboxylic acid O-H...Ocarboxyl hydrogen bonds [O…O, 2.381(3) Å (1) and 2.381(8) Å (2)].

Low-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structures in the 1:1 and 1:2 proton-transfer compounds of 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid with the aliphatic Lewis bases triethylamine, diethylamine, n-butylamine and piperidine

The structures of proton-transfer compounds of 4,5-dichlorophthalic acid (DCPA) with the aliphatic Lewis bases triethylamine, diethylamine, n-butylamine and piperidine, namely triethylaminium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate C~6~H~16~N^+^ C~8~H~3~Cl~2~O~4~^-^ (I), diethylaminium 2-carboxy-4,5-dichlorobenzoate C~4~H~12~N^+^ C~8~H~3~Cl~2~O~4~^-^ (II), bis(n-butylaminium) 4,5-dichlorophthalate monohydrate 2(C~4~H~12~N^+^) C~8~H~2~Cl~2~O~4~^2-^ . H~2~O (III) and bis(piperidinium) 4,5-dichlorophthalate monohydrate 2(C~5~H~12~N^+^) C~8~H~2~Cl~2~O~4~^2-^ . H~2~O (IV)have been determined at 200 K. All compounds have hydrogen-bonding associations giving in (I) discrete cation-anion units, linear chains in (II) while (III) and (IV) both have two-dimensional structures. In (I) a discrete cation-anion unit is formed through an asymmetric R2/1(4) N+-H...O,O' hydrogen-bonding association whereas in (II), one-dimensional chains are formed through linear N-H...O associations by both aminium H donors. In compounds (III) and (IV) the primary N-H...O linked cation-anion units are extended into a two-dimensional sheet structure via amide N-H...O(carboxyl) and ...O(carbonyl) interactions. In the 1:1 salts [(I) and (II)], the hydrogen 4,5-dichlorophthalate anions are essentially planar with short intramolecular carboxylic acid O-H...O(carboxyl) hydrogen bonds [O...O, 2.4223(14) and 2.388(2)A respectively]. This work provides a further example of the uncommon zero-dimensional hydrogen-bonded DCPA-Lewis base salt and the one-dimensional chain structure type, while even with the hydrate structures of the 1:2 salts with the primary and secondary amines, the low dimensionality generally associated with 1:1 DCPA salts is also found.

Hydrogen bonding in proton-transfer compounds of 5-sulfosalicylic acid with a series of aliphatic nitrogen Lewis bases

The crystal structures of the proton-transfer compounds of 5-sulfosalicylic acid (3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid) with the aliphatic nitrogen Lewis bases, hydroxylamine, triethylamine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, N-methylmorpholine and piperazine, viz. hydroxyammonium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (1), triethylaminium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate (2), pyrrolidinium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate monohydrate (3), morpholinium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate monohydrate (4), N-methylmorpholinium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate monohydrate (5) and piperazine-1,4-diium bis(3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate) hexahydrate (6) have been determined and their comparative structural features and hydrogen-bonding patterns described. Crystals of 4 are triclinic, space group P-1 while the remainder are monoclinic with space group either P21/c (1 - 3) or P21/n (5, 6). Unit cell dimensions and contents are: for 1, a = 5.0156(3), b = 10.5738(6), c = 18.4785(9) Å, β = 96.412(5)o, Z = 4; for 2, a = 8.4998(4), b = 12.3832(6), c = 15.4875(9) Å, β = 102.411(5)o, Z = 4; for 3, a = 6.8755(2), b = 15.5217(4), c = 12.8335(3) Å, β = 92.074(2)o, Z = 4; for 4, a = 6.8397(2), b = 12.9756(5), c = 15.8216(6) Å, α = 90.833(3), β = 95.949(3), γ = 92.505(3)o, Z = 4; for 5, a = 7.0529(3), b = 13.8487(7), c = 15.6448(6) Å, β = 90.190(6)o, Z = 4; for 6, a = 7.0561(2), b = 15.9311(4), c = 12.2102(3) Å, β = 100.858(3)o, Z = 2. The hydrogen bonding generates structures which are either two-dimensional (2 and 5) or three-dimensional (1, 3, 4 and 6). Compound 6 represents the third reported structure of a salt of 5-sulfosalicylic acid having a dicationic piperazine species.

Reactivity of Cationic Terminal Borylene Complexes: Novel Mechanisms for Insertion and Metathesis Chemistry Involving Strongly Lewis Acidic Ligand Systems

The reactions of terminal borylene complexes of the type [CpFe(CO)(2)(BNR2)](+) (R = `Pr, Cy) with heteroallenes have been investigated by quantum-chemical methods, in an attempt to explain the experimentally observed product distributions. Reaction with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (CyNCNCy) gives a bis-insertion product, in which 1 equiv of carbodiimide is assimilated into each of the Fe=B and B=N double bonds to form a spirocyclic boronium system. In contrast, isocyanates (R'NCO, R' = Ph, 2,6-wXy1, CY; XYl = C6H3Me2) react to give isonitrile complexes of the type [CpFe(CO)(2)(CNR')]+, via a net oxygen abstraction (or formal metathesis) process. Both carbodiimide and socyanate substrates are shown to prefer initial attack at the Fe=B bond rather than the B=N bond of the borylene complex. Further mechanistic studies reveal that the carbodiimide reaction ultimately leads to the bis-insertion compounds [CpFe(CO)(2)C(NCy)(2)B(NCY)(2)CNR2](+), rather than to the isonitrile system [CpFe(CO)(2)(CNCy)](+), on the basis of both thermodynamic (product stability) and kinetic considerations (barrier heights). The mechanism of the initial carbodiimide insertion process is unusual in that it involves coordination of the substrate at the (borylene) ligand followed by migration of the metal fragment, rather than a more conventional process: i.e., coordination of the unsaturated substrate at the metal followed by ligand migration. In the case of isocyanate substrates, metathesis products are competitive with those from the insertion pathway. Direct, single-step metathesis reactivity to give products containing a coordinated isonitrile ligand (i.e. [CpFe(CO)(2)(CNR')](+)) is facile if initial coordination of the isocyanate at boron occurs via the oxygen donor (which is kinetically favored); insertion chemistry is feasible when the isocyanate attacks initially via the nitrogen atom. However, even in the latter case, further reaction of the monoinsertion product so formed with excess isocyanate offers a number of facile (low energetic barrier) routes which also generate ['CpFe(CO)(2)(CNR')](+), rather than the bis-insertion product [CpFe(CO)(2)C(NR')(O)B(NR')(O)CNR2](+) (i.e., the direct analogue of the observed products in the carbodiimide reaction).

High frequency fire alters C:N:P stoichiometry in forest litter

Fire is a major driver of ecosystem change and can disproportionately affect the cycling of different nutrients. Thus, a stoichiometric approach to investigate the relationships between nutrient availability and microbial resource use during decomposition is likely to provide insight into the effects of fire on ecosystem functioning. We conducted a field litter bag experiment to investigate the long-term impact of repeated fire on the stoichiometry of leaf litter C, N and P pools, and nutrient-acquiring enzyme activities during decomposition in a wet sclerophyll eucalypt forest in Queensland, Australia. Fire frequency treatments have been maintained since 1972, including burning every two years (2yrB), burning every four years (4yrB) and no burning (NB). C:N ratios in freshly fallen litter were 29-42% higher and C:P ratios were 6-25% lower for 2yrB than NB during decomposition, with correspondingly lower 2yrB N:P ratios (27-32) than for NB (34-49). Trends in litter soluble and microbial N:P ratios were similar to the overall litter N:P ratios across fire treatments. Consistent with these, the ratio of activities for N-acquiring to P-acquiring enzymes in litter was higher for 2yrB than NB while 4yrB was generally intermediate between 2yrB and NB. Decomposition rates of freshly fallen litter were significantly lower for 2yrB (72±2% mass remaining at the end of experiment) than for 4yrB (59±3%) and NB (62±3%), a difference that may be related to effects of N limitation, lower moisture content, and/or litter C quality. Results for older mixed-age litter were similar to those for freshly fallen litter although treatment differences were less pronounced. Overall, these findings show that frequent fire (2yrB) decoupled N and P cycling, as manifested in litter C:N:P stoichiometry and in microbial biomass N:P ratio and enzymatic activities. These data indicate that fire induced a transient shift to N-limited ecosystem conditions during the post-fire recovery phase. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Six-membered C,N] cyclopalladated sym N,N `,N `'-tri(4-tolyl) guanidines: Synthesis, reactivity studies and structural aspects

Six-membered C,N] cyclopalladated sym N,N',N `'-tri(4-tolyl)guanidines, (ArNH)(2)C=NAr] (sym = symmetrical; Ar = 4-MeC6H4; LH24-tolyl) of the types (C,N)Pd(mu-OC(O)R)](2) (1 and 2), (C,N)Pd(mu-Br)](2) (3), cis-(C,N)PdLBr] (4-7), and (C,N)Pd(acac)] (8) were prepared in high yield by established methods with a view aimed at understanding the influence of the 4-tolyl substituent of the guanidine moiety upon the solution behaviour of 1-8. The composition of 1-8 was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of 1-6 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Palladacycles 1-3 exist as a dimer in transoid conformation in the solid state while 4-6 exist as a monomer with cis configuration around the palladium atom as the Lewis base is placed cis to the Pd-C bond due to antisymbiosis. The NMR spectra of 1-8 revealed the presence of a single isomer in solution and this spectral feature is ascribed to the rapid inversion of the six-membered ``C,N]Pd'' ring due to the presence of sterically less hindered and more symmetrical 4-tolyl substituent in the =NAr unit of the guanidine moiety. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synergistic Lewis base and anion-binding catalysis for the enantioselective vinylogous addition of deconjugated butenolides to allenoates

An enantioselective vinylogous umpolung addition of deconjugated butenolides to allenoates has been developed for the first time with the help of synergistic combination of an achiral phosphine and a chiral squaramide, and represents the first example of a catalytic enantioselective C gamma-C gamma bond formation between two different carbonyl partners.

Polyfunctional Lewis Acids: Intriguing Solid-State Structure and Selective Detection and Discrimination of Nitroaromatic Explosives

Synthesis and crystal structures of three porphyrin-based polyfunctional Lewis acids 1-3 are reported. Intermolecular HgClHgCl (linear and -type) interactions in the solid state of the peripherally ArHgCl-decorated compound 3 lead to a fascinating 3D supramolecular architecture. Compound3 shows a selective fluorescence quenching response to picric acid and discriminates other nitroaromatic-based explosives. For the first time, an electron-deficient polyfunctional Lewis acid is shown to be useful for the selective detection and discrimination of nitroaromatic explosives. The Stern-Volmer quenching constant and detection limits of compound3 for picric acid are the best among the reported small-molecular receptors for nitroaromatic explosives. The electronic structure, Lewis acidity, and selective sensing characteristics of 3 are well corroborated by DFT calculations.