Bladder irrigation with amphotericin B and fungal urinary tract infection-systematic review with meta-analysis

Background: Candiduria is a hospital-associated infection and a daily problem in the intensive care unit. The treatment of asymptomatic candiduria is not well established and the use of amphotericin B bladder irrigation (ABBI) is controversial. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the best place for this therapy in practice. Methods: The databases searched in this study included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and LILACS (January 1960-June 2007). We included manuscripts with data on the treatment of candiduria using ABBI. The studies were classified as comparative, dose-finding, or non-comparative. Results: From 213 studies, nine articles (377 patients) met our inclusion criteria. ABBI showed a higher clearance of the candiduria 24 hours after the end of therapy than fluconazole (odds ratio (OR) 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32-1.00). Fungal culture 5 days after the end of both therapies showed a similar response (OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.81-2.80). The evaluation of ABBI using an intermittent or continuous system of delivery showed an early candiduria clearance (24 hours after therapy) of 80% and 82%, respectively (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.52-1.36). Candiduria clearance at >5 days after the therapy showed a superior response using continuous bladder irrigation with amphotericin B (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.94). The use of continuous ABBI for more than 5 days showed a better result (88% vs. 78%) than ABBI for less than 5 days, but without significance (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.34-1.04). Conclusion: Although the strength of the results in the underlying literature is not sufficient to allow the drawing of definitive conclusions, ABBI appears to be as effective as fluconazole, but it does not offer systemic antifungal therapy and should only be used for asymptomatic candiduria. (C) 2008 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Helminth parasite communities of the water-rat, Hydromys chrysogaster, from Queensland

The helminth fauna from 124 water-rats, Hydromys chrysogaster, collected from 33 localities in Queensland was analysed. A total of 45 species of helminths was found, comprising 2 acanthocephalans, 2 cestodes, 13 nematodes and 28 trematodes. The helminth community of the water-rats in the region north of latitude 18 degrees (far north) was different from that of water-rats south of 18 degrees (central); Sorensen's Index 45.8% similarity, whereas Holmes and Podesta's Index gave 32.1% similarity. Comparisons with data from water-rats from southern and Tasmanian regions showed that they were different from each other and from both Queensland regions. The helminth communities were characterised by high diversity, dominated by trematodes in the central and Tasmanian regions, but with nematodes becoming more prominent in the far northern and southern regions. No core or secondary species were found in the Queensland helminth communities, the southern community was suggestive of a bimodal distribution and the Tasmanian had two core species. A checklist of helminth species occurring in water-rats from eastern Australia is provided.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Lodenafil Carbonate for Oral Therapy in Erectile Dysfunction: A Phase II Clinical Trial

Oral treatment with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5) is considered the first-line treatment for patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Lodenafil carbonate (LC) is a novel PDE5. This is a phase II, prospective, randomized, double-blind, and placebo controlled clinical trial of LC. Efficacy end points were International Index of Sexual Function (IIEF) erectile domain, IIEF questions 3 and 4, and Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) questions 2 and 3, before and after the use of LC or placebo. Seventy-two men older than 18 years, with ED for at least 6 months with stable sexual relationship were enrolled. Patients were randomized to placebo or LC 80 mg, 40 mg, or 20 mg and followed for 4 weeks. IIEF erectile domain scores before and after the use of medications were (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]): placebo: 11.9 +/- 3.4 and 12.6 +/- 5.5; LC 20 mg: 15.8 +/- 4.1 and 18.9 +/- 6.6; LC 40 mg: 11.9 +/- 4.4 and 15.4 +/- 8.1; LC 80 mg: 14.2 +/- 4.7 and 22.8 +/- 6.0 (anova P < 0.01). The SEP-2 scores before and after the use of medications were (Mean +/- SD): placebo: 71.0 +/- 33.1 and 51.2 +/- 43.1; LC 20 mg 70.3 +/- 34.2 and 75.5 +/- 31.5; LC 40 mg: 48.4 +/- 42.1 and 60.8 +/- 42.5; LC 80 mg: 68.6 +/- 33.5 and 89.6 +/- 26.0. The SEP-3 scores were: placebo 23.3 +/- 27.6 and 33.6 +/- 42.3; LC 20 mg: 32.3 +/- 38.9 and 51.2 +/- 41.7; LC 40 mg: 39.7 +/- 44.7 and 46.7 +/- 41.1; LC 80 mg* 17.2 +/- 29.5 and 74.3 +/- 36.4 (*P < 0.05 for difference to placebo). The drug was well tolerated. Adverse reactions were mild and self-limited and included headache, rhinitis, flushing, color visual disorders, and dyspepsia. This study showed that the dosage of 80 mg of LC was significantly more efficacious than placebo and well tolerated. Glina S, Toscano I, Gomatzky C, de Goes PM, Junior AN, de Almeida Claro JF, and Pagani E. Efficacy and tolerability of lodenafil carbonate for oral therapy in erectile dysfunction: A phase II clinical trial. J Sex Med 2009;6:553-557.

Fos expression in the NTS in response to peripheral chemoreflex activation in awake rats

Chemoreflex afferent fibers terminate in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), but the specific location of the NTS neurons excited by peripheral chemoreflex activation remains to be characterized. Here, the topographic distribution of chemoreflex sensitive cells at the commissural NTS was evaluated. To reach this goal, Fos-immunoreactive neurons (Fos-ir) were accounted in rostro-caudal levels of the intermediate and caudal commissural NTS, after intermittent chemoreflex activation with intravenous injection of potassium cyanide [KCN (80 mu g/kg) or saline (0.9%, vehicle), one injection every 3 min during 30 min]. In response to intermittent intravenous injections of KCN, a significant increase in the number of Fos-ir neurons was observed specifically in the lateral intermediate commissural NTS [(LI)NTS (82 +/- 9 vs. 174 +/- 16, cell number mean per section)] and lateral caudal commissural NTS [(LI)NTS (71 +/- 9 vs. 199 +/- 18, cell number mean per section)]. To evaluate the influence of baroreceptor-mediated inputs following the increase in blood pressure during intermittent chemoreflex activation, we performed an intermittent activation of the arterial baroreflex by intravenous injection of phenylephrine [1.5 mu g/kg iv (one injection every 3 min during 30 min)]. This procedure induced no change in Fos-ir in (LI)NTS (64 +/- 6 vs. 62 +/- 12, cell number mean per section) or (LC)NTS (56 +/- 15 vs. 77 +/- 12, cell number mean per section). These data support the involvement of the commissural NTS in the processing of peripheral chemoreflex, and provide a detailed characterization of the topographical distribution of activated neurons within this brain region. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Periodontal attachment loss in an untreated isolated population of Brazil

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, extent, and severity of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and to investigate the association of demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk indicators with CAL in an untreated isolated population in Brazil. Methods: All subjects aged >= 12 years were identified by a census. Participants were submitted to a full-mouth clinical examination of six sites per tooth and were interviewed using a structured, written questionnaire. Results: Among the 214 subjects who were interviewed and examined clinically, CAL >= 5 mm in at least one site was observed in 8% of the 12- to 19-year-olds and in all dentate subjects >= 50 years of age; the age-dependent prevalence of CAL >= 7 mm in at least one site ranged from 5% among 12- to 19-year-olds to 83% among subjects >= 50 years old. Multivariate analysis identified plaque (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8), supragingival calculus (OR = 2.9 to 10.6), age >= 30 years (OR = 11.4), and smoking (OR = 2.4) as risk indicators for CAL >= 5 mm and smoking (OR = 8.2) as a risk indicator for CAL >= 7 mm. Conclusions: CAL is highly prevalent in this isolated population. The high occurrence of CAL in young age groups and the confirmation of traditional risk indicators for CAL in this study suggest that other factors, such as host susceptibility, may be needed to explain the high levels of CAL found. Age and behavioral factors were risk indicators associated significantly with the CAL found in this population and may be useful indicators of high-risk subjects for periodontal diseases.

Interfacial evaluation of experimentally weakened roots restored with adhesive materials and fibre posts: An SEM analysis

Objectives: To evaluate the bonding interface in experimentally weakened roots reinforced with adhesive restorative materials and quartz fibre posts, varying the light-exposure time of the composite resin used for root reinforcement. Methods: Twelve extracted human maxillary incisors teeth were used. The crowns were removed and the roots were endodontically treated. After post space preparation, the roots were assigned to four groups. The thickness of the root dentine was reduced and adhesively restored with composite resin light-activated through a translucent fibre post for either 40 s (group 1), 80 s (group 2) or 120 s (group 3). In the case of control (group 4), the roots were not weakened. One day after post cementation, the specimens were sectioned transversally in three slices and processed for scanning electron microscopic analysis to observe bonding interface formation, quality of the hybrid layer and density of resin tags using a four-step scale method. Results: Formation of a hybrid layer and resin tags were evident in all groups. There was no statistically (p > 0.05) significant difference between the regions analysed in each group (Friedman test) and between groups in each section depth (Kruskal-Wallis test). Furthermore, comparison of the flared/reinforced groups showed that the different time;; used for composite resin cure did not affect the results significantly (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.2139). Conclusions: Different light-exposure times used for composite resin polymerisation during root canal reinforcement did not affect significantly the formation and quality of the dentine/adhesive/composite resin bonding interface. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The relationship between interimplant distances and vascularization of the interimplant bone

Background Long-term success of the implant restorations is based upon the biology and vasculature of the bone surrounding the implants, especially for the bone between two implants. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate how loaded implants placed 2 or 3 mm apart influence bone vessel organization. Material and methods Six mongrel dogs were used for the study. The four mandibular premolars were extracted and 3 months later, four 4.5 x 10 mm implants were placed on each side of the mandible. The implants were placed so that two adjacent implants were 2 mm (group 1) or 3 mm (group 2) distant from each other. After 12 weeks, the implants were loaded with provisional prostheses, then metallic crowns were placed 4 weeks later. Both temporary and metallic restorations were made so that the distance between the contact point and the bone crest was 5 mm. The animals were sacrificed after 8 weeks. The hemi-mandibles were removed and prepared for analysis. The interimplant bone vasculature of the two groups was studied using scanning electron microscopic images fractal analysis. The fractal dimension (D(f)) was calculated using the box-counting method. Results The values of the D(f) for the blood vessels were significantly higher (P <.05) in the specimens of the group 2 (1.969 +/- 0.169) than the group 1 (1.556 +/- 0.246). Conclusion The presence of more blood vessels in the group 2 is another indication that 3 mm is a preferable distance for contiguous implants than the 2 mm distance. To cite this article:Traini T, Novaes AB, Piattelli A, Papalexiou V, Muglia VA. The relationship between interimplant distances and vascularization of the interimplant bone.Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 822-829.doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.01926.x.

Overweight and obesity in Australia: The 1999-2000 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab)

Objective: To measure the prevalence of obesity in Australian adults and to examine the associations of obesity with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Design: AusDiab, a cross-sectional study conducted between May 1999 and December 2000, involved participants from 42 randomly selected districts throughout Australia. Participants: Of 20 347 eligible people aged greater than or equal to 25 years who completed a household interview, 11247 attended the physical examination at local survey sites (response rate, 55%). Main outcome measures: Overweight and obesity defined by body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)) and waist circumference (cm); sociodemographic factors (including smoking, physical activity and television viewing time). Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 25.0 kg/m(2); waist circumference greater than or equal to 80.0 cm [women] or greater than or equal to 94.0 cm [men]) in both sexes was almost 60%, defined by either BMI or waist circumference. The prevalence of obesity was 2.5 times higher than in 1980. Using waist circumference, the prevalence of obesity was higher in women than men (34.1% v 26.8%; P < 0.01). Lower educational status, higher television viewing time and lower physical activity time were each strongly associated with obesity, with television viewing time showing a stronger relationship than physical activity time. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity in Australia has more than doubled in the past 20 years. Strong positive associations between obesity and each of television viewing time and lower physical activity time confirm the influence of sedentary lifestyles on obesity, and underline the potential benefits of reducing sedentary behaviour, as well as increasing physical activity, to curb the obesity epidemic.

Avaliação do teste Quantiferon TB Gold in tube no diagnóstico de infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis em profissionais de saúde da atenção básica

Introdução: Os ensaios de liberação do interferon- γ (ELIG) surgiram como uma alternativa para o diagnóstico de infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ILTB). Neste estudo, nós comparamos o desempenho de um dos ELIG, teste Quantiferon TB Gold in tube – QFT, com a prova tuberculínica (PT) em dois pontos de corte (≥ 5 mm e ≥ 10 mm), em profissionais de saúde da atenção básica à saúde (ABS). Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em profissionais de saúde da ABS de quatro capitais nacionais com alta incidência de TB. O resultado do teste QFT foi comparado com o resultado da PT nos pontos de corte ≥ 5mm e ≥ 10 mm. Resultados: Foram incluídos 632 profissionais de saúde. Ao considerar o ponto de corte ≥ 10 mm para a PT, a concordância entre QFT e a PT foi de 69% (k = 0,31) e para o ponto de corte ≥ 5 mm, a concordância entre os testes foi de 57% (k = 0,22). Devido a baixa concordância entre a PT e o QFT, nós avaliamos os possíveis fatores associados com a discordância entre eles. Ao comparar o grupo PT- / QFT- com o grupo PT+ / QFT-, no ponto de corte ≥ 5 mm, a idade entre 41-45 [OR = 2,70, IC 95%: 1,32-5,51] e 46-64 [OR = 2,04, IC 95%: 1,05-3,93], presença de cicatriz vacinal do BCG [OR = 2,72, IC 95%: 1,40-5,25] e trabalhar apenas na ABS [OR = 2,30, IC 95 %: 1,09-4,86] apresentaram associação estatística significativa. Para o ponto de corte ≥ 10 mm, a presença de cicatriz vacinal do BCG [OR = 2,26, IC 95%: 1,03-4,91], ter tido contato domiciliar com paciente portador de tuberculose ativa [OR = 1,72, IC 95%: 1,01-2,92] e ter feito a PT anteriormente [OR = 1,66, IC 95%: 1,05-2,62] revelaram associação estatística significativa. Curiosamente, a discordância observada no grupo PT- / QFT + não apresentou associação estatistica com nenhuma das variáveis consideradas, independentemente do ponto de corte da PT. Conclusões: Apesar de termos identificado que a vacina BCG contribuiu para a discordância entre os testes, as recomendações brasileiras para o início do tratamento da ILTB não devem ser alteradas devido as limitações do QFT.

A-scan ultrasound system for real-time puncture safety assessment during percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Background: Kidney stone is a major universal health problem, affecting 10% of the population worldwide. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a first-line and established procedure for disintegration and removal of renal stones. Its surgical success depends on the precise needle puncture of renal calyces, which remains the most challenging task for surgeons. This work describes and tests a new ultrasound based system to alert the surgeon when undesirable anatomical structures are in between the puncture path defined through a tracked needle. Methods: Two circular ultrasound transducers were built with a single 3.3-MHz piezoelectric ceramic PZT SN8, 25.4 mm of radius and resin-epoxy matching and backing layers. One matching layer was designed with a concave curvature to work as an acoustic lens with long focusing. The A-scan signals were filtered and processed to automatically detect reflected echoes. Results: The transducers were mapped in water tank and tested in a study involving 45 phantoms. Each phantom mimics different needle insertion trajectories with a percutaneous path length between 80 and 150 mm. Results showed that the beam cross-sectional area oscillates around the ceramics radius and it was possible to automatically detect echo signals in phantoms with length higher than 80 mm. Conclusions: This new solution may alert the surgeon about anatomical tissues changes during needle insertion, which may decrease the need of X-Ray radiation exposure and ultrasound image evaluation during percutaneous puncture.

Reason Maintenance Systems: Tools for Foundations-based Belief Revision

Dynamic and distributed environments are hard to model since they suffer from unexpected changes, incomplete knowledge, and conflicting perspectives and, thus, call for appropriate knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) systems. Such KRR systems must handle sets of dynamic beliefs, be sensitive to communicated and perceived changes in the environment and, consequently, may have to drop current beliefs in face of new findings or disregard any new data that conflicts with stronger convictions held by the system. Not only do they need to represent and reason with beliefs, but also they must perform belief revision to maintain the overall consistency of the knowledge base. One way of developing such systems is to use reason maintenance systems (RMS). In this paper we provide an overview of the most representative types of RMS, which are also known as truth maintenance systems (TMS), which are computational instances of the foundations-based theory of belief revision. An RMS module works together with a problem solver. The latter feeds the RMS with assumptions (core beliefs) and conclusions (derived beliefs), which are accompanied by their respective foundations. The role of the RMS module is to store the beliefs, associate with each belief (core or derived belief) the corresponding set of supporting foundations and maintain the consistency of the overall reasoning by keeping, for each represented belief, the current supporting justifications. Two major approaches are used to reason maintenance: single-and multiple-context reasoning systems. Although in the single-context systems, each belief is associated to the beliefs that directly generated it—the justification-based TMS (JTMS) or the logic-based TMS (LTMS), in the multiple context counterparts, each belief is associated with the minimal set of assumptions from which it can be inferred—the assumption-based TMS (ATMS) or the multiple belief reasoner (MBR).

Avaliação de técnica de sedimentação em tubos

O rendimento de sedimentação em tubos, aplicada à pesquisa de ovos de Ancylostomidae, Trichuris trichura e Ascaris lumbricoides foi estudado em suspensões fecais diluídas a 2,0%; 1,5% e 1,0% em colunas de 80 mm de altura. De cada um dos helmintos citados, as amostras continham quantidades correspondentes a 12,5; 25,0; 50,0; 100,0; 150,0 e 200,0 ovos por grama de fezes (opg). Avaliou-se o rendimento do processo em termos de freqüências de resultados positivos e de contagens de ovos por lâmina de sedimento (0,078 ml). Ambos aumentaram com os valores de opg. As várias diluições não influíram nos graus de positividade ou nas contagens de ovos por lâmina de sedimento. Os sedimentos de suspensões fecais diluídas a 1,0% (quando o valor de opg era de 150,0). Em trabalho rotineiro é desnecessária a determinação instrumental das quantidades de fezes usadas nas suspensões. Diluições em torno de 1,0% representam um compromisso entre bom rendimento e limpidez dos esfregaços, especialmente quando os valores de opg forem baixos.

Fatores de risco associados a alterações renais em pacientes infectados por HIV-1

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença renal é uma das principais comorbidades envolvendo pacientes infectados com o HIV, em razão da melhora da sobrevida proporcionada pela terapêutica antirretroviral. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar fatores de risco, possivelmente correlacionados com função renal alterada, em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal foi realizado em 254 pacientes infectados pelo HIV, atendidos em ambulatório na Santa Casa de Vitória. Eles foram entrevistados e submetidos a coletas de amostras de sangue para contagem de células CD4, quantificação de carga viral do HIV-1, dosagens de glicose, lipídeos e creatinina. A proteinúria foi avaliada em amostra de primeira urina da manhã. A filtração glomerular foi estimada com as fórmulas de modified diet in renal disease (MDRD) simplificada e Cockcroft-Gault. RESULTADOS: Cento e três (40,6%) pacientes tinham alguma anormalidade no exame de urina, sendo proteinúria o achado mais comum (46; 18,1% pacientes). Vinte e cinco (9,8%) pacientes tinham filtração glomerular estimada inferior a 60ml/min/1.73m² de acordo com MDRD. A análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou que baixa filtração glomerular foi positivamente correlacionada com raça negra [OR 9,6 (IC95% 1,28-23,80)], hipertensão arterial sistêmica [OR 3,3 (IC95% 1,28-23,81)], idade acima de 51 anos [OR 3,3 (IC95%1,11-9,90)], proteinúria [OR 5,2 {IC95% 1,67-16,25}]; hematúria [OR 3,2 (1,12-9,29)] e negativamente com pacientes em uso de zidovudina [OR 0,2 (0,04-0,78)]. CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores de risco tradicionais para doença renal como raça negra, hipertensão arterial e idade avançada foram correlacionados com menor filtração glomerular estimada em nossos pacientes.

Type 2 diabetes-related variants influence the risk of developing multiple myeloma: results from the IMMEnSE consortium

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been suggested to be a risk factor for multiple myeloma (MM), but the relationship between the two traits is still not well understood. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether 58 genome-wide-association-studies (GWAS)-identified common variants for T2D influence the risk of developing MM and to determine whether predictive models built with these variants might help to predict the disease risk. We conducted a case–control study including 1420 MM patients and 1858 controls ascertained through the International Multiple Myeloma (IMMEnSE) consortium. Subjects carrying the KCNQ1rs2237892T allele or the CDKN2A-2Brs2383208G/G, IGF1rs35767T/T and MADDrs7944584T/T genotypes had a significantly increased risk of MM (odds ratio (OR)=1.32–2.13) whereas those carrying the KCNJ11rs5215C, KCNJ11rs5219T and THADArs7578597C alleles or the FTOrs8050136A/A and LTArs1041981C/C genotypes showed a significantly decreased risk of developing the disease (OR=0.76–0.85). Interestingly, a prediction model including those T2D-related variants associated with the risk of MM showed a significantly improved discriminatory ability to predict the disease when compared to a model without genetic information (area under the curve (AUC)=0.645 vs AUC=0.629; P=4.05×10-06). A gender-stratified analysis also revealed a significant gender effect modification for ADAM30rs2641348 and NOTCH2rs10923931 variants (Pinteraction=0.001 and 0.0004, respectively). Men carrying the ADAM30rs2641348C and NOTCH2rs10923931T alleles had a significantly decreased risk of MM whereas an opposite but not significant effect was observed in women (ORM=0.71 and ORM=0.66 vs ORW=1.22 and ORW=1.15, respectively). These results suggest that TD2-related variants may influence the risk of developing MM and their genotyping might help to improve MM risk prediction models.

Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda do atleta: resposta adaptativa fisiológica do coração

OBJETIVO: Verificar se a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) de atletas competitivos de resistência (maratonistas) representa processo adaptativo, puramente fisiológico, ou se pode envolver aspectos patológicos em suas características anatômicas e funcionais. MÉTODOS: De novembro de 1999 a dezembro de 2000, foram separados consecutivamente de 30 maratonistas em atividade esportiva plena, idade inferior a 50 anos, com HVE, previamente documentada, e sem cardiopatia subjacente. Foram submetidos aos exames: clínico, eletrocardiograma, ecodopplercardiograma, e teste ergométrico (TE). Quinze foram sorteados para realizar, também, teste ergoespirométrico e ressonância magnética (RM) do coração. RESULTADOS: Nos TE, todos apresentavam boa capacidade física cardiopulmonar, sem evidências de resposta isquêmica ao exercício, sintomas ou arritmias. No ecodopplercardiograma, os valores do diâmetro e espessura diastólica da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), do septo interventricular, massa do VE e diâmetro do átrio esquerdo, foram significativamente maiores que os do grupo de não atletas, com idades e medidas antropométricas semelhantes. A média da massa do VE dos atletas indexada à superfície corpórea (126 g/m2) foi significativamente maior que a do grupo controle (70 g/m2) (p<0,001). A RM mostrou que não havia prejuízo da força contrátil ou da performance ventricular esquerda e valores de volume diastólico final, volume sistólico final e fração de ejeção dentro dos limites da normalidade. Por outro lado, a massa do VE média, 162,93±17,90 g, e a espessura parietal ventricular, 13,67±2,13 mm, ao final da diástole no grupo atleta, diferiu significativamente do controle: 110±14,2 g (p=0,0001) e 8±0,9 mm, respectivamente (p=0,0001). O mesmo ocorreu na média da espessura ao final da sístole, que foi 18,87±3,40 mm (controle: 10± 1,80 mm, p=0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados permitiram concluir que a HVE de maratonistas em período de atividade esportiva plena, avaliada por métodos não invasivos, representa resposta adaptativa ao treinamento físico intensivo e prolongado, com características fisiológicas.