Síntese, caracterização térmica e grau de conversão de polímeros dimetacrilatos com diferentes coiniciadores não tóxicos

The photopolimerization it is be widely used nowadays in different fields as materials, medicine and dentistry. To occur that synthesis is utilized dimethacrylates monomers and photoinitiators, the photoinitiator system more usual is camphorquinone/tertiary amine (ethyl-p-dimethylamino benzoate). However is knowledge that tertiary amines are toxics, so the aim of this work is replace toxic amine compounds to non-toxic compounds as glycerol and inositol. Therefore was used the FTIR technic to calculate the monomers conversion degree as well as Thermogravimetric Analysis-simultaneous differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate thermal stability, combustion rate, degradation steps, oxidation and volatilization of all samples. The study shown no significant difference about thermal behavior of all polymers, the initiators system for efficient and more fastness was camphorquinone /tertiary amine system followed by ca mph o r quinone/glycerol system

EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD FROM Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden UNDER DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS

Thermal treatment (thermal rectification) is a process in which technological properties of wood are modified using thermal energy, the result of Which is often value-added wood. Thermally treated wood takes on similar color shades to tropical woods and offers considerable resistance to destructive microorganisms and climate action, in addition to having high dimensional stability and low hygroscopicity. Wood samples of Eucalyptus grandis were subjected to various thermal treatments, as performed in presence (140 degrees C; 160 degrees C; 180 degrees C) or in absence of oxygen (160 degrees C; 180 degrees C; 200 degrees C) inside a thermal treatment chamber, and then studied as to their chemical characteristics. Increasing the maximum treatment temperatures led to a reduction in the holocellulose content of samples as a result of the degradation and volatilization of hemicelluloses, also leading to an increase in the relative lignin content. Except for glucose, all monosaccharide levels were found to decrease in samples after the thermal treatment at a maximum temperature of 200 degrees C. The thermal treatment above 160 degrees C led to increased levels of total extractives in the wood samples, probably ascribed to the emergence of low molecular weight substances as a result of thermal degradation. Overall, it was not possible to clearly determine the effect of presence or absence of oxygen in the air during thermal treatment on the chemical characteristics of the relevant wood samples.

Mechanistic Implications of Zinc(II) Ions on the Degradation of Phenol by the Fenton Reaction

A study of the interference of Zn2+ ions on phenol degradation by Fenton reaction (Fe2+/Fe3(+) + H2O2) is reported. One of the first intermediates formed in the reaction, catechol, can reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and, in the presence of H2O2 initiates an efficient catalytic redox cycle. In the initial stages of the reaction, this catechol-mediated cycle becomes the principal route of thermal degradation of phenol and its oxidation products. The Zn2+ ion addition enhances the persistence time of catechol, probably by stabilization of the corresponding semiquinone radical via complexation.

Mechanistic implications of zinc(II) ions on the degradation of phenol by the fenton reaction

A study of the interference of Zn2+ ions on phenol degradation by Fenton reaction (Fe2+/Fe3+ + H2O2) is reported. One of the first intermediates formed in the reaction, catechol, can reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and, in the presence of H2O2 initiates an efficient catalytic redox cycle. In the initial stages of the reaction, this catechol-mediated cycle becomes the principal route of thermal degradation of phenol and its oxidation products. The Zn2+ ion addition enhances the persistence time of catechol, probably by stabilization of the corresponding semiquinone radical via complexation.

Effect of thermal treatment on the chemical characteristics of wood from Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden under different atmospheric conditions

Thermal treatment (thermal rectification) is a process in which technological properties of wood are modified using thermal energy, the result of which is often value-added wood. Thermally treated wood takes on similar color shades to tropical woods and offers considerable resistance to destructive microorganisms and climate action, in addition to having high dimensional stability and low hygroscopicity. Wood samples of Eucalyptus grandis were subjected to various thermal treatments, as performed in presence (140ºC; 160ºC; 180ºC) or in absence of oxygen (160ºC; 180ºC; 200ºC) inside a thermal treatment chamber, and then studied as to their chemical characteristics. Increasing the maximum treatment temperatures led to a reduction in the holocellulose content of samples as a result of the degradation and volatilization of hemicelluloses, also leading to an increase in the relative lignin content. Except for glucose, all monosaccharide levels were found to decrease in samples after the thermal treatment at a maximum temperature of 200ºC. The thermal treatment above 160ºC led to increased levels of total extractives in the wood samples, probably ascribed to the emergence of low molecular weight substances as a result of thermal degradation. Overall, it was not possible to clearly determine the effect of presence or absence of oxygen in the air during thermal treatment on the chemical characteristics of the relevant wood samples.

Pyrolysis of peptides and proteins. Analytical study and environmental applications

Analytical pyrolysis was used to investigate the formation of diketopiperazines (DKPs) which are cyclic dipeptides formed from the thermal degradation of proteins. A quali/quantitative procedure was developed combining microscale flash pyrolysis at 500 °C with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of DKPs trapped onto an adsorbent phase. Polar DKPs were silylated prior to GC-MS. Particular attention was paid to the identification of proline (Pro) containing DKPs due to their greater facility of formation. The GC-MS characteristics of more than 80 original and silylated DKPs were collected from the pyrolysis of sixteen linear dipeptides and four model proteins (e.g. bovine serum albumin, BSA). The structure of a novel DKP, cyclo(pyroglutamic-Pro) was established by NMR and ESI-MS analysis, while the structures of other novel DKPs remained tentative. DKPs resulted rather specific markers of amino acid sequence in proteins, even though the thermal degradation of DKPs should be taken into account. Structural information of DKPs gathered from the pyrolysis of model compounds was employed to the identification of these compounds in the pyrolysate of proteinaceous samples, including intrinsecally unfolded protein (IUP). Analysis of the liquid fraction (bio-oil) obtained from the pyrolysis of microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana, Scenedesmus spp with a bench scale reactor showed that DKPs constituted an important pool of nitrogen-containing compounds. Conversely, the level of DKPs was rather low in the bio-oil of Botryococcus braunii. The developed micropyrolysis procedure was applied in combination with thermogravimetry (TGA) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to investigate surface interaction between BSA and synthetic chrysotile. The results showed that the thermal behavior of BSA (e.g. DKPs formation) was affected by the different form of doped synthetic chrysotile. The typical DKPs evolved from collagen were quantified in the pyrolysates of archaeological bones from Vicenne Necropolis in order to evaluate their conservation status in combination with TGA, FTIR and XRD analysis.

Estudos mecanísticos da origem da inibição da reação foto-Fenton por íons cloreto

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar a origem da inibição do processo foto-Fenton [Fe(II)/Fe(III), H2O2, luz UV] pelo íon cloreto. Um estudo das reações primárias da etapa fotocatalítica do processo foto-Fenton por fotólise por pulso de laser na presença de NaCl mostrou que a inibição reflete: i) fotólise competitiva dos complexos Fe(Cl)2+ e Fe(Cl)2+; ii) captura do radical hidroxila (dependente do pH) pelo íon cloreto. Esses dois processos formam o ânion radical menos reativo Cl2•- em lugar do radical HO•-, provocando uma progressiva inibição da reação de degradação com a diminuição do pH. Modelagem cinética destes resultados previa que a manutenção do pH em 3,0 durante a fotodegradação evitaria a formação do Cl2•-, o que foi confirmada através de experimentos de fotodegradação do fenol e da gasolina em meio aquoso na presença de NaCl. Por outro lado, na degradação do fenol pela reação térmica de Fenton [Fe(II)/Fe(III), H2O2], o radical hidroxila não parece ter um papel muito importante. A degradação térmica não foi inibida pela presença de íon cloreto e a cinética de mineralização do fenol pela reação térmica de Fenton é indistinguível da degradação do fenol pelo processo foto-Fenton inibido por NaCl. Isso sugere que a reação proposta por Hamilton, isto é, a redução de Fe(III) a Fe(II) por catecol (o principal intermediário inicial da oxidação do fenol) na presença de H2O2, é o mecanismo principal de catálise da reação térmica de Fenton no nosso sistema.

Estudo de nanocompósitos formados por PLA e nanopartículas de celulose.

Devido à preocupação com o meio ambiente e o volume crescente de resíduos plástico em aterros sanitários, os polímeros biodegradáveis estão sendo estudados extensivamente. Um deles é o PLA. Apesar de possuir propriedades comparáveis a polímeros commodities e polímeros de engenharia, ainda é necessário melhorar certas características do PLA, como resistência ao impacto. Para isso, a nanocelulose (NC) pode ser usada sem alterações significativas na biodegradação polimérica. Este estudo teve como objetivo obter a nanocelulose, caracteriza-la e incorpora-la ao poli(ácido láctico) (PLA), assim como, estudar as propriedades térmicas, morfológicas e mecânicas do compósito obtido. A NC foi obtida por hidrólise ácida utilizando ácido fosfórico e posteriormente foi silanizada com três silanos distintos. As nanopartículas foram caracterizadas por Birrefringência, Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET), Termogravimetria (TG), Potencial Zeta, Espectroscopia Vibracional de Absorção no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Difração de Raio X (DRX). Com as imagens obtidas pelo MET foi possível medir o tamanho das partículas de NC. E então obter a razão de aspecto de 82 e o limite de percolação de 1,1% em massa, confirmando a morfologia de nanofibra. De acordo as analises TG\'s, a presença de NC silanizada aumentou o início da degradação térmica. Os compósitos, contendo 3% em massa de NC, foram obtidos por fusão em câmara de mistura e moldados por injeção. Os compósitos foram caracterizados por FTIR, Cromatografia de Permeação em Gel (GPC), TG, Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV-FEG), Impacto e Tração. As análises dos compósitos mostraram que a NC atuou como agente de nucleação, facilitando a cristalização do PLA, além de a NC ter atuado como reforço na matriz polimérica melhorando as propriedades mecânicas.

Estudo das propriedades térmicas e mecânicas de resinas dentárias compostas preparadas com sílica e quitosana

Neste trabalho foi estudada a influência da adição de quitosana e sílica a monômeros dimetacrílicos, BisEMA e TEGDMA, por meio das técnicas de fotocalorimetria, termogravimetria e análise dinâmico mecânica. Os resultados dos experimentos de fotocalorimetria demonstraram que a quitosana pode aumentar a velocidade de polimerização e o máximo de conversão para alguns sistemas em determinadas concentrações da mesma, já a sílica tem pouco efeito nas reações de fotopolimerização das amostras. Para os experimentos de termogravimetria, a quitosana tem pouca influência na degradação das amostras não alterando significativamente as curvas TGA/DTG, por outro lado a sílica acelerou a degradação térmica das amostras. A avaliação das propriedades mecânicas demonstrou que a quitosana diminui a temperatura de transição vítrea e a resposta elástica dos sistemas não afetando os valores dos módulos de armazenamento e módulos de perda. A sílica apresentou a tendência de aumento de temperatura de transição vítrea e não alteração da resposta elástica das amostras.

Estudo cinético da lixiviação de metais de placas de circuito impresso obsoletas.

O processo tradicional de recuperação de metais de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE) geralmente envolve processamento pirometalúrgico. Entretanto, o uso desta tecnologia para processar placas de circuito impresso (PCI) obsoletas pode levar à liberação de dioxinas e furanos, devido à decomposição térmica de retardantes de chama e resinas poliméricas presentes no substrato das placas. Portanto, este trabalho propõe uma rota hidrometalúrgica para recuperação de metais. O comportamento dos metais, com destaque para cobre, zinco e níquel, durante a lixiviação ácida, foi estudado em três temperaturas diferentes (35ºC, 65ºC e 75ºC), com e sem adição de um agente oxidante (peróxido de hidrogênio H2O2). A cinética de dissolução ácida desses metais foi estudada baseada na análise química por ICP-OES (Espectrometria de emissão ótica por plasma acoplado indutivamente) e EDX (Espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios-X por energia dispersiva). O balanço de massa e a análise química indicaram que a etapa de lixiviação sem adição de oxidante é pouco eficaz na extração dos metais, sendo responsável pela dissolução de menos do que 6% do total extraído. A 65ºC e H2SO4 1 mol/L, com adição de 5 mL de H2O2 (30%) a cada quinze minutos e densidade de polpa de 1 g / 10 mL, 98,1% do cobre, 99,9% do zinco e 99,0% do níquel foram extraídos após 4 horas. A cinética de dissolução desses metais é controlada pela etapa da reação química, seguindo, dependendo da temperatura, a equação 1 (1 XB)1/3 = k1.t ou a equação ln (1 XB) = k4.t.

De novo synthesis of brominated dioxins and furans

On the basis of laboratory experiments with model mixtures (active carbon + CuBr2 at different loads), this work studies the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) by de novo synthesis. For the different samples, the temperature of the maximum carbon oxidation rate was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, and a kinetic model was proposed for the degradation of the materials in an oxidizing atmosphere (synthetic air). The effect of the addition of different amounts of CuBr2 was studied, finding that its presence accelerates the degradation of the carbonaceous structure in the presence of oxygen. The thermal degradation of the samples in air is satisfactorily described by a first-order single-reaction model. In addition, combustion runs of one of the mixtures (consisting of activated carbon + 50 wt % CuBr2, pyrolyzed at 700 °C) were performed in a quartz horizontal laboratory furnace. The analysis of the emissions and the solid residue proved the formation of brominated dioxins and furans at 300, 400, and 500 °C, with a maximum yield at 300 °C (91.7 ng/g of total PBDD/Fs) and a higher bromination degree with increasing temperature.

Thermogravimetric Study of the Decomposition of Printed Circuit Boards from Mobile Phones

Paper submitted to the 19th International Symposium on Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis, Linz, Austria, 21-25 May 2012.

Thermal Decomposition of Mobile Phones

Paper submitted to the 31st International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Compounds (Dioxin 2011), Brussels, Belgium, 21-25 August 2011.

Thermal stability analysis of organo-silicates, using solid phase microextraction techniques

An analysis of thermal degradation products evolved during the melt processing of organo-layered silicates (OLS) was carried out via the use of a solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique. Two commerical OLSs and one produced in-house were prepared for comparision. The solid phase microextraction technique proved to be a very effective technique for investigating the degradation of the OLS at a specific processing temperature. The results showed that most available OLSs will degrade under typical conditions required for the melt processing of many polymers, including thermoplastic polyurethanes. It is suggested that these degradation products may lead to changes in the structure and properties of the final polymer, particularly in thermoplastic polyurethanes, which seem significantly succeptable to the presence of these products. It is also suggested that many commercially available OLSs are produced in such a way that results in an excess of unbound organic modifier, giving rise to a greater quantity of degradation products. All OLSs where compared and characterised by TGA and GC-MS. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CFD modelling of the fast pyrolysis of an in-flight cellulosic particle subjected to convective heat transfer

The pyrolysis of a freely moving cellulosic particle inside a 41.7mgs -1 source continuously fed fluid bed reactor subjected to convective heat transfer is modelled. The Lagrangian approach is adopted for the particle tracking inside the reactor, while the flow of the inert gas is treated with the standard Eulerian method for gases. The model incorporates the thermal degradation of cellulose to char with simultaneous evolution of gases and vapours from discrete cellulosic particles. The reaction kinetics is represented according to the Broido–Shafizadeh scheme. The convective heat transfer to the surface of the particle is solved by two means, namely the Ranz–Marshall correlation and the limit case of infinitely fast external heat transfer rates. The results from both approaches are compared and discussed. The effect of the different heat transfer rates on the discrete phase trajectory is also considered.