Synthese und Charakterisierung von Polymeren mit peptidischen Seitenketten

Die Forschung im Bereich der Drug Delivery-Systeme konzentriert sich auf biokompatible und wenig immunogene Trägermoleküle. Eine Klasse vielversprechender Trägersysteme stellen Peptid basierte Polymere dar, die neben einer hohen Biokompatibilität auch eine Sensitivität gegenüber externen Einflüssen aufweisen. Der zwitterionische Charakter von Aminosäuren und Peptiden verhindert die Adsorption von Serumproteinen und ein „antifouling“ Verhalten kann festgestellt werden, sodass diese Moleküle für den Einsatz als Wirkstoffträgersystem sehr geeignet scheinen. In Kombination mit einer bürstenartigen Struktur entstehen Systeme mit einer einzigartigen Peptidarchitektur, die sich durch eine hohe Dichte funktioneller Gruppen für Konjugationsreaktionen auszeichnen und deren formabhängige Zellaufnahme sie besonders attraktiv für die Anwendung als „Nanocarrier“ macht.rnrnDas zwitterionische Poly-(ε-N-Methacryloyl-L-Lysin) (Mw = 721,000 g∙mol 1) wurde durch freie radikalische Polymerisation dargestellt und seine Konformation in Abhängigkeit von Ionenstärke und pH-Wert untersucht. Die Biokompatibilität des Systems konnte durch Toxizitätstests und dynamische Lichtstreuung in humanem Blutserum nachgewiesen werden. Zusammen mit der vernachlässigbaren unspezifischen Aufnahme in dendritische Zellen aus Knochenmark erfüllt das System damit alle Bedingungen, die an ein polymeres Wirkstoffträgersystem gestellt werden. Darüber hinaus können Komplexe des Polymers mit DNA in Gegenwart von divalenten Metallionen für die Gentransfektion verwendet werden.rnrnDurch Kopplung von ε-N-Methacryloyl-L-Lysin mit der Elastin-ähnlichen Polypeptid Pentasequenz Valin-Prolin-Glycin-Glycin-Glycin konnte ein Hexapeptid-Makromonomer dargestellt werden, welches anschließend mittels „grafting through“ Polymerisation zur Polymerbürste umgesetzt wurde. Die wurmartige Struktur der Polymerbürsten wurde in AFM-Aufnahmen gezeigt und eine hohe Kettensteifigkeit der Polymerbürsten über dynamische und statische Lichtstreuung nachgewiesen. Zirkulardichroismus-Messungen lieferten Informationen über struktur-, salz- und temperaturabhängige Veränderungen der Konformation. Toxizitätstests und dynamische Lichtstreuung in humanem Blutserum bestätigten die erwartete Biokompatibilität.rnrnBasierend auf zwei Elastin-ähnlichen Polypeptiden mit ähnlicher Peptidsequenz wurden insgesamt vier unterschiedliche Makromonomere mit jeweils 20 Pentapeptid-Wiederholungseinheiten dargestellt. Über anschließende „grafting through“ Polymerisation entstanden molekulare Bürstenmoleküle mit variierenden externen funktionellen Gruppen, die für zukünftige Konjugationsreaktionen verwendet werden können. Der Einfluss von Ionenstärke und Temperatur auf die Konformation der Makromonomere und Polymere wurde mittels Zirkulardichroismus- und Trübungskurven-Messungen untersucht und ein starker Einfluss der hohen Seitenkettendichte auf das Verhalten der Polymerbürsten wurde festgestellt. Über dynamische Lichtstreuung konnte ein von den externen funktionellen Gruppen abhängiges Aggregationsverhalten in humanem Blutserum nachgewiesen werden.rnrnDie in dieser Arbeit synthetisierten Polymerbürsten mit peptidischen Seitenketten stellen damit biokompatible und vielversprechende Trägersysteme für die Konjugation mit Biomolekülen dar, die zukünftig als Drug Delivery-Systeme ihren Einsatz finden können.rn

Synthese und Charakterisierung von zylindrischen Bürsten mit polypept(o)idischen Seitenketten als nanopartikuläre Trägersysteme

Zylindrische Polymerbürsten mit pept(o)idischen Seitenketten sind auf Grund ihrer elongierten Topologie, Bioverträglichkeit und hohen Dichte an funktionellen Gruppen vielversprechende Kandidaten für Anwendungen im Bereich des kontrollierten Wirkstoff- bzw. Gentransportes.In dieser Arbeit wurden Polylysin und Polysarkosin als Bestandteile der Seitenketten verwendet. Polylysin dient als positiv geladener Polypeptidblock für die Komplexierung von Polynukleotiden. Polysarkosin reduziert mit seinem „Stealth“-Effekt die Toxizität des Trägersystems und vermindert Wechselwirkungen mit dem Immunsystem. Über den „grafting from“-Ansatz und mit Hilfe der ringöffnenden NCA-Polymerisation konnten erstmals zylindrische Bürsten mit reinen Polysarkosin-Seitenketten sowie mit amphiphilen Seitenketten aus einem Polylysinkern und einer Polysarkosinschale hergestellt werden. Die Bürsten wurden mittels Lichtstreuung, GPC, CD-Spektroskopie und AFM charakterisiert. Die hohe Biokompatibilität beider Bürsten konnte durch Toxizitätstests und dynamische Lichtstreuung in humanem Blutserum nachgewiesen werden.Die Polysarkosin-Bürsten konnten zusätzlich an den Seitenkettenenden mit Azidgruppen funktionalisiert werden, welche eine effektive Biokonjugation ermöglichen. Die zylindrischen Bürsten zeigten nach ihrer Modifikation keine unspezifische Aufnahme in dendritische Zellen und könnten somit als Ausgangssubstanzen für die Synthese polymerbasierter Antikörper-Antigen-Konjugate in der Krebsimmuntherapie verwendet werden.Die Kern-Schale-Bürsten konnten erfolgreich mit siRNA komplexiert werden, ohne dass dabei eine Aggregation auftrat. In ersten Gen-Knockdown-Experimenten zeigten ihre Komplexe eine signifikante Verminderung der ApoB100-Proteinexpression in AML-12 Hepatozyten und könnten daher zukünftig als Transfektionsmittel in der Gentherapie ihren Einsatz finden.

Evaluation of polymeric nanocarriers for RNA delivery

Therapeutic RNAs, especially siRNAs, are a promising approach for treating diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and viral infections. Their application, however, is limited due to a lack of safe and efficient delivery systems. Nanosized carriers with the ability to either complex or entrap RNA species are a promising option. rn rn rnSuch a carrier has to meet a lot of requirements, some of which are even partly contradictive. Understanding and controlling the interplay between the different demands would advance a strategic design at an early stage of therapeutic development. rn rn This work is centered around a systematic evaluation of polyplexes, such carriers that are able to complex siRNA due to electrostatic interactions. Six structurally and chemically diverse candidates, poly-L-lysine brushes, block copolymers, cationic peptides, cationic lipids, nanohydrogels, and manganese oxide particles, were tested in a simultaneous fashion. The assays, mostly based on fluorescently labeled siRNA, ranged from the evaluation of polyplex formation and stability to in vitro parameters like cellular uptake and knockdown capability. The analysis from several perspectives offered insight into the interplay between the specifications of one polyplex. Assessing the different carriers under exactly the same experimental conditions also allowed conclusions about favourable traits and starting points for further optimization. This comparative approach also revealed weaknesses of some of the conventional protocols, which were therefore contrasted with alternative methods. In addition, in vitro knockdown assays were optimized and the impact of fluorescently labeled siRNA on knockdown efficiency was assessed. rn rn rn A second class of carriers, which share the ability to entrap siRNA inside their matrix, are briefly addressed. Nanocapsules, dextran particles and liposomes were assessed for basic features like siRNA encapsulation and knockdown capability. rn rn rn rn In an approach towards targeted delivery of RNA, liposomes were endowed with mitochondriotropic tags. Despite successful functionalization, no colocalization between the liposomal cargo and mitochondria was so far observed, which makes further optimization necessary.

Synthese und Charakterisierung von Polymer-Wirkstoff-Antikörper-Konjugaten zur Anwendung in der Krebsimmuntherapie

Polymere Wirkstoffsysteme gewinnen im Bereich der biomedizinischen Forschung immer größeres Interesse. Vielversprechende Systeme für die Entwicklung von neuartigen Krebs-immun¬therapien stellen insbesondere Polymer-Konjugate dar. Das ideale Polymer-Konjugat besitzt eine Größe zwischen 10 nm und 100 nm, ist nicht zytotoxisch und zeigt keine Aggregation in humanem Blutserum. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Synthese und Charakterisierung von Polymer-Wirkstoff-Konjugaten zur Anwendung in der Krebsimmuntherapie behandelt. Erstes Ziel der Arbeit war es, geeignete polymere Trägersysteme für die in vivo Anwendung zu finden. Hierzu wurde zunächst die Stabilität verschiedener potentieller polymerer Träger-systeme (Nanohydrogele, Succinyliertes-Poly-L-Lysin (Bürste), ELP-Bürsten und Poly(2-oxazolin)bürsten) in humanem Serum untersucht. Weiterhin wurde die unspezifische Zellaufnahme in murinen dendritischen Zellen (DCs) analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass vor allem neutrale bzw. zwitterionische Partikel eine hohe Serumstabilität sowie keine unspezifische Zellaufnahme zeigen. Um eine gezielte Adressierung der DCs des Immunsystems zu erreichen und dadurch eine Immunantwort gegenüber einem bestimmten Krebs Zelltyp zu induzieren, wurden Biokonjugate - auf Basis der Succinylierten-Poly-L-Lysin-(Bürste) sowie der Azid-funktionalisierten Poly(2-oxazolin)bürste (POx) – entwickelt, da diese Polymerbürsten keine bzw. kaum unspezifische Aufnahme in DCs zeigen. Hierbei diente der Antikörper aDEC205 der gezielten Adressierung von CD8+ DCs. Die weiteren bioaktiven Komponenten waren das tumorassoziierte Antigen (TAA) mit der Kernsequenz SIINFEKL zur Induktion einer spezifischen Immunantwort sowie der immunaktivierende TLR9 Ligand, CpG1826. Die Komponenten wurden nacheinander an die Fluoreszenz-markierten Polymere kon¬jugiert. Die Konjugation des Antikörpers erfolgte nach vorangegangener DIBO-Modifizierung über kupferfreie Click-Chemie. Mit einer optimierten Aufarbeitungsmethodik gelang es, aggregat-freie, unimere DIBO-modifizierte aDEC205 Antikörper zu isolieren. Für die succinylierten Poly-L-Lysine konnten keine eindeutigen sowie reproduzierbaren Ergebnisse erhalten werden, sodass sich im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit auf die POx konzentriert wurde. Die Konjugation von aDEC205 an POx wurde mittels verschiedener physiko-chemischer Methoden (UV-VIS, SDS-PAGE, FCS, GPC, CLSM und FACS) gezeigt. Mit Hilfe von „Specific-Hybridization-Internalisation-Sensor“ Experimenten konnte eine spezifische Aufnahme des Konjugats in CD8+ DCs nachgewiesen werden. rnDie Konjugation von Antigen und CpG erfolgte ebenso nach entsprechender Modifizierung über kupferfreie Click-Chemie. SDS-PAGE, UV-VIS und FCS bestätigten eine erfolgreiche Kopplung. T-Zell-Proliferationsversuche ergaben für Antigen enthaltende Polymer-Konjugate eine CD8+ T-Zell-Aktivierung. Des Weiteren zeigten die POx keine bemerkenswerte Toxizität und deren Konjugate keine Aggregation in humanem Serum. rnrnDarüber hinaus wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Polymertopologien auf ihre Biodistribution sowie Blutzirkulation untersucht. Für die nach GPC-Fraktionierung erhaltenen verschiedenen Polymerfraktionen - hochmolekulare wurmartige Polymerbürsten, ellipsoidartige Polymer-bürsten und niedermolekulare kugelförmige Moleküle - konnten vielversprechende Ergebnisse erhalten werden.

Comparison of three different brushing techniques to isolate and culture primary nasal epithelial cells from human subjects.

PURPOSE Primary nasal epithelial cells are used for diagnostic purposes in clinical routine and have been shown to be good surrogate models for bronchial epithelial cells in studies of airway inflammation and remodeling. We aimed at comparing different instruments allowing isolation of nasal epithelial cells. METHODS Primary airway epithelial cell cultures were established using cells acquired from the inferior surface of the middle turbinate of both nostrils. Three different instruments to isolate nasal cells were used: homemade cytology brush, nasal swab, and curette. Cell count, viability, time until a confluent cell layer was reached, and success rate in establishing cell cultures were evaluated. A standard numeric pain intensity scale was used to assess the acceptability of each instrument. RESULTS Sixty healthy adults (median with interquartile range [IQR] age of 31 [26-37] years) participated in the study. Higher number of cells (×10(5) cells/ml) was obtained using brushes (9.8 [5.9-33.5]) compared to swabs (2.4 [1.5-3.9], p < 0.0001) and curettes (5.5 [4.4-6.9], p < 0.01). Cell viability was similar between groups. Cells obtained by brushes had the fastest growth rate, and the success rate in establishing primary cell cultures was highest with brushes (90% vs. 65% for swabs and 70% for curettes). Pain was highest with curettes (VAS score 4.0 [3.0-5.0] out of 10). The epithelial phenotype of the cultures was confirmed through cytokeratin and E-cadherin staining. CONCLUSIONS All three types of instruments allow collection and growth of human nasal epithelial cells with good acceptability to study participants. The most efficient instrument is the nasal brush.

Desarrollo de un prototipo usando como dispositivo de interacción Leap Motion

Leap Motion [1] es un pequeño dispositivo que se coloca frente al monitor, conectado mediante un cable USB al ordenador, capaz de capturar los movimientos de nuestras manos y dedos con alta precisión, además de algunos objetos como pinceles o bolígrafos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es evaluar las capacidades de este dispositivo y crear un prototipo que sea capaz de grabar y reconocer gestos para que pueda ser fácilmente integrado a cualquier aplicación. Para ello, el prototipo consta de 2 funciones principales: Grabar un movimiento: en el que recojo los datos que nos ofrece el Leap Motion, los proceso y los guardo en un formato específico. Reconocer un gesto: en el que comparo en cada momento el gesto que se está realizando con los gestos grabados mediante un algoritmo que detectara si son similares o no. Este es un resumen básico del prototipo, sin embargo debemos tener en cuenta una serie de requisitos y parámetros para hacerlo más eficiente y personalizable dependiendo de las necesidades del usuario. ---ABSTRACT---Leap Motion [1] is a small device we place in front of the display unit, connected to a USB cable to the computer. It is able to capture the motion of our hands and fingers with high accuracy, as well as some objects such as pens and brushes. This project's main goal is to evaluate the proficiency of the device, and create a prototype that is able to record and recognize gestures in order for it to be easily integrated into any application. For that, the prototype has 2 main functions: Recording a motion: in which I collect the data offered by the Leap Motion, process it and keep it in a specific format. Recognizing a gesture: in which I compare each time the gesture being made with the gestures recorded using an algorithm to detect whether they are similar or not. This is a basic summary of the prototype, but we need to take into consideration a number of requirements and parameters to make it more efficient and customizable depending on the user's needs.

Polymer Models of Meiotic and Mitotic Chromosomes

Polymers tied together by constraints exhibit an internal pressure; this idea is used to analyze physical properties of the bottle-brush–like chromosomes of meiotic prophase that consist of polymer-like flexible chromatin loops, attached to a central axis. Using a minimal number of experimental parameters, semiquantitative predictions are made for the bending rigidity, radius, and axial tension of such brushes, and the repulsion acting between brushes whose bristles are forced to overlap. The retraction of lampbrush loops when the nascent transcripts are stripped away, the oval shape of diplotene bivalents between chiasmata, and the rigidity of pachytene chromosomes are all manifestations of chromatin pressure. This two-phase (chromatin plus buffer) picture that suffices for meiotic chromosomes has to be supplemented by a third constituent, a chromatin glue to understand mitotic chromosomes, and explain how condensation can drive the resolution of entanglements. This process resembles a thermal annealing in that a parameter (the affinity of the glue for chromatin and/or the affinity of the chromatin for buffer) has to be tuned to achieve optimal results. Mechanical measurements to characterize this protein–chromatin matrix are proposed. Finally, the propensity for even slightly chemically dissimilar polymers to phase separate (cluster like with like) can explain the apparent segregation of the chromatin into A+T- and G+C-rich regions revealed by chromosome banding.

Brooms : operational data /

Cover title.

Broom-corn and brooms : A treatise on raising broom-corn and making brooms, on a small or large scale /

Mode of access: Internet.

The pH-induced swelling and collapse of a polybase brush synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization

We have used neutron reflectometry to characterize the swelling behaviour of brushes of poly[2-(diethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate], a polybase, as a function of pH. The brushes, synthesized by the "grafting from" method of atom transfer radical polymerization, were observed to approximately double their thickness in low pH solutions, although the pK is shifted to a lower pH than in dilute solution. The composition-depth profile obtained from the reflectometry experiments for the swollen brushes reveals a region depleted in polymer between the substrate and the extended part of the brush.

Simulation and experimental analysis of a brushless electrically excited synchronous machine with a hybrid rotor

Electrically excited synchronous machines with brushes and slip rings are popular but hardly used in inflammable and explosive environments. This paper proposes a new brushless electrically excited synchronous motor with a hybrid rotor. It eliminates the use of brushes and slip rings so as to improve the reliability and cost-effectiveness of the traction drive. The proposed motor is characterized with two sets of stator windings with two different pole numbers to provide excitation and drive torque independently. This paper introduces the structure and operating principle of the machine, followed by the analysis of the air-gap magnetic field using the finite-element method. The influence of the excitation winding's pole number on the coupling capability is studied and the operating characteristics of the machine are simulated. These are further examined by the experimental tests on a 16 kW prototype motor. The machine is proved to have good static and dynamic performance, which meets the stringent requirements for traction applications.

The IRS Collection Division: Contacts and Settlements

In his study -The IRS Collection Division: Contacts and Settlements - by John M. Tarras, Assistant Professor School of Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Management, Michigan State University, Tarras initially states: “The collection division of the internal revenue service is often the point of contact for many hospitality businesses. The author describes how the division operates, what the hospitality firm can expect when contacted by it, and what types of strategies firms might find helpful when negotiating a settlement with the IRS.” The author will have you know that even though most chance meetings with the IRS Collection Division are due to unfortunate tax payment circumstances, there are actually more benign reasons for close encounters of the IRS kind. This does not mean, however, that brushes with the IRS Collection Division will end on an ever friendlier note. “…the Tax Reform Act of 1986 with its added complexity will cause some hospitality firms to inadvertently fail to make proper payments on a timely basis,” Tarras affords in illustrating a perhaps less pugnacious side of IRS relations. Should a hospitality business owner represent himself/herself before the IRS? Never, says Tarras. “Too many taxpayers ruin their chances of a fair settlement by making what to them seem innocent remarks, but ones that turn out to be far different,” warns Professor Tarras. Tarras makes the distinction between IRS the Collection Division, and IRS the Audit Division. “While the Audit Division is interested in how the tax liability arose, the Collection Division is generally only interested in collecting the liability,” he informs you. Either sounds firmly in hostile territory. They don’t bluff. Tarras does want you to know that when the IRS threatens to levy on the assets of a hospitality business, they will do so. Those assets may extend to personal and real property as well, he says. The levy action is generally the final resort in an IRS collection effort. Professor Tarras explains the lien process and the due process attached to that IRS collection tactic. “The IRS can also levy a hospitality firm owner's wages. In this case, it is important to realize that you are allowed to exempt from levy $75 per week, along with $25 per week for each of your dependents (unless your spouse works),” Professor Tarras says with the appropriate citation. What are the options available to the hospitality business owner who finds himself on the wrong side of the IRS Collection Division? Negotiate in good faith says Professor Tarras. “In many cases, a visit to the IRS office will greatly reduce the chances that a simple problem will turn into a major one,” Tarras advises. He dedicates the last pages of the discussion to negotiation strategies.

Formation of sub-7 nm feature size PS-b-P4VP block copolymer structures by solvent vapour process

The nanometer range structure produced by thin films of diblock copolymers makes them a great of interest as templates for the microelectronics industry. We investigated the effect of annealing solvents and/or mixture of the solvents in case of symmetric Poly (styrene-block-4vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) diblock copolymer to get the desired line patterns. In this paper, we used different molecular weights PS-b-P4VP to demonstrate the scalability of such high χ BCP system which requires precise fine-tuning of interfacial energies achieved by surface treatment and that improves the wetting property, ordering, and minimizes defect densities. Bare Silicon Substrates were also modified with polystyrene brush and ethylene glycol self-assembled monolayer in a simple quick reproducible way. Also, a novel and simple in situ hard mask technique was used to generate sub-7nm Iron oxide nanowires with a high aspect ratio on Silicon substrate, which can be used to develop silicon nanowires post pattern transfer.

Saúde oral e cuidados primários em Odontopediatria

Introdução: A cárie dentária é uma doença multifatorial, infeciosa, transmissível e dependente da dieta, que provoca a desmineralização das estruturas dentárias. Devido a esta natureza etiológica multifatorial é fundamental o aumento da sensibilização e educação das crianças e pais, quer por profissionais de saúde, quer pelos professores em ambiente escolar. A aquisição de hábitos de higiene oral e nutricionais adequados pela criança é um fator imperativo para a manutenção de uma boa saúde oral. Objetivos: Avaliação da Saúde Oral e cuidados primários num grupo de crianças e adolescentes pertencentes ao Agrupamento de Escolas de Alijó. Método: A amostra é constituída por 216 alunos do Agrupamento de Escolas de Alijó, agrupados em três escalões etários: 6-9 anos, 10-14 anos e 15-16 anos. Foi realizada uma observação oral com base no índice de higiene oral simplificado e no índice de cárie (CPOd/cpod- Dentes Cariados, Perdidos e Obturados). Após esta observação foi aplicado um questionário escrito sobre diversos temas relacionados com a saúde oral. Resultados: A percentagem de crianças livres de lesões cariosas aos 6, 12 e 15 anos foi de 33,3%, 28,4% e 16,2%, respetivamente. Os valores da média de número de escovagens diárias aumentam de acordo com a faixa etária. O número de escovagens médias aos 6-9anos, 10-14anos e 15-16anos foi 1,37; 1,48 e 1,55 no sexo masculino, no caso de sexo feminino estes valores passam para 1,58; 1,80 e 1,89 respetivamente. Discussão: Os números registados no presente estudo são semelhantes aos do I Estudo Nacional de Prevalência da Cárie Dentária, onde se verificou percentagens de 33%, 27% e 18,9% para os escalões referentes aos 6 anos, 9 anos e 15 anos. Existe uma melhoria significativa em cada um destes escalões nos dois estudos seguintes realizados pela DGS. Em 2008 estas percentagens foram de 51%, 44% e 28%, respetivamente para cada um dos escalões. Em 2015 existiu apenas um pequeno acréscimo, com percentagens registadas de 54,8%, 53% e 32,4%, respetivamente. A última percentagem, de 32,4%, refere-se neste caso ao escalão dos 18 anos, uma vez que a DGS substituiu o escalão de estudo dos 15 anos de idade. Quando nos referimos ao número de escovagens médio, os números registados neste estudo têm uma evolução semelhante aos encontrados no III Estudo Nacional de Prevalência da Cárie Dentária, publicado em 2015 pela DGS, que refere que aos 6 anos 53% dos inquiridos escova duas vezes ao dia e 25,7% apenas uma vez, enquanto que aos 12 anos nos deparamos com uma descida para 19,9% dos que escovam 1x por dia e um aumento para 69,9% dos que escovam duas vezes. O mesmo estudo afirma ainda que as jovens escovam mais vezes os dentes, tal como no presente estudo. Conclusão: Os últimos anos têm-se revelado determinantes na melhoria da Saúde Oral dos portugueses e a aposta na prevenção, nomeadamente nos Cuidados Primários de Saúde Oral tem apresentado uma mais-valia inquestionável. Como em todos os percursos que se iniciam, a monitorização dos resultados e a sua melhoria contínua podem conduzir à otimização das estratégias e no seu conjunto contribuir para fazer ainda mais e melhor. Este estudo permitiu aferir, que a realidade, em contextos de Saúde Oral, no Concelho de Alijó é preocupante sugerindo que existem assimetrias em Portugal e cabe a todos os intervenientes em Saúde Oral diminuí-las. O envolvimento de cada Médico Dentista neste processo é fundamental.

Microcantilever arrays functionalised with spiropyran photoactive moieties as systems to measure photo-induced surface stress changes

[EN] Herein we investigate the feasibility of detecting photo-induced surface stress changes using the deflection response of cantilevers. For this purpose, silicon microcantilevers have been functionalised with spiropyran photochromic molecules, using both a monolayer and a polymeric brushes approach. Uponultraviolet light irradiation, the spiropyran unit is converted to the merocyanine form due to the photo-induced cleavage of the Cspiro-O bond. The two forms of the molecule have dramatically different charge,polarity and molecular conformations. This makes spiropyrans an ideal system to study the correlation between photo-induced molecular changes and corresponding changes in surface stress. Our investigations include monitoring the changes in static cantilever deflection, and consequently, surface stress of the spiropyran functionalised cantilevers on exposure to ultraviolet light. Cantilever deflection data reveals that ultraviolet induced conformational changes in the spiropyran moiety cause a change incompressive surface stress and this varies with the type of functionalisation method implemented. The change in surface stress response from the spiropyran polymer brushes functionalised cantilevers gives an average surface stress change of 98 Nm−1(n = 24) while the spiropyran monolayer coated cantilevers have an average surface stress change of about 446 Nm−1(n = 8) upon irradiation with UV light.