Effects of the 80 km/h and variable speed limits on air pollution in the metropolitan area of Barcelona

In 2008 the regional government of Catalonia (Spain) reduced the maximum speed limit on several stretches of congested urban motorway in the Barcelona metropolitan area to 80 km/h, while in 2009 it introduced a variable speed system on other stretches of its metropolitan motorways. We use the differences-in-differences method, which enables a policy impact to be measured under specific conditions, to assess the impact of these policies on emissions of NOx and PM10. Empirical estimation indicate that reducing the speed limit to 80 km h-1 causes a 1.7 to 3.2% increase in NOx and 5.3 to 5.9% in PM10. By contrast, the variable speed policy reduced NOx and PM10 pollution by 7.7 to 17.1% and 14.5 to 17.3%. As such, a variable speed policy appears to be a more effective environmental policy than reducing the speed limit to a maximum of 80 km/h.

The influence of decision-maker effort and case complexity on appealed rulings subject to multi-categorical selection

This study extends the standard econometric treatment of appellate court outcomes by 1) considering the role of decision-maker effort and case complexity, and 2) adopting a multi-categorical selection process of appealed cases. We find evidence of appellate courts being affected by both the effort made by first-stage decision makers and case complexity. This illustrates the value of widening the narrowly defined focus on heterogeneity in individual-specific preferences that characterises many applied studies on legal decision-making. Further, the majority of appealed cases represent non-random sub-samples and the multi-categorical selection process appears to offer advantages over the more commonly used dichotomous selection models.

Factors affecting hospital admission and recovery stay duration of in-patient motor victims in Spain

Hospital expenses are a major cost driver of healthcare systems in Europe, with motor injuries being the leading mechanism of hospitalizations. This paper investigates the injury characteristics which explain the hospitalization of victims of traffic accidents that took place in Spain. Using a motor insurance database with 16.081 observations a generalized Tobit regression model is applied to analyse the factors that influence both the likelihood of being admitted to hospital after a motor collision and the length of hospital stay in the event of admission. The consistency of Tobit estimates relies on the normality of perturbation terms. Here a semi-parametric regression model was fitted to test the consistency of estimates, concluding that a normal distribution of errors cannot be rejected. Among other results, it was found that older men with fractures and injuries located in the head and lower torso are more likely to be hospitalized after the collision, and that they also have a longer expected length of hospital recovery stay.

Discrete distributions when modeling the disability severity score of motor victims

Many European states apply score systems to evaluate the disability severity of non-fatal motor victims under the law of third-party liability. The score is a non-negative integer with an upper bound at 100 that increases with severity. It may be automatically converted into financial terms and thus also reflects the compensation cost for disability. In this paper, discrete regression models are applied to analyze the factors that influence the disability severity score of victims. Standard and zero-altered regression models are compared from two perspectives: an interpretation of the data generating process and the level of statistical fit. The results have implications for traffic safety policy decisions aimed at reducing accident severity. An application using data from Spain is provided.

Caminador amb assistència per a persones amb mobilitat reduïda

El projecte consisteix en el disseny d’un caminador per a persones amb mobilitatreduïda. Ens hem centrat en un caminador una mica més evolucionat que els caminadorsactuals, ja que no hi ha cap aparell intermedi entre un caminador i una cadira derodes i en conseqüència moltes persones que podrien caminar si tinguessin unapetita ajuda acaben impossibilitades de ver vida en una cadira de rodes. El majorproblema de dependència d’aquestes persones és el fet d’incorporar-se del llit, sofà,lavabo i per tant el nostre disseny està pensat perquè les persones puguin feraquest pas de manera més senzilla i així augmentar la seva autonomia i autoestima.La nostra solució ha consistit en una estructura més gran que la d’un caminadornormal i que incorpori un cilindre elèctric que ajuda a la persona a aixecar-se i queno hagi de fer-ho totalment sola. Aquest mecanismes també ens serveixen per donar seguretat i evitar possibles caigudes, de manera que la persona que en fa úses pugui sentir més segura de si mateixa

Modelling the disability severity score in motor insurance claims: an application to the Spanish case

Bodily injury claims have the greatest impact on the claim costs of motor insurance companies. The disability severity of motor claims is assessed in numerous European countries by means of score systems. In this paper a zero inflated generalized Poisson regression model is implemented to estimate the disability severity score of victims in-volved in motor accidents on Spanish roads. We show that the injury severity estimates may be automatically converted into financial terms by insurers at any point of the claim handling process. As such, the methodology described may be used by motor insurers operating in the Spanish market to monitor the size of bodily injury claims. By using insurance data, various applications are presented in which the score estimate of disability severity is of value to insurers, either for computing the claim compensation or for claim reserve purposes.

Els enciams no són només per a l'amanida, també tenen cautxú

El cautxú és un polímer d'origen biològic que s'obté del làtex, un fluid d'aspecte lletós que es pot extreure de diverses plantes i que es fa servir com a primera matèria per manufacturar molts productes. També es pot produir de manera sintètica a partir de derivats del petroli, però de moment el natural presenta avantatges importants, com ara que és més elàstic i resistent a l'abrasió. Un nou estudi ha trobat una nova font de làtex: els enciams. L'hortalissa mediterrània podria passar de ser només un producte per a l'amanida a tenir un interès industrial, com ara fer rodes.

Determinants of the decision to appeal against motor bodily injury settlements awarded by Spanish trial courts

Automobile bodily injury disputes represent one of the main causes of litigation faced by Spanish Courts. In this paper a multinomial model is implemented to analyse which factors determine the decision to appeal against the verdicts of trial courts. Use of a dataset of motor insurance claims revealed differences between the determinants of a claimant’s decision to appeal and those of insurers. Among other results it is shown that discrepancies regarding the permanent disability sustained affect the insurer’s decision to appeal. In contrast, the claimant pays more attention to differences in the stated temporary disability. Conclusions are drawn regarding which factors could reduce the percentage of appealed cases.

Forecasting the maximum compensation offer in the automobile BI claims negotiation process

Most motor bodily injury (BI) claims are settled by negotiation, with fewer than 5% of cases going to court. A well-defined negotiation strategy is thus very useful for insurance companies. In this paper we assume that the monetary compensation awarded in court is the upper amount to be offered by the insurer in the negotiation process. Using a real database, a log-linear model is implemented to estimate the maximal offer. Non-spherical disturbances are detected. Correlation occurs when various claims are settled in the same judicial verdict. Group wise heteroscedasticity is due to the influence of the forensic valuation on the final compensation amount. An alternative approximation based on generalized inference theory is applied to estimate confidence intervals on variance components, since classical interval estimates may be unreliable for datasets with unbalanced structures.

Prediction of individual automobile RBNS claim reserves in the context of Solvency II

Automobile bodily injury (BI) claims remain unsettled for a long time after the accident. The estimation of an accurate reserve for Reported But Not Settled (RBNS) claims is therefore vital for insurers. In accordance with the recommendation included in the Solvency II project (CEIOPS, 2007) a statistical model is here implemented for RBNS reserve estimation. Lognormality on empirical compensation cost data is observed for different levels of BI severity. The individual claim provision is estimated by allocating the expected mean compensation for the predicted severity of the victim’s injury, for which the upper bound is also computed. The BI severity is predicted by means of a heteroscedastic multiple choice model, because empirical evidence has found that the variability in the latent severity of injured individuals travelling by car is not constant. It is shown that this methodology can improve the accuracy of RBNS reserve estimation at all stages, as compared to the subjective assessment that has traditionally been made by practitioners.

Estudi i simulació aerodinàmica amb programari de dinàmica de fluids computacional (CFD) en un model bàsic de vehicle de competició de la categoria CM (curses de muntanya)

Aquest projecte té com a objectiu la simulació numérica de la carrosseria d’ un vehicle de curses de muntanya de categoria CM

Automatització d'un procés de fabricació de peces plàstiques

RESUM L'automatització s'utilitza des de fa molts anys, tot i que va començar a agafar la definició que coneixem actualment al voltant dels anys seixanta i setanta, moment en què es comencen a comercialitzar els primers PLC. A partir d'aquí, el seu creixement ha estat exponencial. En aquest sentit, la tecnologia ha anat avançant i ha augmentat els components que la forma, per això a hores d'ara encara no sabem fins on podrà arribar i què aconseguirà. Per a la indústria tot això ha significat l'automatització de processos que fins ara utilitzaven molt mà d'obra, reduint-la dràsticament. Una de les indústries que més s'ha beneficiat de tots aquests avenços ha estat la de l'automoció, concretament les seves grans línies de producció, automatitzades a uns nivells que fins fa poc temps eren impensables. Aquest projecte forma part d'aquesta indústria, no directament per a la construcció de l'automòbil, sinó indirectament, ja que l'empresa per a la qual s'ha fet l'automatització fabrica peces plàstiques per a automòbils. Concretament, unes peces amb uns injerts metàl•lics conductors que es munten a tots els vehicles i s'utilitzen per accionar els neteja vidres dels cotxes. Aquest fet implica que la fabricació i el disseny de la peça sigui curosament vigilat i controlat per al client final, amb uns controls de qualitat extremadament exigents. El funcionament del procés de fabricació es fa a partir d'unes peces de plàstic produïdes per una injectora que es fan passar per unes estacions automatitzades, cada una de les quals fa una acció concreta per aconseguir el muntatge final.

Crisi global i ecologia

Des que es va fer públic el problema de les hipoteques d'alt risc als EUA, els analistes adverteixen de la possibilitat d'una recessió econòmica, la qual es comença a fer evident en el descens en les vendes d'automòbils, la baixada dels preus dels pisos de segona mà, l'augment excessiu de la inflació i el creixement del nombre d'aturats, que la Fundació de les Caixes d'Estalvis Espanyol es preveu que arribi al 9,5% l'any que ve [...].

La « Regle » de « l'Hospital de Saint Johan de Jerusalem ».

Commençant par : « A tous ceaus qui sont et qui à venir sont, faisons assavoir que la maison de Saint Johan Baptiste et des povres de Jerusalem... » et finissant par : «... fu fet le mol et cloze la marine dou bourc de Rodes » . Le texte, accompagné d'une glose marginale et de notes en langue catalane, se termine par une liste des grands maîtres de l'ordrejusqu'à Daude de Goson. Les dernières lignes sont d'une écriture postérieure. A la fin du volume, des tables et calculs d'astrologie.