Projeto de intervenção para lograr controle glicêmico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus Área Verde da Unidade de Atenção Primaria de Saúde Nova Era Do Município Juiz de Fora/Minas Gerais

O presente estudo tem como objetivo elaborar um plano de intervenção para pacientes diabéticos pertencentes à Estratégia de Saúde da Família, na área da equipe verde da UAPS Nova Era II. O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM 2) é uma doença crônica caracterizada por níveis de insulina inadequados tendo como resultado a hiperglicemia e tolerância à glicose alterada. Para reduzir os níveis glicêmicos e evitar as complicações da doença, são adotadas práticas de autocuidado como alimentação saudável, exercícios físicos e medicamentos. O processo de educação em saúde tem o propósito de ensinar sobre DM, promover mudanças nos estilos de vida com a participação ativa do paciente em seu tratamento com responsabilidade, incentivar o cumprimento das técnicas de autocuidado para lograr controle mais eficaz da doença e melhora global da qualidade de vida dos usuários diabéticos, prevenindo complicações tardias. As técnicas de Educação em Saúde individual e em grupo são eficientes como alternativas na prevenção e no tratamento da doença, mediante a conscientização da população à mudança de estilos de vida, além do potencial para a redução dos custos. O aprimoramento do paciente no automanejo aproxima o valor da HbA1c ao adequado. Existe correlação positiva entre o tempo de educação e o controle da glicemia. Realizou-se uma ampla revisão na literatura, artigos científicos publicados no período de 2001 a 2016, no banco de dados Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Saúde Pública (LILACs), A Biblioteca Científica Electrónica On-Line (SciELO) e Análise da Literatura Médica e Sistema de Recuperação on-line (MEDLINE), que fundamentou a elaboração do projeto de intervenção

Intervenção educativa em pacientes com diabetes mellitus na Estratégia Saúde da Família Diomício Souza Silva, Fronteira dos Vales- MG

Como um protótipo dos municípios do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucurí, o município Fronteira dos Vales/MG é assolado pela depauperação sociocultural. Falência esta contribuinte para parte das dificuldades de enfrentamento das doenças crônicas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo elaborar um plano de intervenção para os diabéticos adscritos na Estratégia de Saúde da Família Vida e Paz do município citado, pautado na educação em Diabetes Mellitus, apoiando-se na prevenção, no estímulo ao autocuidado, na promoção de mudanças do estilo de vida e na participação do usuário em seu próprio tratamento. Primeiro realizou-se uma revisão na literatura dos artigos científicos publicados no período de 2008 a 2015 no banco de dados Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Saúde Pública (LILACs), Scientific Eletronic Library on Line (SCIELO) e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE). Para elaborar o plano de intervenção utilizou-se o método de planejamento estratégico situacional. Verificou-se na literatura que a educação do paciente diabético sobre sua própria patologia, a seriedade das complicações, os mecanismos de prevenção, além das técnicas de autocuidado participativo enfatizam-se como preciosos elementos para o eficaz tratamento da doença. Não obstante, os resultados obtidos através da implantação de programas efetivos de educação em diabetes com estímulo ao autocuidado e a modificações comportamentais, são notadamente positivas, sobrepondo os custos relacionados a sua implementação. Esse projeto almeja proporcionar a tais pacientes um controle mais eficaz de sua doença bem como uma melhora global da qualidade de vida dos mesmos

Plano de intervenção para diminuir o elevado número de usuários com o risco de desenvolver o diabetes mellitus no PSF Landi I, Ribeirão das Neves - MG

O município de Ribeirão das Neves está localizado na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, a 32 km da capital, e possui uma população de 296.317 pessoas. A Equipe de Saúde da Família Landi I fez o diagnostico situacional, e identificou vários problemas de saúde dando prioridade ao elevado número de usuários com risco de desenvolver diabetes mellitus. A prevenção do Diabetes Mellitus envolve várias medidas para diminuir os fatores de risco. O objetivo deste trabalho é diminuir o elevado número de usuários com risco de desenvolver Diabetes Mellitus com a criação de um plano de intervenção para a realização de ações de promoção e prevenção de saúde. Por meio do método de estimativa rápida foram identificados e ranqueados os principais problemas que afetam a comunidade. Após a priorização do problema e identificação dos respectivos "nós críticos", o plano foi feito fundamentado no Planejamento Estratégico Situacional (PES). Inicialmente foi realizada a revisão da literatura a respeito do tema proposto utilizando bases de dados online Lilacs e Scielo, com os seguintes descritores: educação em saúde, fatores de risco e diabetes mellitus. Em síntese, o autocuidado em relação ao diabetes mellitus e as doenças associadas, a educação em saúde, a prática sistemática de exercícios físicos, e a dieta adequada, constituem importantes pilares para controlar os usuários com risco a desenvolver o Diabetes.

Projeto de intervenção para melhora do cuidado dos pacientes idosos com diabetes mellitus da Equipe Família Saudável, Senhora de Oliveira - MG

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Senhora de Oliveira, dentro da micro área do Estratégia Saúde da Família, Equipe Família Saudável da Unidade Básica de Saúde deste município. O público alvo deste trabalho foram os idosos com diabetes melittus, um grupo considerável dentro desta unidade básica. Escolheu-se trabalhar com esse publico devido à gravidade do diabetes melittus, um distúrbio metabólico que se não controlado por afetar gravemente a saúde e qualidade de vida do indivíduo, levando a lesões em órgãos-alvo e até mesmo ao óbito. No caso do público idoso, o trabalho se mostrou ainda mais importante, por seu um grupo de alta vulnerabilidade com maior risco de complicações, necessitando assim de maior cuidado. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver ações de intervenção para cuidado dos pacientes idosos com diabetes mellitus, para maior controle de glicemia e prevenção de complicações. Para isso, foram estabelecidas ações que contemplassem os seguintes nós críticos: falta de controle da glicemia, falta de conhecimento da população sobre os riscos e os cuidados necessários, falta de visitas domiciliares específicas e frequentes para esse grupo; falta de atualização da equipe sobre o assunto. Foram realizadas visitas domiciliares periódicas e ações de educação em saúde dentro do Hiperdia através de uma equipe multiprofissional. Espera-se com isso estimular os idosos a praticarem o autocuidado, adotarem hábitos saudáveis de vida, seguirem corretamente o tratamento proposto e assim controlarem o nível glicêmico em todos os estágios da doença, para que tenham qualidade de vida e um envelhecimento saudável.

Educação e prevenção em diabetes mellitus na estratégia saúde da família em Ibiá - MG: melhora metabólica e ganho na qualidade de vida

Nos dias atuais, as mudanças na alimentação e nos hábitos de vida têm sido uma grande preocupação para a área da saúde, pois se observa o aumento do sedentarismo e da alimentação inadequada, o que pode provocar ou agravar doenças como o Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Este trabalho objetivou elaborar um plano de intervenção com vistas à prevenção, controle e tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus. Na construção deste trabalho, realizou-se inicialmente uma pesquisa bibliográfica para subsidiar a elaboração do plano. O DM é uma enfermidade, que se não diagnosticada e tratada corretamente, acarreta uma série de consequências como cegueira, cardiopatias, amputação, entre outras. Além disso, seu tratamento é complexo e exige cuidado e disciplina. Por esse motivo, a importância de um trabalho educativo, buscando o controle e tratamento do paciente portador de Diabetes Mellitus. Com esta pesquisa, pode-se observar que foi importante a abordagem educativa por meio de projetos e informações para os diabéticos e a população em geral. A melhoria do atendimento também contribuiu muito para os participantes, pois nas reuniões e nas atividades desenvolvidas, os diabéticos participaram ativamente, e os relatórios mostraram melhoria no estado de saúde e no atendimento dos mesmos

Impaired Incretin Secretion And Pancreatic Dysfunction With Older Age And Diabetes.

To estimate the impact of aging and diabetes on insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, adipocytokines, and incretin production. Hyperglycemic clamps, arginine tests and meal tolerance tests were performed in 50 non-obese subjects to measure insulin sensitivity (IS) and insulin secretion as well as plasma levels of glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP. Patients with diabetes and healthy control subjects were divided into the following groups: middle-aged type 2 diabetes (MA-DM), aged Type 2 diabetes (A-DM) and middle-aged or aged subjects with normal glucose tolerance (MA-NGT or A-NGT). IS, as determined by the homeostasis model assessment, glucose infusion rate, and oral glucose insulin sensitivity, was reduced in the aged and DM groups compared with MA-NGT, but it was similar in the MA-DM and A-DM groups. Insulinogenic index, first and second phase insulin secretion and the disposition indices, but not insulin response to arginine, were reduced in the aged and DM groups. Postprandial glucagon production was higher in MA-DM compared to MA-NGT. Whereas the GLP-1 production was reduced in A-DM, no differences between groups were observed in GIP production. In non-obese subjects, diabetes and aging impair insulin sensitivity. Insulin production is reduced by aging, and diabetes exacerbates this condition. Aging associated defects superimposed diabetic physiopathology, particularly regarding GLP-1 production. On the other hand, the glucose-independent secretion of insulin was preserved. Knowledge of the complex relationship between aging and diabetes could support the development of physiopathological and pharmacological based therapies.

Self-reported Diabetes In Older People: Comparison Of Prevalences And Control Measures.

The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of diabetes in older people and the adopted control measures. Data regarding older diabetic individuals who participated in the Health Surveys conducted in the Municipality of Sao Paulo, SP, ISA-Capital, in 2003 and 2008, which were cross-sectional studies, were analyzed. Prevalences and confidence intervals were compared between 2003 and 2008, according to sociodemographic variables. The combination of the databases was performed when the confidence intervals overlapped. The Chi-square (level of significance of 5%) and the Pearson's Chi-square (Rao-Scott) tests were performed. The variables without overlap between the confidence intervals were not tested. The age of the older adults was 60-69 years. The majority were women, Caucasian, with an income of between > 0.5 and 2.5 times the minimum salary and low levels of schooling. The prevalence of diabetes was 17.6% (95%CI 14.9;20.6) in 2003 and 20.1% (95%CI 17.3;23.1) in 2008, which indicates a growth over this period (p at the limit of significance). The most prevalent measure adopted by the older adults to control diabetes was hypoglycemic agents, followed by diet. Physical activity was not frequent, despite the significant differences observed between 2003 and 2008 results. The use of public health services to control diabetes was significantly higher in older individuals with lower income and lower levels of education. Diabetes is a complex and challenging disease for patients and the health systems. Measures that encourage health promotion practices are necessary because they presented a smaller proportion than the use of hypoglycemic agents. Public health policies should be implemented, and aimed mainly at older individuals with low income and schooling levels. These changes are essential to improve the health condition of older diabetic patients.

Oxidative Stress And Susceptibility To Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Precedes The Onset Of Diabetes In Autoimmune Non-obese Diabetic Mice.

Beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (TID) is associated with cellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial pathway of cell death. The aim of this study was to determine whether oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are present in T1D model (non-obese diabetic mouse, NOD) and if they are related to the stages of disease development. NOD mice were studied at three stages: non-diabetic, pre-diabetic, and diabetic and compared with age-matched Balb/c mice. Mitochondria respiration rates measured at phosphorylating and resting states in liver and soleus biopsies and in isolated liver mitochondria were similar in NOD and Balb/c mice at the three disease stages. However, NOD liver mitochondria were more susceptible to calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition as determined by cyclosporine-A-sensitive swelling and by decreased calcium retention capacity in all three stages of diabetes development. Mitochondria H2O2 production rate was higher in non-diabetic, but unaltered in pre-diabetic and diabetic NOD mice. The global cell reactive oxygen species (ROS), but not specific mitochondria ROS production, was significantly increased in NOD lymphomononuclear and stem cells in all disease stages. In addition, marked elevated rates of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (H2DCF) oxidation were observed in pancreatic islets from non-diabetic NOD mice. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) and lipidomic approach, we identified oxidized lipid markers in NOD liver mitochondria for each disease stage, most of them being derivatives of diacylglycerols and phospholipids. These results suggest that the cellular oxidative stress precedes the establishment of diabetes and may be the cause of mitochondrial dysfunction that is involved in beta cell death.

Elevated Micronucleus Frequency In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia And Periodontitis.

The over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidative damage to a large number of molecules, including DNA, and has been associated with the pathogenesis of several disorders, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia and periodontitis (PD). We hypothesise that the presence of these diseases could proportionally increase the DNA damage. The aim of this study was to assess the micronucleus frequency (MNF), as a biomarker for DNA damage, in individuals with type 2 DM, dyslipidemia and PD. One hundred and fifty patients were divided into five groups based upon diabetic, dyslipidemic and periodontal status (Group 1 - poor controlled DM with dyslipidemia and PD; Group 2 - well-controlled DM with dyslipidemia and PD; Group 3 - without DM with dyslipidemia and PD; Group 4 - without DM, without dyslipidemia and with PD; and Group 5 - without DM, dyslipidemia and PD). Blood analyses were carried out for fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and lipid profile. Periodontal examinations were performed, and venous blood was collected and processed for micronucleus (MN) assay. The frequency of micronuclei was evaluated by cell culture cytokinesis-block MN assay. The general characteristics of each group were described by the mean and standard deviation and the data were submitted to the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Multiple Logistic Regression and Spearman tests. The Groups 1, 2 and 3 were similarly dyslipidemic presenting increased levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Periodontal tissue destruction and local inflammation were significantly more severe in diabetics, particularly in Group 1. Frequency of bi-nucleated cells with MN and MNF, as well as nucleoplasmic bridges, were significantly higher for poor controlled diabetics with dyslipidemia and PD in comparison with those systemically healthy, even after adjusting for age, and considering Bonferroni's correction. Elevated frequency of micronuclei was found in patients affected by type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and PD. This result suggests that these three pathologies occurring simultaneously promote an additional role to produce DNA impairment. In addition, the micronuclei assay was useful as a biomarker for DNA damage in individuals with chronic degenerative diseases.

Antioxidant And Anti-diabetic Potential Of Passiflora Alata Curtis Aqueous Leaves Extract In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (nod-mice).

Leaves of Passiflora alata Curtis were characterized for their antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant analyses of DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, ORAC and phenolic compounds were made in three different extracts: aqueous, methanol/acetone and ethanol. Aqueous extract was found to be the best solvent for recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, when compared with methanol/acetone and ethanol. To study the anti-inflammatory properties of this extract in experimental type 1 diabetes, NOD mice were divided into two groups: the P. alata group, treated with aqueous extract of P. alata Curtis, and a non-treated control group, followed by diabetes expression analysis. The consumption of aqueous extract and water ad libitum lasted 28 weeks. The treated-group presented a decrease in diabetes incidence, a low quantity of infiltrative cells in pancreatic islets and increased glutathione in the kidney and liver (p<0.05), when compared with the diabetic and non-diabetic control-groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that the consumption of aqueous extract of P. alata may be considered a good source of natural antioxidants and compounds found in its composition can act as anti-inflammatory agents, helping in the control of diabetes.

Factors Associated With The Age Of The Onset Of Diabetes In Women Aged 50 years Or More: A Population-based Study.

Investigate factors associated with the onset of diabetes in women aged more than 49 years. Cross-sectional, population-based study using self-reports with 622 women. The dependent variable was the age of occurrence of diabetes using the life table method. Cox multiple regression models were adjusted to analyse the onset of diabetes according to predictor variables. Sociodemographic, clinical and behavioural factors were evaluated. Of the 622 women interviewed, 22.7% had diabetes. The mean age at onset was 56 years. The factors associated with the age of occurrence of diabetes were self-rated health (very good, good) (coefficient=-0.792; SE of the coefficient=0.215; p=0.0001), more than two individuals living in the household (coefficient=0.656, SE of the coefficient=0.223; p=0.003), and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m(2)) at 20-30 years of age (coefficient= 0.056, SE of the coefficient=0.023; p=0.014). Self-rated health considered good or very good was associated with a higher rate of survival without diabetes. Sharing a home with two or more other people and a weight increase at 20-30 years of age was associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes.

[gestational Diabetes: Follow-up After Delivery.]

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Exercise Increases Pancreatic β-cell Viability In A Model Of Type 1 Diabetes Through Il-6 Signaling.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is provoked by an autoimmune assault against pancreatic β cells. Exercise training enhances β-cell mass in T1D. Here, we investigated how exercise signals β cells in T1D condition. For this, we used several approaches. Wild-type and IL-6 knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice were exercised. Afterward, islets from control and trained mice were exposed to inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β plus IFN-γ). Islets from control mice and β-cell lines (INS-1E and MIN6) were incubated with serum from control or trained mice or medium obtained from 5-aminoimidazole-4 carboxamide1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR)-treated C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Subsequently, islets and β cells were exposed to IL-1β plus IFN-γ. Proteins were assessed by immunoblotting, apoptosis was determined by DNA-binding dye propidium iodide fluorescence, and NO(•) was estimated by nitrite. Exercise reduced 25, 75, and 50% of the IL-1β plus IFN-γ-induced iNOS, nitrite, and cleaved caspase-3 content, respectively, in pancreatic islets. Serum from trained mice and medium from AICAR-treated C2C12 cells reduced β-cell death, induced by IL-1β plus IFN-γ treatment, in 15 and 38%, respectively. This effect was lost in samples treated with IL-6 inhibitor or with serum from exercised IL-6 KO mice. In conclusion, muscle contraction signals β-cell survival in T1D through IL-6.-Paula, F. M. M., Leite, N. C., Vanzela, E. C., Kurauti, M. A., Freitas-Dias, R., Carneiro, E. M., Boschero, A. C., and Zoppi, C. C. Exercise increases pancreatic β-cell viability in a model of type 1 diabetes through IL-6 signaling.

Reduced Lrp6 Expression And Increase In The Interaction Of Gsk3β With P53 Contribute To Podocyte Apoptosis In Diabetes Mellitus And Are Prevented By Green Tea.

In diabetes mellitus (DM), podocyte apoptosis leads to albuminuria and nephropathy progression. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is WNT pathway receptor that is involved in podocyte death, adhesion and motility. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) interaction with p53 (GSK3-p53) promotes apoptosis in carcinoma cells. It is unknown if GSK3-p53 contributes to podocyte apoptosis in DM. In experimental DM, green tea (GT) reduces albuminuria by an unknown mechanism. In the present study, we assessed the role of the GSK3β-p53 in podocyte apoptosis and the effects of GT on these abnormalities. In diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), GT prevents podocyte's p-LRP6 expression reduction, increased GSK3β-p53 and high p53 levels. In diabetic SHR rats, GT reduces podocyte apoptosis, foot process effacement and albuminuria. In immortalized mouse podocytes (iMPs), high glucose (HG), silencing RNA (siRNA) or blocking LRP6 (DKK-1) reduced p-LRP6 expression, leading to high GSK3β-p53, p53 expression, apoptosis and increased albumin influx. GSK3β blockade by BIO reduced GSK3β-p53 and podocyte apoptosis. In iMPs under HG, GT reduced apoptosis and the albumin influx by blocking GSK3β-p53 following the rise in p-LRP6 expression. These effects of GT were prevented by LRP6 siRNA or DKK-1. In conclusion, in DM, WNT inhibition, via LRP6, increases GSK3β-p53 and podocyte apoptosis. Maneuvers that inactivate GSK3β-p53, such as GT, may be renoprotective in DM.

Surgical Treatment Of Type 2 Diabetes In Subjects With Mild Obesity: Mechanisms Underlying Metabolic Improvements.

This study aims to assess the clinical and physiological effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) on type 2 diabetes associated with mild obesity (body mass index [BMI] 30-34.9 kg/m(2)) over 24 months postsurgery. In this prospective trial, 36 mildly obese subjects (19 males) with type 2 diabetes using oral antidiabetic drugs with (n = 24) or without insulin (n = 12) underwent RYGBP. Follow-up was conducted at baseline and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postsurgery. The following endpoints were considered: changes in HbA1c, fasting glucose and insulin, antidiabetic therapy, BMI, oral glucose insulin sensitivity [OGIS, from meal tolerance test (MTT)], beta-cell secretory function [ΔCP(0-30)/ΔGlu(0-30) (ΔC-peptide/Δglucose ratio, MTT 0-30 min), disposition index (DI = OGIS [Symbol: see text] ΔCP(0-30)/ΔGlu(0-30)], glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) [incremental area under the curve (AUCi)], adiponectin, C-reactive protein, and lipids. All subjects achieved normal-to-overweight BMI after 3 months. Over 24 months, 31/36 (86 %) subjects presented HbA1c <7 % [complete and partial remission of diabetes in 9/36 (22 %) and 1/36 (3 %), respectively]. Since 3 months postsurgery, improvements were observed in OGIS [290 (174) to 373 (77) ml/min/m(2), P = 0.009], ΔCP(0-30)/ΔGlu(0-30) [0.24 (0.19) to 0.52 (0.34) ng/mg, P = 0.001], DI [7.16 (8.53) to 19.8 (15.4) (ng/mg) (ml/min/m(2)), P = 0.001], GLP-1 AUCi [0.56 (0.64) to 3.97 (3.86) ng/dl [Symbol: see text] 10 min [Symbol: see text] 103, P = 0.000], and GIP AUCi [30.2 (12.6) to 27.0 (20.2) ng/dl [Symbol: see text] 10 min [Symbol: see text] 103, P = 0.004]. At baseline and after 12 months, subjects with diabetes nonremission had longer diabetes duration, higher HbA1c, lower beta-cell secretory function, and higher first 30-min GIP AUCi, compared with those with remission. RYGBP improves the glucose metabolism in subjects with type 2 diabetes and mild obesity. This effect is associated with improvement of insulin sensitivity, beta-cell secretory function, and incretin secretion.