Filosofia - kaikkien tieteiden äiti ja hampaaton isoäiti

Kirjoitus perustuu puheenvuoroon Tieteellisten seurain valtuuskunnan järjestämänä Unescon Maailman tiedepäivänä 10.11.2005.

El mestre ignorant: la filosofia de l'educació de Joseph Jacotot

El mestre ignorant és, per definició, la condició d"impossibilitat de la pedagogia. Potser no de tota, però sí de la pedagogia, almenys tal com l"hem entès fins ara (suposant que es pugui entendre absolutament d"una altra manera sense estar parlant ja d"una altra cosa). És per això que, com a màxim, només en els seus marges hi podria tenir lloc una proposta com la que glossaré aquí. Una proposta que, bo i partint de les idees de Joseph Jacotot (1770-1840), planteja la contingència del mestre, és a dir, que a l"hora d"aprendre uns continguts fa prescindible la figura d"algú que els expliqui. En altres paraules, fa que aquells que volen aprendre alguna cosa no hagin de dependre d"un mestre que ho hagi après abans, ni del mestre que va ensenyar aquell mestre, i així successivament, trencant d"aquesta manera el cercle de la transmissió pedagògica - almenys pel que fa al procés instructiu. Tanmateix, això és només la punta de l"iceberg i més avall hi aprofundirem. Però fem ara una mirada enrere, tot just quan se li van presentar a Jacotot els seus primers deixebles belgues per estudiar francès.

Presentació. El diàleg, entre la tragèdia i la filosofia

Plató és autor d"uns Diàlegs fonamentals en la història d"allò que abans s"anomenava «la nostra» cultura, la cultura d"Occident; no hi deu haver ningú que ignori aquesta dada bàsica, elemental; i potser per això mateix pot semblar sorprenent que calgui reblar-ho. Ara bé, el fet de preguntar-se amb calma per quins motius el primer monument filosòfic que reconeixem en part, almenys com a «nostre» adopta la forma dialògica no constitueix cap platitud anacrònica, si es fa amb cura, ni mereix un encongiment d"espatlles com a tota resposta.

Filosofia i pedagogia: notes sobre una posició limítrofa

Parlar d'alguna cosa implica distanciar-se'n. El títol mateix d'un text ja fa un efecte de distanciament perquè, en assenyalar el 'tema' del discurs, marca una posició d'exterioritat respecte a allò de què hom vol tractar. Per aixo, titulant aquest treball 'Filosofia i Pedagogia' indiquem que, respecte a aquestes 'coses', no donarem res per suposat. 0, almenys, que els supòsits hauran d'ésser explicitats. Que són justament aquestes coses que es plantegen com un problema. El nostre punt de partença és, dones, una pregunta: Quan parlem de 'Pedagogia' o de 'Filosofia', de què parlem?

Para além das fronteiras da química: relações entre filosofia, psicologia e ensino de química

The concepts of molecule and of molecular structure are so central to understand chemical phenomena that seems to be no doubt about the uniqueness of its meanings. Nevertheless, the idea that the world exhibits a multiform structure and that to different spheres of the world correspond different ways of knowing (Berger & Luckmann, 1967) has received support from different areas of scientific inquiry. Bachelard (1940, 1982) showed that a single philosophical doctrine is not enough to describe all the different ways of thinking when we try to explain a single concept. Wooley's question about the possibility of deducing the concept of molecular structure from quantum theory (Wooley, 1978) strengthened the feasibility of thinking the concept of molecule as a profile that encompasses different meanings. Moreover, research on students' learning of scientific concepts have brought to light that students use several ideas to explain scientific and everyday phenomena which are different from those learned in formal schooling. These ideas are not extinguished or replaced by scientific concepts, despite the efforts to do so in science classes. The common sense and scientific ways of understanding and talking about reality seems to be complementary in the same sense of the Bohr's complementarity (Halliday & Martin, 1993). So, we have to include in our profile of the concept of molecule not only scientific but also common sense zones. Drawing from Bachelard's notion of epistemological profile, from the history of science and from the research on children's ideas in science, we have developed the idea of a conceptual profile and used it to analyse basic scientific concepts, such as the concepts of matter and physical states of matter (Mortimer, 1995) and to investigate new ways to teach them. In the present paper, we will discuss the zones that might constitute a conceptual profile of molecule. The need of complementary views to account for the molecular structure in different contexts bring important issues for understanding and teaching chemistry, which will be discussed further in the article.

Controle de autenticidade de óleos de copaíba comerciais por cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução

Copaiba oil is a resin extracted from the trunk of trees of Copaifera species which grow in Brazil where it is widely used in popular medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antiseptic anti-bactericidal, diuretic, dermatological, expectorant, and anti-infective. The comparative study of the composition of commercial copaiba oils was carried out by high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS) analysis. The commercial oils were compared with authentic oils, collected from the southeast and northern regions of Brazil. Sixteen commercial oils were analysed and two of them revealed adulterations with fatty acids. Using the chromatographic profile of authentic copaiba species oils, it is possible to analyse commercial oils and determine the authenticity of these materials.

Uso de métodos analíticos convencionados no estudo da autenticidade do óleo de copaíba

The acidity and ester index are suggested, as simple and cheap methods, adequate to be employed in the study of the authenticity of copaíba oil by small drugstores and export firms. The acidity index permits both the detection and the evaluation of the content of adulteration of copaíba oil. The ester index permits to know if the adulterant either contain ester compounds,as the case of fatty oils, or contain only non saponifiable compounds as is the case of ethyl alchool or mineral oil. The results of the aplication of the methods to eight commercial samples, of copaiba oil, where three samples were adultered, are coherent with those obtained by more sophisticated instrumental methods.

Química e filosofia: rumo a uma frutífera colaboração

This review seeks to present a brief history of the philosophy of chemistry and the major issues discussed in the framework of this emerging discipline of philosophy of science, such as the question of physicalist reductionism and physical and chemical causality. In this vein, it also addresses the current debate over relevant issues of chemical world such as atomic orbitals, molecular structure, chemical bonding, models and explanations, as well as the foundations of the periodic table. Finally, the importance of the link between the philosophy of chemistry and chemistry education is analyzed, especially in relation to teacher training.

A Quixote mulher - ficção e filosofia

Neste artigo, apresento uma interpretação feminista do romance The Female Quixote, de Charlotte Lennox, publicado em 1752. Em minha hipótese, Lennox responde às acusações de que romances são falsos e, por isso, repreensíveis, ao defender o gênero enquanto instrumento de crítica social e meio de transmissão e obtenção de conhecimentos das mulheres. Assim, ao mesmo tempo em que atribui valor ético, político e epistêmico a narrativas ficcionais, ela contribui também para uma reconceptualização dos conceitos de "verdadeiro" e "falso".