Effet de la galanine sur le système nerveux cardiaque intrinsèque.‎

Les neurones cholinergiques et adrénergiques efférents du système nerveux cardiaque ‎intrinsèque (SNCI) sont impliqués dans la régulation de la fonction cardiaque chronotrope. ‎La galanine, peptide présent et libéré dans les terminaisons nerveuses cardiaques, est capable ‎de diminuer la libération de l’acétylcholine. Notre hypothèse est d’étudier la possibilité que ‎la galanine puisse agir comme un peptide neuromodulateur inhibiteur dans les neurones du ‎SNCI chez le rat. Les oreillettes et les tissus associés du SNCI sont isolés à partir de rats ‎Sprague-Dawley et perfusés en vitro. Les valeurs de la fréquence auriculaire mesurées d’un ‎battement à l’autre sont tirées à partir d’un enregistrement bipolaire auriculaire. La perfusion ‎de la nicotine en forme de bolus (avec des concentrations dans le bain de 20-250 µm) a ‎induit des réponses biphasiques composées d’une réponse chronotrope négative au début ‎suivie d’une réponse chronotrope positive. Au cours de la superfusion de la galanine ‎‎(170 nM), les réponses chronotropes positives à la nicotine sont réduites chez 12/14 ‎préparations (contrôle : 21,35 ± 17,4 à galanine : 5,46 ± 8,0 bpm, n = 14, p = 0,02), tandis que ‎les réponses chronotropes négatives sont réduites chez 8 /14 préparations et affichent une ‎tendance générale vers la réduction (contrôle : -16,09 ± 14,7, galanine : -12,53 ± 13,2 bpm). ‎On peut conclure que la galanine agit comme un peptide neuromodulateur inhibiteur dans les ‎SNCI chez le rat, en modifiant de préférence la stimulation nicotinique de neurones ‎adrénergiques.‎

Modélisation de l’activité électrique des oreillettes avant et après ablation par cathéter

- Réalisé au centre de recherche de l'hospital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal. - Programme conjoint entre Université de Montréal et École Polytechnique de Montréal.

“La Felicidad incluye a todos”. La construcción de un barrio mezclado en Bogotá.

El trabajo se enmarca en las discusiones relacionadas con segregación espacial, segregación social y construcción de barrios mezclados. Específicamente, selecciona el caso de La Felicidad: ciudad parque en Bogotá como un ejemplo que sirve para analizar las políticas públicas enfocadas en disminuir la segregación residencial en la ciudad a partir de la construcción de un vecindario que está compuesto por vivienda de interés social y vivienda regular. A partir de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos se analiza cómo esta funcionando esta propuesta urbana.

Genistein affects the expression of genes involved in blood pressure regulation and angiogenesis in primary human endothelial cells

Background: Several lines of evidence suggest that the dietary isoflavone genistein (Gen) has beneficial effects with regard to cardiovascular disease and in particular on aspects related to blood pressure and angiogenesis. The biological action of Gen may be, at Least in part, attributed to its ability to affect cell signalling and response. However, so far, most of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of Gen in the endothelium are unknown. Methods and results: To examine the transcriptional response to 2.5 mu M Gen on primary human endothelial cells (HUVEC), we applied cDNA array technology both under baseline condition and after treatment with the pro-atherogenic stimulus, copper-oxidized LDL. The alteration of the expression patterns of individual transcripts was substantiated using either RT-PCR or Northern blotting. Gen significantly affected the expression of genes encoding for proteins centrally involved in the vascular tone such as endothelin-converting enzyme-1, endothetin-2, estrogen related receptor a and atria[ natriuretic peptide receptor A precursor. Furthermore, Gen countered the effect of oxLDL on mRNA levels encoding for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 165, types 1 and 2. Conclusions: Our data indicate that physiologically achievable levels of Gen change the expression of mRNA encoding for proteins involved in the control of blood pressure under baseline conditions and reduce the angiogenic response to oxLDL in the endothelium. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Disruption of the circadian clock within the cardiomyocyte influences myocardial contractile function, metabolism, and gene expression

Virtually every mammalian cell, including cardiomyocytes, possesses an intrinsic circadian clock. The role of this transcriptionally based molecular mechanism in cardiovascular biology is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the circadian clock within the cardiomyocyte influences diurnal variations in myocardial biology. We, therefore, generated a cardiomyocyte-specific circadian clock mutant (CCM) mouse to test this hypothesis. At 12 wk of age, CCM mice exhibit normal myocardial contractile function in vivo, as assessed by echocardiography. Radiotelemetry studies reveal attenuation of heart rate diurnal variations and bradycardia in CCM mice (in the absence of conduction system abnormalities). Reduced heart rate persisted in CCM hearts perfused ex vivo in the working mode, highlighting the intrinsic nature of this phenotype. Wild-type, but not CCM, hearts exhibited a marked diurnal variation in responsiveness to an elevation in workload (80 mmHg plus 1 mu M epinephrine) ex vivo, with a greater increase in cardiac power and efficiency during the dark (active) phase vs. the light (inactive) phase. Moreover, myocardial oxygen consumption and fatty acid oxidation rates were increased, whereas cardiac efficiency was decreased, in CCM hearts. These observations were associated with no alterations in mitochondrial content or structure and modest mitochondrial dysfunction in CCM hearts. Gene expression microarray analysis identified 548 and 176 genes in atria and ventricles, respectively, whose normal diurnal expression patterns were altered in CCM mice. These studies suggest that the cardiomyocyte circadian clock influences myocardial contractile function, metabolism, and gene expression.

The Heart of the South American Rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Remodelamento cardíaco: análise seriada e índices de detecção precoce de disfunção ventricular

FUNDAMENTO: A estenose aórtica supravalvar (EAo) é utilizada para o estudo da remodelação cardíaca (RC) por sobrecarga pressórica. Nesse modelo, não estão claramente estabelecidos o comportamento da RC desde a fase inicial, nem os melhores parâmetros para a identificação da disfunção ventricular. OBJETIVOS: 1) Caracterizar, precoce e evolutivamente, as modificações morfofuncionais durante a RC em ratos com EAo e 2) identificar o índice mais sensível para detecção do momento do aparecimento da disfunção diastólica e sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos - controle (GC, n=13) e EAo (GEAo, n=24) - e estudados nas 3ª, 6ª, 12ª e 18ª semanas pós-cirurgia. Os corações foram analisados por meio de ecocardiograma (ECO). RESULTADOS: Ao final do experimento, as relações do VE, do ventrículo direito e dos átrios com o peso corporal final foram aumentadas no GEAo. O ECO mostrou que o átrio esquerdo sofreu uma remodelação significativa a partir da 6ª semana. No GEAo, a porcentagem de encurtamento endocárdico apresentou queda significativa a partir da 12ª semana e a porcentagem de encurtamento mesocárdico, na 18ª semana. A relação onda E e onda A (E/A) foi superior no GC em comparação ao GEAo em todos os momentos analisados. CONCLUSÕES: O ventrículo esquerdo dos ratos com EAo, durante o processo de remodelação, apresentou hipertrofia concêntrica, disfunção diastólica precoce e melhoria da função sistólica, com posterior deterioração do desempenho. Além disso, constatou-se que os índices ecocardiográficos mais sensíveis para a detecção da disfunção diastólica e sistólica são, respectivamente, a relação E/A e a porcentagem de encurtamento endocárdico.

Stress-induced subsensitivity to catecholamines depends on the estrous cycle

In this article we compare how sensitivity to the chronotropic effect of noradrenaline and adrenaline of right atria isolated from female rats is modified after repeated swimming or foot-shock stress, under the influence of the estrous cycle. Right atria from stressed female rats sacrificed at diestrus were subsensitive to both catecholamines, irrespective of the stressor agent. However, although subsensitivity to noradrenaline was of similar intensity, subsensitivity to adrenaline was more pronounced in right atria from foot shock stressed rats as opposed to swimming-stressed rats. Identical stress protocols did not induce any alteration in atrial sensitivity to catecholamines when the stressed female rats were sacrificed at estrus. We conclude that the stress reaction concerning the mediation of cardiac chronotropism by catecholamines is related to the severity of the stressor agent and is strongly influenced by the estrous cycle.

Modulation of coronary flow and cardiomyocyte size by sensory fibers

Cardiac tissue is densely innervated by sensory neurons that an believed to play important modulatory roles in cardiac functions. In this study, pretreatment of neonate mts with capsaicin was performed. In adult rats, cardiomyocyte size and amount of fibrous tissue in left ventricles as well as in vitro coronary flow were evaluated, the chronotropic and inotropic responses to beta-adrenoceptor agonists (norepinephrine and isoproterenol), muscarinic agonists (carbachol and pilocarpine), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were also investigated with the use of the isolated right atria preparation. Capsaicin pretreatment significantly (P<0.05) reduced both basal coronary flow (18% reduction) and cardiomyocyte size (34% reduction) without affecting the amount of fibrous tissues in the left ventricles. The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects in response to norepinephrine in the isolated rat heart did not significantly differ between control and capsaicin-treated rats, Similarly, the positive chronotropic effects in response to norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and CGRP as well as the negative chronotropic responses to carbachol and pilocarpine in the isolated light atria were not affected by capsaicin pretreatment, Our data are consistent with the suggestion that reductions of both basal coronary flow and cardiomyocyte size seen in hearts from capsaicin-pretreated rats may be consequences of CGRP depletion. The cardiomyocyte size reduction produced by capsaicin treatment may be related to a modulatory role of CGRP as a growth factor.

Sino-aortic denervation causes right atrial beta adrenoceptor down-regulation

Rat isolated right atria obtained 1 wk after sinoaortic denervation were less sensitive to the chronotropic actions of beta-agonists than were tissues obtained from animals that underwent sham surgery or no surgery at all. The potencies, but not the maximal responses for two high efficacy agonists, norepinephrine and isoproterenol, were reduced about 3- to 4-fold. Sinoaortic denervation (SAD) caused about a 3-fold decrease in potency and about a 60% decrease in maximal response for a low efficacy agonist, prenalterol. The changes in the actions of these agonists occurred in the absence of any changes in the subtype of beta receptor mediating the chronotropic response. The results of analyses of the data for prenalterol showed that SAD caused a decrease in the operational efficacy of this agonist without any changes in its K-D value for beta-1 adrenoceptors. SAD had no effect on the responses of the tissue to blockade of uptake 1 and uptake 2, suggesting no compensatory changes in the removal processes caused the decreased potency. The results of radioligand binding assays showed that SAD caused a decrease in the maximal binding of I-125-cyanopindolol without altering its K-D. Also, the results of competition binding assays confirmed the lack of effect of SAD on the K-D for prenalterol. The SAD-induced changes in the actions of agonists acting at right atrial beta-1 receptors were caused by a down-regulation of beta-1 adrenoceptors, which probably occurred in response to SAD-induced increases in sympathetic tone.

Influencia da elevacao sustentada da pressao arterial sobre a dP/dt do ventriculo esquerdo mantendo-se constante a pressao diastolica do ventriculo esquerdo

Purpose - To evaluate the influence of sustained elevations of arterial pressure on dP/dt values, which the left ventricular end diastolic pressure was kept constant. Methods - Thirteen anesthetized dogs, mechanically ventilated and submitted to thoracotomy and pharmacological autonomic block (atropine - 0.5 mg/kg IV + oxprenolol - 3 mg/kg IV) were studied. The arterial pressure elevation was obtained by mechanical constriction of the descending thoracic aorta. Analyses were made in control (C) situation and after two successives increments of arterial pressure, sustained for 10min, called hypertension 1 (H1) and hypertension 2 (H2), respectively. The end diastolic left ventricular pressure was kept constant by utilization of a perfusion system connected to the left atria. Results - Heart rate did not change (C: 125 ± 13.9bpm; H1: 125 ± 13.5bpm; H2: 123 ± 14.1bpm; p > 0.05); the LVSP increased (C: 119 ± 8.1mmHg; H1: 142 ± 7.9mmHg; H2: 166 ± 7.7mmHg; p < 0.01); the AoDP increased (C: 89 ± 11.6mmHg; H1: 99 ± 9.5mmHg; H2: 120 ± 11.8mmHg; p < 0.01); the LVEDP (C: 6.2 ± 2.48mmHg; H1: 6.3 ± 2.43mmHg; H2: 6.1 ± 2.51mmHg; p > 0.05) and the dP/dt (C: 3068 ± 1057.1mmHg/s; 3112 ± 995.7mmHg/s; H2: 3086 ± 979.5mmHg/s; p > 0.05) did not change. Conclusion - dP/dt values are not influenced by a sustained elevation of arterial pressure, when the end diastolic left ventricular pressure is kept constant.

Structural characteristics of the superior venae cavae wall at the intrapericardium segment in adults and aging individuals

The authors admit that the conjunctive-muscular constitution of the walls of the superior venae cavae throughout the length of the intrapericardium segment and the debouchement in the right atrium, associated with the presence of a myocardium sheath can be made up of a functional device of sphincter form able to act on the control of the blood flow to the interior of the arterial chamber as well as stopping blood flow during the arterial systole. The fixation of the venous wall to the deep chamber of the serous pericardium, contributes to growth in resistance during the elevation of venous pressure, making possible the preservation of integrity of the superior venae cavae. The expansion of fasciculi of nodal fibers in the right wall of the superior venae cavae permits that the unlocked impulse in the S-A node also reaches the vascular wall contributing to the shortening and diminution in caliber of the vein.

Estratificación y movilidad social en América Latina: transformaciones estructurales de un cuarto de siglo

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Estratificación y movilidad social en América Latina. Una agenda de trabajo

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