c&d-learning implementation architecture: Adapting e-learning to developing countries

From the educational point of view, the most widespread method in developing countries is on-site education. Technical and economic resources cannot support conventional distance learning infrastructures and it is even worse for courses in universities. They usually suffer a lack of qualified faculty staff, especially in technical degrees. The literature suggest that e-learning is a suitable solution for this problem, but its methods are developed attending to educational necessities of the First World and cannot be applied directly to other contexts. The proposed methodology is a variant of traditional e-learning adapted to the needs of developing countries. E-learning for Cooperation and Development (c&d-learning) is oriented to be used for educational institutions without adequate technical or human resources. In this paper we describe the c&d-learning implementation architecture based on three main phases: hardware, communication and software; e.g. computer and technical equipping, internet accessing and e-learning platform adaptation. Proper adaptation of educational contents to c&d-learning is discussed and a real case of application in which the authors are involved is described: the Ngozi University at Burundi.

Primera parte de la Coronica general de toda España, y especialmente del Reyno de Valencia donde se tratan los estraños acaecimie[n]tos que del diluuio ... hasta los tiempos del rey don Iayme de Aragon en españa se siguieron ...

Sign.: [calderon]8, A-N8

Feliz sucesso, de la causa de la Inmaculada Concepcion de Maria Santissima, conseguido a instancias del Rey N. S. hechas en su Real nombre por ... Don Luis Crespi de Borja, Obispo de Placencia, ... dase cuenta de las cartas de su Santidad, y otras personas grandes, escritas al Rey nuestro señor, y estimacion grande, que ha hecho ... de esta nueva

Contiene: Correspondencia de diversos personajes eclesiásticos y civiles a Felipe II con motivo del Breve del Papa Alejandro VII acerca de la Inmaculada Concepción de María

Folla real que en celebridad de los años de la magestad de la reina Isabela ... mando executar el ... principe de Campoflorido ... Capitan General del reino de Valencia, &c. en ... su palacio el dia 25 de octubre de este año 1728 : [sainetes]

Texto en español e italiano

C'est Leopold de Saxe Cobourgo premier Roi de Belges [Material gráfico]

Resumen: Descripción: en primer término dos mujeres rodeadas de varios niños señalan la llegada del Rey Leopoldo de Sajonia Coburgo a Bélgica en 1831

Carta, 1593 mayo 12, Valencia, al rey, sobre arrendamiento del trinquete de pelota [Manuscrito]

Firmado

Crystal structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus

We report the crystal structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus, a major human pathogen, to 2.8-Å resolution. This enzyme is a key target for developing specific antiviral therapy. The structure of the catalytic domain contains 531 residues folded in the characteristic fingers, palm, and thumb subdomains. The fingers subdomain contains a region, the “fingertips,” that shares the same fold with reverse transcriptases. Superposition to the available structures of the latter shows that residues from the palm and fingertips are structurally equivalent. In addition, it shows that the hepatitis C virus polymerase was crystallized in a closed fingers conformation, similar to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in ternary complex with DNA and dTTP [Huang H., Chopra, R., Verdine, G. L. & Harrison, S. C. (1998) Science 282, 1669–1675]. This superposition reveals the majority of the amino acid residues of the hepatitis C virus enzyme that are likely to be implicated in binding to the replicating RNA molecule and to the incoming NTP. It also suggests a rearrangement of the thumb domain as well as a possible concerted movement of thumb and fingertips during translocation of the RNA template-primer in successive polymerization rounds.

CENP-C reshapes and stabilizes CENP-A nucleosomes at the centromere

Inheritance of each chromosome depends upon its centromere. A histone H3 variant, centromere protein A (CENP-A), is essential for epigenetically marking centromere location. We find that CENP-A is quantitatively retained at the centromere upon which it is initially assembled. CENP-C binds to CENP-A nucleosomes and is a prime candidate to stabilize centromeric chromatin. Using purified components, we find that CENP-C reshapes the octameric histone core of CENP-A nucleosomes, rigidifies both surface and internal nucleosome structure, and modulates terminal DNA to match the loose wrap that is found on native CENP-A nucleosomes at functional human centromeres. Thus, CENP-C affects nucleosome shape and dynamics in a manner analogous to allosteric regulation of enzymes. CENP-C depletion leads to rapid removal of CENP-A from centromeres, indicating their collaboration in maintaining centromere identity.

Chronica del sancto rey don Fernando tercero deste nombre : que gano a Seuilla y a toda el Andaluzia : cuyo cuerpo esta en la sancta yglesia de Seuilla.

Segunda fecha tomada del colofón

Ioannis Fabri Luculenta commentaria super Codice Clarissimi ... Ioannis Fabri ... In Iustinian. Codicem breuiarium ... vtilissimum in lucem prodit ta[n]ta vigila[n]tia castigatum, ut quae hactenus deprauata, omissaq[ue] fueru[n]t ... nu[n]c eme[n]datiora reddu[n]tur : vnà etiam cu[m] Insigni torturaru[m] ac questionu[m] repetitione necno[n] De insignijs & armis D. Bartoli tractatu elega[n]tissimo : adiecta nuperrimè fueru[n]t praescriptis Breuiario, Repatitioni, & Tratatui summaria numeris distincta in locupletissima[m] tabula[m] per eleme[n]toru[m] alphabeti seriem distributa[m] dece[n]tissime co[n]gesta

Mode of access: Internet.

Accademia celebrata nella citta dell'Aquila per il cumpleanos, & erettione della statua di S.M.C. Carlo II. Re delle Spagne, A' 6 nouembre 1675 : con relatione delle feste antecedenti, e sussequenti ... sotto la direttione ... Emmanuel Giuseppe de Sesse.

Con pag. y signaturas propias: "Relación sucinta de las fiestas que dispuso en la fideliss. Ciudad del Aguila al Cumpleaños dela Magestad de Carlos Segu[n]do ... el dia seis Nouiembre, con auerle ynalzado una Estatua de Marmol ... Manuel Joseph de Sesse ...

Eloge historique de M. Molin, médecin consultant du Roi, &c.

Mode of access: Internet.

Tres-humble remonstrance et requeste adressee a la maiesté catholique de Philippe IV, Roy d'Espagne, [et]c. sur la nouvelle pretension des apotiquaires contre les anciens droits et privileges des medecins. Par quelques uns des plus zelez du bien public, [et] de l'honneur de leur art.

Mode of access: Internet.