Familiengeschichten. Biografie und familiärer Kontext seit dem 18. Jahrhundert

Die Biografie eines Einzelnen ist immer zugleich eine Familiengeschichte. Die Familienverhältnisse werden als prägende Faktoren in die (auto-)biografischen Darstellungen einbezogen. Diesem Zusammenhang zwischen Familie und Biografie gehen hier Autorinnen und Autoren aus Literaturwissenschaft, Historischer Pädagogik und Geschichtswissenschaft nach.

Die Sakralisierung des Alpenraums: Kulturelle Interpretationsmuster der rätischen Kapuzinermission (17. und 18. Jh.)

The Capuchins of the Rhaetic Missions had to deal with local forms of catholic piety, which for them were almost as exotic as the religious practices of non-Christian communities in Asia or America. Therefore they regarded it as their task to propagate the true faith among the “schismatic” Catholics from the Grisons. For this purpose, the Capuchins developed a particular pattern of interpretation: They created a sacred territory in which the divine grace can be experienced by the faithful. Hence the missionaries built new churches and chapels, decorated the old ones in baroque style and brought numerous of holy relics from Italy. Thus, they enforced the sacralisation of the alpine space. Recent developments in cultural studies and social sciences make it possible to capture such processes of spacing more precisely. In the course of the “spatial turn”, space is no longer conceived as a physical entity but now is regarded as a human construct. The paper discusses possibilities and limitations of “space” as an analytical category for the study of mission within Catholicism. The sociological concept of space developed by Martina Löw (2001) is used as starting point. This allows the simultaneous consideration of social interactions and cultural contexts in construction of “sacred space”.

Comparative effects of Teriparatide and Risedronate in glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis in men: 18‐month results of the EuroGIOPs trial

Data on treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) in men are scarce. We performed a randomized, open-label trial in men who have taken glucocorticoids (GC) for ≥3 months, and had an areal bone mineral density (aBMD) T-score ≤ –1.5 standard deviations. Subjects received 20 μg/d teriparatide (n = 45) or 35 mg/week risedronate (n = 47) for 18 months. Primary objective was to compare lumbar spine (L1–L3) BMD measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Secondary outcomes included BMD and microstructure measured by high-resolution QCT (HRQCT) at the 12th thoracic vertebra, biomechanical effects for axial compression, anterior bending, and axial torsion evaluated by finite element (FE) analysis from HRQCT data, aBMD by dual X-ray absorptiometry, biochemical markers, and safety. Computed tomography scans were performed at 0, 6, and 18 months. A mixed model repeated measures analysis was performed to compare changes from baseline between groups. Mean age was 56.3 years. Median GC dose and duration were 8.8 mg/d and 6.4 years, respectively; 39.1% of subjects had a prevalent fracture, and 32.6% received prior bisphosphonate treatment. At 18 months, trabecular BMD had significantly increased for both treatments, with significantly greater increases with teriparatide (16.3% versus 3.8%; p = 0.004). HRQCT trabecular and cortical variables significantly increased for both treatments with significantly larger improvements for teriparatide for integral and trabecular BMD and bone surface to volume ratio (BS/BV) as a microstructural measure. Vertebral strength increases at 18 months were significant in both groups (teriparatide: 26.0% to 34.0%; risedronate: 4.2% to 6.7%), with significantly higher increases in the teriparatide group for all loading modes (0.005 < p < 0.015). Adverse events were similar between groups. None of the patients on teriparatide but five (10.6%) on risedronate developed new clinical fractures (p = 0.056). In conclusion, in this 18-month trial in men with GIO, teriparatide showed larger improvements in spinal BMD, microstructure, and FE-derived strength than risedronate.

The Effects of Flowline Length Evolution on Chemistry-Delta O-18 Profiles from Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada

The isotopic and chemical signatures for ice-age and Holocene ice from Summit, Greenland and Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada, arc compared. The usual pattern of low delta(18)O, high Ca2+ and high Cl- is presented in the Summit records, but Penny Ice Cap has lower than present Cl- in its ice-age ice. A simple extension of the Hansson model (Hansson, 1994) is developed and used to simulate these signatures. The low ice-age Cl- from Penny Ice Cap is explained by having the ice-age ice originating many thousands of km inland near the centre of the Laurentide ice sheet and much further from the marine sources. Summit's flowlines all start close to the present site. The Penny Ice Cap early-Holocene delta(18)O's had to be corrected to offset the Laurentide meltwater distortion. The analysis suggests that presently the Summit and Penny Ice Cap marine impurity originates about,500 km away, and that presently Penny Ice Cap receives a significant amount of local continental impurity.

Die Vormauer Italiens. Zur kulturellen Repräsentation eines konfessionellen Grenzraums (17. und 18. Jahrhundert)

Im Spätherbst 1583 visitierte der Mailänder Erzbischof Carlo Borromeo trotz ausdrücklichem Verbot der Drei Bünde die südlichen Täler Graubündens. 1620 fielen spanische Truppen ins Veltlin ein, um die katholischen Untertanen im Kampf gegen ihre mehrheitlich protestantischen Herren aus Graubünden zu unterstützen. Kirchliche wie weltliche Akteure rechtfertigten ihr Eingreifen mit der konfessionellen Grenzsituation. Der Graubündner Alpenraum bilde eine «Vormauer Italiens» resp. das «Tor zu Italien», die es gegen die Protestanten zu verteidigen gelte. Sei dieser gemischtkonfessionelle Grenzraum (2/3 Protestanten; 1/3 Katholiken) einmal in die Hände der «Häretiker» gefallen, könne sich der Protestantismus ungehindert in ganz Italien ausbreiten. Dass die Denkfigur der konfessionellen Grenze handlungsanleitend und handlungslegitimierend wirkte, haben Untersuchungen zur Ereignisgeschichte und zur politischen Sprache ausführlich belegt. Weniger bekannt ist, dass sie sich tief einschrieb in die kulturelle und religiöse Praxis der Katholiken. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, wie sich im Verlaufe des 17. Jahrhunderts ein Set an kulturellen Repräsentationen ausbildete, das auf subtile Weise die konfessionelle Grenze anzeigte und sie längerfristig festigte. Festgestellt werden kann zunächst, dass in Graubünden und im Veltlin unter den Auspizien der römischen Missionskongregation de Propaganda Fide eine reiche Sakrallandschaft entstanden ist und die vielen Kirchen, Kapellen, Kreuzwege, Bildstöcke etc. die katholischen Gebiete ostentativ gegen die protestantischen Nachbarn abgrenzten. Volkskundliche Erhebungen haben sodann auf eine aussergewöhnlich hohe Zahl von Kirchen und Kapellen aufmerksam gemacht, in denen um eine Gnade gebeten oder mit Votivgaben für ein erfahrenes Wunder gedankt wurde. Das dichte Netz dieser Gnadenorte und die damit verbundenen Frömmigkeitspraktiken – so die These des Beitrages – waren Teil einer katholischen Symbolpolitik, die darauf ausgerichtet war, die katholischen Gebiete im konfessionellen Grenzraum augenfällig in das Gnadenterritorium der katholischen Kirche zu integrieren. Denn dort, wo sich Wunder ereigneten, war dies ein klarer Beweis für die gottgewollte Zugehörigkeit zur katholischen Universalkirche. Ebenfalls der Konsolidierung der konfessionellen Grenze dienten drittens die zahlreichen Bruderschaften, die über ihre Erzbruderschaften in Rom oder Mailand sowohl auf der institutionellen wie auch auf der symbolischen Ebene für eine stärkere Anbindung an das katholische Italien sorgten.

New Clinical Indications for (18)F/(11)C-choline, New Tracers for Positron Emission Tomography and a Promising Hybrid Device for Prostate Cancer Staging: A Systematic Review of the Literature

CONTEXT Radiolabelled choline positron emission tomography has changed the management of prostate cancer patients. However, new emerging radiopharmaceutical agents, like radiolabelled prostate specific membrane antigen, and new promising hybrid imaging will begin new challenges in the diagnostic field. OBJECTIVE The continuous evolution in nuclear medicine has led to the improvement in the detection of recurrent prostate cancer (PCa), particularly distant metastases. New horizons have been opened for radiolabelled choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) as a guide for salvage therapy or for the assessment of systemic therapies. In addition, new tracers and imaging tools have been recently tested, providing important information for the management of PCa patients. Herein we discuss: (1) the available evidence in literature on radiolabelled choline PET and their recent indications, (2) the role of alternative radiopharmaceutical agents, and (3) the advantages of a recent hybrid imaging device (PET/magnetic resonance imaging) in PCa. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Data from recently published (2010-2015), original articles concerning the role of choline PET/CT, new emerging radiotracers, and a new imaging device are analysed. This review is reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS In the restaging phase, the detection rate of choline PET varies between 4% and 97%, mainly depending on the site of recurrence and prostate-specific antigen levels. Both 68gallium (68Ga)-prostate specific membrane antigen and 18F-fluciclovine are shown to be more accurate in the detection of recurrent disease as compared with radiolabelled choline PET/CT. Particularly, Ga68-PSMA has a detection rate of 50% and 68%, respectively for prostate-specific antigen levels < 0.5ng/ml and 0.5-2ng/ml. Moreover, 68Ga- PSMA PET/magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a particularly higher accuracy in detecting PCa than PET/CT. New tracers, such as radiolabelled bombesin or urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, are promising, but few data in clinical practice are available today. CONCLUSIONS Some limitations emerge from the published papers, both for radiolabelled choline PET/CT and also for new radiopharmaceutical agents. Efforts are still needed to enhance the impact of published data in the world of oncology, in particular when new radiopharmaceuticals are introduced into the clinical arena. PATIENT SUMMARY In the present review, the authors summarise the last evidences in clinical practice for the assessment of prostate cancer, by using nuclear medicine modalities, like positron emission tomography/computed tomography and positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging.