Systemic oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema in rats with chronic liver failure.

Chronic liver failure leads to hyperammonemia, a central component in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE); however, a correlation between blood ammonia levels and HE severity remains controversial. It is believed oxidative stress plays a role in modulating the effects of hyperammonemia. This study aimed to determine the relationship between chronic hyperammonemia, oxidative stress, and brain edema (BE) in two rat models of HE: portacaval anastomosis (PCA) and bile-duct ligation (BDL). Ammonia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, BE, oxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as lipid peroxidation were assessed both systemically and centrally in these two different animal models. Then, the effects of allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor, 100mg/kg for 10days) on ROS and BE and the temporal resolution of ammonia, ROS, and BE were evaluated only in BDL rats. Similar arterial and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia levels were found in PCA and BDL rats, both significantly higher compared to their respective sham-operated controls (p<0.05). BE was detected in BDL rats (p<0.05) but not in PCA rats. Evidence of oxidative stress was found systemically but not centrally in BDL rats: increased levels of ROS, increased activity of xanthine oxidase (oxidant enzyme), enhanced oxidative modifications on lipids, as well as decreased antioxidant defense. In PCA rats, a preserved oxidant/antioxidant balance was demonstrated. Treatment with allopurinol in BDL rats attenuated both ROS and BE, suggesting systemic oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of BE. Analysis of ROS and ammonia temporal resolution in the plasma of BDL rats suggests systemic oxidative stress might be an important "first hit", which, followed by increases in ammonia, leads to BE in chronic liver failure. In conclusion, chronic hyperammonemia and oxidative stress in combination lead to the onset of BE in rats with chronic liver failure.

SA-ß-galactosidasa como predictor de senescencia celular del epitelio superficial ovárico y factores de riesgo de cáncer de ovario

Introducción: la tercera causa de muerte ginecológica es cáncer de ovario (CO), la detección temprana es fundamental para reducir mortalidad. El objetivo es establecer asociación entre senescencia en cultivos de tejido epitelial de ovario (ESO) mediante expresión de enzima ßgalactosidasa/normalizada y factores de riesgo reconocidos para CO. Métodos: estudio descriptivo observacional con fase exploratoria de datos proporcionados por “TRF2” segunda fase; muestra 29 tejidos de mujeres con ooforectomia condiciones benignas, analizadas estadísticamente con confianza del 95%, software SPSS versión 17, datos se presentan con desviación estándar, promedio, mediana (velocidad de crecimiento celular y ßgal/Normalizada) y porcentajes (variables categóricas). Realizo comparación con t-student, test de normalidad con Shapiro Wilks y asociación mediante análisis multivariado. Resultados: encuentra evidencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) para asociación entre antecedente familiar de otros tipos de cáncer con cáncer gástrico (IC95%: -2,84, -0,23) y cáncer de seno (IC95%: -3,39, -0,38); no tener régimen de afiliación en salud (vinculado) (IC95%: -3,67 -0,014); uso de método anticonceptivo de barrera (IC95%: -3,95, -0,07); consumo de embutidos (IC95%: -3,30, -0,21) y enlatados (IC95%: -3,62, -0,030) 1 a 3 veces/semana y consumo de alcohol (IC95%: -2,33, -0,33) con aumento expresión ßgal/Normalizada. Discusión: senescencia es antitumorigénica a edades tempranas, en avanzadas es protumorigénica, cuando hay mucha acumulación de células senescentes en tejido, éstas cambian su perfil senector produciendo sustancias que afectan a las vecinas, lo que lleva a transformación tumoral. Esta investigación es novedosa.

Influencia de la suplementación de antioxidantes y de la administración de enrofloxacina en la calidad y seguridad de la carne de ave

Los fenómenos oxidativos y en particular la oxidación lipídica son uno de los principales responsables de la pérdida de calidad en la carne y en los productos cárnicos. Como consecuencia de estos procesos se generan compuestos que pueden afectar el flavor, color y textura de la carne disminuyendo la aceptabilidad por parte del consumidor y reduciendo su valor nutritivo. Por otro lado, el estrés oxidativo está relacionado con la etiología de diversas enfermedades comunes en nuestra sociedad. Las carnes de pollo y de pavo son particularmente sensibles a los procesos oxidativos debido a su elevada proporción de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados en comparación con otros tipos de carne. La suplementación de antioxidantes en la dieta de determinados animales es una de las estrategias más eficaces para proteger la carne de la oxidación. Otro aspecto que afecta a la calidad y seguridad de la carne es la presencia de residuos en los tejidos animales destinados al consumo humano, una parte de los cuáles puede proceder de la administración de antibióticos. En este trabajo se estudió la eficacia de tres compuestos antioxidantes, alfa-tocoferol, beta-caroteno y licopeno, adicionados en distintas concentraciones y combinaciones a la dieta de pollos y pavos. Para ello se determinó la estabilidad oxidativa de los tejidos musculares de pechuga y muslo mediante el análisis de los valores de TBARS, de las actividades de los enzimas antioxidantes GSHPx, CAT y SOD y desde un punto de vista sensorial. Asimismo, se analizaron las concentraciones de vitamina E presentes en ambos músculos. Por otro lado, se investigó la presencia de residuos del antibiótico enrofloxacina y de su metabolito en los tejidos muscular y hepático de ambas especies después de la administración del fármaco con o sin periodo de retirada. Finalmente, y dada la aparente relación existente entre el metabolismo de determinados antibióticos y los fenómenos oxidativos, se valoró la posible interacción entre el fármaco y la vitamina E suplementada a la dieta. La vitamina E, a dosis de 100 ppm y 200 ppm en pollos y pavos respectivamente, se comportó como un antioxidante eficaz disminuyendo la rancidez de la carne tanto en pechuga como en muslo. La dosis de vitamina E necesaria para conseguir un incremento significativo de la estabilidad oxidativa de la carne varió en función de la especie y de las características bioquímicas del tejido analizado. El beta-caroteno, suplementado en la dieta de pollos y pavos conjuntamente con la vitamina E, no sólo no manifestó propiedades antioxidantes sino que enmascaró la efectividad de la vitamina E. El licopeno, de cuya utilización en nutrición animal no existían estudios publicados anteriormente, no mostró eficacia antioxidante en la carne de pollo a una dosis de 10 ppm. Respecto al análisis de residuos de antibiótico se observó que tras el periodo de retirada del fármaco los niveles residuales de enrofloxacina y su metabolito disminuyeron notablemente. Debe tenerse en cuenta que se apreciaron diferencias en función de la especie y del tejido considerados, estando los residuos en algunos casos por encima de los límites máximos permitidos. Por otro lado, se observó una relación entre la enrofloxacina y la vitamina E suplementada en la dieta que, parecía depender tanto de la dosis de antioxidante como del metabolismo del fármaco. Esta interacción afectó tanto a los niveles de vitamina E como a la presencia de residuos de enrofloxacina en el tejido muscular, resaltando la importancia de no subestimar posibles interacciones entre distintos compuestos presentes en la dieta animal.

Sulforaphane protects cortical neurons against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine-induced toxicity through the activation of ERK1/2, Nrf-2 and the upregulation of detoxification enzymes

The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra has been linked to the formation of the endogenous neurotoxin 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from the corresponding precursor glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables has been observed to exert a range of biological activities in various cell populations. In this study, we show that SFN protects primary cortical neurons against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine induced neuronal injury. Pre-treatment of cortical neurons with SFN (0.01-1 microM) resulted in protection against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine-induced neurotoxicity, which peaked at 100 nM. This protection was observed to be mediated by the ability of SFN to modulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 and the activation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/NF-E2-related factor-2 leading to the increased expression and activity of glutathione-S-transferase (M1, M3 and M5), glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase and NAD(P)H oxidoreductase 1. These data suggest that SFN stimulates the NF-E2-related factor-2 pathway of antioxidant gene expression in neurons and may protect against neuronal injury relevant to the aetiology of Parkinson's disease.

Microbicidal Action of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Combined with Horseradish Peroxidase on Prototheca zopfii from Bovine Mastitis

We investigated the toxic effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) combined with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on Prototheca zopfii from bovine mastitis. P. zopfii isolates were identified and characterized by morpho-physiological parameters; presences of P. zopfii genotype 2 were also investigated. Subsequently, P. zopfii was incubated in the absence (control) or presence of IAA/HRP and examined for: (i) cell viability; (ii) colonies number formation; (iii) antioxidant enzyme activity; and (iv) DNA integrity. Significance of differences was calculated using ANOVA and Tukey`s test (P a parts per thousand currency sign 0.05). As evidenced by Trypan blue exclusion and colony formation in Sabouraud dextrose agar, IAA/HRP addition to the culture reduced respective P. zopfii viability and P. zopfii colony formation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. IAA/HRP specifically reduced cell viability in 10, 15, 20, 25, and 32% after 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h of incubation, respectively, compared with the control at the same time. The number of colony formation was inhibited (45, 82, and 88%) by IAA/HRP after 4, 6, and 9 h of incubation, respectively, compared with the control at the same time. In addition, P. zopfii antioxidant activity increased measurably in the presence of IAA/HRP (6 h); superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase increased by 90, 120, 150% and 3.4 times, compared with the controls. IAA/HRP did not appear to effect P. zopfii DNA integrity when examined by electrophoresis. In conclusion, IAA/HRP appears to function as a microbicidal mechanism on P. zopfii genotype 2 from bovine mastitis.

Baroreflex sensitivity and oxidative stress in the LDL receptor knockout mice

This study alms at observing the effect of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficiency in cholesterol blood levels, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and oxidative stress. The lack of LDL receptors in mice significantly increased the cholesterol blood levels (179 +/- 35 vs. 109 +/- 13 mg/dL) in the knockout (KO) mice compared to control. There was no difference in basal mean arterial pressure and heart rate between the groups. However, in KO mice the BRS was significantly attenuated and the antioxidant enzyme activities, measured in erythrocytes and heart, were significantly decreased. On the other hand, the oxidative damage measured by chemiluminescence and carbonyls was increased, while total plasma nitrate levels were lower in KO mice, indicating a decrease in NO availability. In conclusion, these results indicate that the lack of LDL receptor increased cholesterol blood levels, induced oxidative stress and decreased BRS. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Testosterone suppresses oxidative stress in human neutrophils

The in vitro effect of testosterone on human neutrophil function was investigated. Blood neutrophils from healthy male subjects were isolated and treated with 10 nM, 0.1 and 10 mu M testosterone for 24 h. As compared with untreated cells, the testosterone treatment produced a significant decrease of superoxide production as indicated by the measurement of extra- and intracellular superoxide content. An increment in the production of nitric oxide was observed at 0.1 and 10 mu M testosterone concentrations, whereas no effect was found for 10 nM. Intracellular calcium mobilization was significantly increased at 10 nM, whereas it was reduced at 10 mu M testosterone. There was an increase in phagocytic capacity at 10 nM and a decrease of microbicidal activity in neutrophils treated with testosterone at 10 mu M. Glutathione reductase activity was increased by testosterone treatment, whereas no effect was observed in other antioxidant enzyme activities. An increase in the content of thiol groups was observed at all testosterone concentrations. Lipid peroxidation in neutrophils evaluated by levels of TBARS was decreased at 10 nM and 0.1 mu M testosterone. These results indicate the antioxidant properties of testosterone in neutrophils as suggested by reduction of superoxide anion production, and lipid peroxidation, and by the increase in nitric oxide production, glutathione reductase activity and the content of thiol groups. Therefore, the plasma levels of testosterone are important regulators of neutrophil function and so of the inflammatory response. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Peripheral Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer`s Disease

Oxidative stress has been associated with normal aging and Alzheimer`s disease (AD). However, little is known about oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients who present a high risk for developing AD. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma production of the lipid peroxidation marker, malonaldehyde (MDA) and to determine, in erythrocytes, the enzymatic antioxidant activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in 33 individuals with MCI, 29 with mild probable AD and 26 healthy aged subjects. GR/GPx activity ratio was calculated to better assess antioxidant defenses. The relationship between oxidative stress and cognitive performance was also evaluated by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). AD patients showed higher MDA levels than both MCI and healthy elderly subjects. MCI subjects also exhibited higher MDA levels compared to controls. Catalase and GPx activity were similar in MCI and healthy individuals but higher in AD. GR activity was lower in MCI and AD patients than in healthy aged subjects. Additionally, GR/GPx ratio was higher in healthy aged subjects, intermediate in MCI and lower in AD patients. No differences in GST activity were detected among the groups. MMSE was negatively associated with MDA levels (r = -0.31, p = 0.028) and positively correlated with GR/GPx ratio in AD patients (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). MDA levels were also negatively correlated to GR/GPx ratio (r = -0.31, p = 0.029) in the AD group. These results suggest that high lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant defenses may be present early in cognitive disorders.

Celecoxib prevents tumor growth in an animal model by a COX-2 independent mechanism

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown to reduce cell growth in several tumors. Among these possible antineoplastic drugs are cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-selective drugs, such as celecoxib, in which antitumoral mechanisms were evaluated in rats bearing Walker-256 (W256) tumor. W256 carcinosarcoma cells were inoculated subcutaneously (10(7) cells/rat) in rats submitted to treatment with celecoxib (25 mg kg(-1)) or vehicle for 14 days. Tumor growth, body-weight gain, and survival data were evaluated. The mechanisms, such as COX-2 expression and activity, oxidative stress, by means of enzymes and lipoperoxidation levels, and apoptosis mediators were also investigated. A reduction in tumor growth and an increased weight gain were observed. Celecoxib provided a higher incidence of survival compared with the control group. Cellular effects are probably COX-2 independent, because neither enzyme expression nor its activity, measured by tumoral PGE(2), showed significant difference between groups. It is probable that this antitumor action is dependent on an apoptotic way, which has been evaluated by the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL, in addition to the cellular changes observed by electronic microscopy. Celecoxib has also a possible involvement with redox homeostasis, because its administration caused significant changes in the activity of oxidative enzymes, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase. These results confirm the antitumor effects of celecoxib in W256 cancer model, contributing to elucidating its antitumoral mechanism and corroborating scientific literature about its effect on other types of cancer.

A ditryptophan cross-link is responsible for the covalent dimerization of human superoxide dismutase 1 during its bicarbonate-dependent peroxidase activity

Unlike intermolecular disulfide bonds, other protein cross-links arising from oxidative modifications cannot be reversed and are presumably more toxic to cells because they may accumulate and induce protein aggregation. However, most of these irreversible protein cross-links remain poorly characterized. For instance, the antioxidant enzyme human superoxide dismutase 1 (hSod1) has been reported to undergo non-disulfide covalent dimerization and further oligomerization during its bicarbonate-dependent peroxidase activity. The dimerization was shown to be dependent on the oxidation of the single, solvent-exposed TrP(32) residue of hSod1, but the covalent dimer was not isolated nor was its structure determined. In this work, the hSod1 covalent dimer was isolated, digested with trypsin in H(2)O and H(2)(18)O, and analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). The results demonstrate that the covalent dimer consists of two hSod1 subunits cross-linked by a ditryptophan, which contains a bond between C3 and N1 of the respective Trp(32) residues. We further demonstrate that the cross-link cleaves under usual MS/MS conditions leading to apparently unmodified Trp(32), partially hinders proteolysis, and provides a mechanism to explain the formation of hSod1 covalent trimers and tetramers. This characterization of the covalent hSod1 dimer identifies a novel oxidative modification of protein Trp residues and provides clues for studying its occurrence in vivo. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Expressão de uma quitinase de Metarhizium anisopliae em Nicotiana tabacum : obtenção de plantas transgênicas resistentes a doenças fúngicas

A resistência a doenças em plantas transgênicas tem sido obtida por meio da expressão de genes isolados de bactérias, fungos micoparasitas e plantas. Neste trabalho, relatamos a utilização de um gene do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae como modo de gerar resistência a doenças fúngicas em plantas. O gene chit1 codifica a quitinase CHIT42 (EC 3.2.1.14), pertencente a uma classe de glicosil-hidrolases capazes de converter quitina em oligômeros de N-acetil-glicosamina (NAcGlc). Quando presentes em tecidos vegetais, supõese que as quitinases ataquem especificamente a parede celular de fungos invasores, provocando danos às hifas e causando a morte por lise das células fúngicas. Deste modo, dois diferentes grupos de plantas transgênicas de Nicotiana tabacum foram produzidos: no primeiro deles, denominado chitplus, os indivíduos possuem o gene chit1 sob o controle do promotor CaMV 35S. O segundo grupo, demoninado chitless, consiste de plantas transformadas com um T-DNA não contendo o gene do fungo. Trinta e quatro plantas transgênicas resistentes à canamicina (17 de cada grupo) foram regeneradas a partir de discos de folhas infectados por Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A produção da quitinase em extratos protéicos de folhas foi analisada por zimogramas em SDS-PAGE contendo glicol-quitina e corados por calcoflúor branco, na forma de um screening dos transgênicos primários. As plantas transgênicas foram testadas, ainda, por meio de ensaios colorimétricos empregando oligômeros sintéticos de NAcGlc como substratos específicos, além de immunoblot e Western blot com soro anti-quitinase. A quantidade de enzima recombinante nas plantas chitplus variou desde nenhuma atividade detectável a elevados níveis de expressão da enzima. A hibridização de Southern blot demonstrou que o número de cópias do gene chit1 integradas no genoma vegetal foi estimado entre uma e quatro. A primeira geração de plantas transgênicas geradas por autofecundação de parentais portadores de duas cópias do transgene foi testada com relação à estabilidade da herança do transgene e em 43 de um total de 67 descendentes, originados de quatro cruzamentos independentes, o padrão de segregação não diferiu das proporções Mendelianas esperadas. Ensaios de resistência, desafiando as plantas transgênicas com o basidiomiceto Rhizoctonia solani foram realizados e uma evidente diminuição da área foliar contendo lesões fúngicas foi observada entre as linhagens transgênicas, embora variações na atividade quitinolítica tenham influenciado o nível de resistência. Nossos resultados sugerem uma relação direta entre a atividade específica de quitinase e ao aumento nos níveis de resistência às lesões causadas pela infecção por R. solani.

Biochemical dissection of diageotropica and Never ripe tomato mutants to Cd-stressful conditions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Neonatally-induced diabetes: lipid profile outcomes and oxidative stress status in adult rats

INTRODUÇÃO: Modelos experimentais são desenvolvidos com propósito de ampliar o entendimento dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos no diabete. Os achados experimentais levam ao desenvolvimento de tratamentos alternativos para a manutenção das condições metabólicas normais. Existem vários estudos sobre o diabete induzido por streptozotocin mimetizando o quadro clínico do DM2. No entanto, a interação entre os níveis de glicose, perfil lipídico e estresse oxidativo nestes animais são escassos. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar estes parâmetros em ratas Wistar adultas com diabete induzido com streptozotocin no período neonatal. MÉTODOS: Fêmeas recém-nascidas receberam streptozotocin (70mg/Kg, ip) no 5º dia de vida (n5-STZ). A glicemia foi medida no terceiro e quarto meses de vida dos animais. No final do quarto mês de vida, amostras de sangue foram coletadas e processadas para a dosagem de lipídios e marcadores de estresse oxidativo. RESULTADOS: A glicemia das ratas do grupo n5-STZ foi significativamente maior comparada às ratas do grupo controle (p<0,05). Não houve alteração nos níveis de colesterol total e triglicérides, peroxidação lipídica (TBARS), atividade da SOD e determinação da GSH-t (p>0,05) nas ratas n5-STZ em relação às ratas do grupo controle. No entanto, houve diminuição significativa no HDL-colesterol (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Este modelo de indução de diabete em ratas causou hiperglicemia (120-360mg/dL), caracterizando o diabete moderado. Essa glicemia levou a alterações no HDL-colesterol, a qual não foi suficiente para prejudicar a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes ou marcadores da peroxidação lipídica na vida adulta. Além disso, esta investigação experimental contribuiu para entender os diferentes resultados encontrados em outros modelos deindução do diabete moderado em animais de laboratório, como também para a melhor compreensão dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos do diabete moderado ou da hiperglicemia em humanos.

Tobacco Smoke Induces Ventricular Remodeling Associated with an Increase in NADPH Oxidase Activity

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Burnt sugarcane harvesting: Particulate matter exposure and the effects on lung function, oxidative stress, and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)