Fisiología animal II

El presente texto de Fisiología animal constituye una herramienta útil para la preparación y el estudio independiente de los estudiantes de pregrado de Medicina Veterinaria, Ingeniería en Sistemas Integrales de Producción Animal con orientación en Zootecnia y otras carreras afines en el ámbito de las ciencias biológicas. El creciente desarrollo de la fisiología animal requiere que la enseñanza de esta disciplina de las ciencias biológicas se desarrolle con un enfoque cualitativamente superior. El presente texto constituye una primera aproximación al enfoque actual que tiene la impartición de esta rama de las ciencias en los programas de estudio de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria en los países del área. Otro objetivo no menos importante está dirigido hacia la adquisición en los estudiantes de hábitos y habilidades para su desarrollo en asignaturas subsecuentes del plan de estudios que permitan formar un profesional de excelencia que responda al objeto social planteado. Por otra parte, el texto cuenta con abundante información sobre el tema y figuras que facilitan su comprensión, además al final aparecen un grupo de preguntas de comprobación que permiten que el propio estudiante se autoevalúe. Por último, solo resta agregar que este material es únicamente un punto de partida para ser ampliado y perfeccionado en el futuro inmediato a partir de las sugerencias recibidas.

Principios básicos de nutrición y alimentación animal

La Nutrición Animal es una ciencia joven, ya que es hasta en el siglo XVIll (1770) cuando se establecen los primeros experimentos por el químico francés Lavoisier, considerado el descubridor de la ciencia de la nutrición. En el siglo XIX se comienza a reconocer la necesidad de las proteínas, carbohidratos y grasas; pero es en el siglo XX cuando los conocimientos de esta ciencia han avanzado grandemente. La Nutrición implica reacciones quimicas y procesos fisiológicos que transforman los alimentos en tejidos corporales y actividad, los descubrimientos modernos rn nutrición se derivan de investigaciones realizadas con una amplia variedad de especies animales: el desarrollo de esta ciencia se debe a la aplicación de conocimientos y técnicas de diferentes ciencias, fisiólogos y bioquímicos han trabajado desde hace mucho tiempo estudiando las necesidades del cuerpo en cuanto a alimento y como éste último es metabolizado. Los físicos nos han dado radiografias, el espectrógrafo, isótopos, cromatogralia y otras herramientas y nos han enseñado como se deben usar. Los microbiólogos también han contribuido al descubrimiento del papel nutricional que juegan las bacterias, los métodos microbiológicos y químicos han acelerado el desarrollo del conocimiento relacionado con el contenido de vitaminas y aminoácidos de los alimentos. Estudios realizados sobre mineral es'Traza" han mostrado que las características de los suelos en los que cultivamos nuestros alimentos, representan un papel importante en el valor nutritivo de los alimentos.

Los minerales en la alimentación animal

Los minerales son elementos inorgánicos que suelen ocurrir como sales de elementos inorgánicos o de compuestos orgánicos. Su disponibilidad y a menudo sus funciones metabólicas, se relacionan con la forma en que existen. Por ejemplo, en presencia de oxalatos y citratos, el calcio no se absorbe. Combinado en la fitina, el fosforo es asimilable para algunos animales pero no para otros. los agentes quelantes poseen atracción selectiva por diversos elementos minerales, de modo que liberan un elemento mineral a cambio de otro por el cual poseen mayor afinidad, creando a veces carencias de un elemento existente en cantidades que de otro modo serian adecuadas. los minerales que se necesitan en cantidades relativamente grandes se llaman macrominerales. Otros en cambio, que se necesitan en cantidades minúsculas y a menudos solo se identifican ensayando dietas experimentales muy purificadas, se llaman oligoelementos minerales o microminerales. Estos términos no significan que los oligoelementos desempeñen un papel de menor importancia, sino que representa designaciones cuantitativas basadas en las necesidades de los animales, Se conocen 18 elementos minerales que son necesarios por lo menos para algunas especies de animales. Estos elementos se pueden dividir en los grupos siguientes, de acuerdo con las cantidades relativas que deben contener las raciones.

Evaluación bromatológica del ensilaje de Guácimo de Ternero (Guázuma ulmifolia Lam.) y el pasto Cubano CT-115 (Pennisetum purpureum x P. tiphoides), bajo diferentes niveles de proporción de hojas, más melaza en la alimentación animal

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de determinar la calidad bromatológica (materia seca MS, proteína bruta PB, fibra neutro detergente FND, fibra acido detergente FAD, nitrógeno amoniacal N-NH· y pH del ensilaje de Guácimo de Ternero (Guázuma ulmifolia Lam.) y el Pasto Cubano CT-115 (Pennisetum purpureum x P. tiphoides), bajo diferentes niveles de proporción de hojas, más melaza en la alimentación animal. El muestreo se realizó en la granja porcina y en los laboratorios de bromatología y microbiología de la Facultad de Ciencia Animal de la UNA. Los micros silos fueron conservados por 30 días. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron tres niveles de proporción del Guácimo de ternero y el pasto cubano CT-115, más melaza. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con tres repeticiones. El tratamiento uno (T1) consistió 50 % de Guácimo de ternero y 50 % de pasto cubano CT- 115; el tratamiento dos (T2) en 60 % de Guácimo de ternero y 40 % de pasto cubano CT- 115; y el tratamiento tres (T3) en 70 % de Guácimo de ternero y 30 % de pasto cubano CT- 115. Los resultados de la calidad bromatológica para MS por tratamiento fueron para T3:31.02%, T2: 32.03 % y para T1: 28.01 %. La PB alcanzó valores de: 15.03 %, 13.07 %, 15.02 % para T3, T1 y T2, respectivamente. La FND presentó valores por tratamiento de T1: 63.18 %, T3: 64.80 % y T2: 70.02 %. Para los FAD, los resultados fueronT2 con 51.14 %, T3 con 52.15 % y T1 con 51.36 %; el N-NH3: T1 con 6.3 %, T2 con 6.7 % y T3 con 4.0 %; .Los resultados para el pH fueron para T1: 4.89 %, para T3: 5.22 % y para T2: 5.37 %. Con base en estos resultados, el T1 (MS) y T3 (PB) presentó mejor resultado en la calidad bromatológica y pH (T1), superando al resto de los tratamientos, aunque obtuvo mejor resultado el T1 (FND) y para el caso de FAD el (T2). El uso del Guácimo de ternero y el pasto cubano CT-115 y melaza en el ensilaje mejora su calidad bromatológica.

Caracterización de las enfermedades monitoreadas por el sistema de vigilancia de salud animal en bovinos del municipio de Camoapa en el periodo 2011- 2014

La investigación se realizó en el municipio de Camoapa departamento de Boaco. El objetivo fue Caracterizar las enfermedades monitoreadas por el sistema de vigilancia de salud animal (SIVE) en bovinos del municipio en el periodo 2011–2014. El trabajo consistió en determinar la presencia, distribución temporal y espacial así como el comportamiento de las enfermedades zoonóticas, analizando los datos obtenidos de la base de datos del SIVE del Instituto de Protección y Sanidad Agropecuaria (IPSA) entre el 2011-2014, obtenidas de los reportes realizados por el médico veterinario de Camoapa. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal (retrospectivo) donde se evaluó el comportamiento de las enfermedades en el período. El procesamiento estadístico de las variables e indicadores se realizó utilizando el programa Microsoft Exel 2010. Los resultados derivados del análisis demostraron una presencia de agentes infecciosos como: Áscari 37.50%, Babesia spp. 5.60%, Brucellla spp 0.04%, Coccidia spp. 47.75%, Escherichia coli (E. coli) 100%, Rinot raqueítis infecciosa bovina (RIV/VPI) 100%, Paratuberculosis 100%, Trichostrongilosis 77.7%, La distribución en el periodo en estudio (2011–2014) fue: en el año 2011 de 6% de los casos, en el 2012 de 54%, 2013 de 23% y en el 2014 de 16% de un total de 111 casos. El año 2012 se identificó con mayores índices de muestras positivas, con el 54%, en la distribución por mes el año, 2011 en el mes de julio se encontró una mayor distribución con el 86%, en el 2012 en Marzo con 42% y en 2013 nuevamente en Marzo con 38% y para el año 2014 en septiembre con 56% de presencia de enfermedades, la distribución espacial demuestra que la comarca Bijagua presento 18% de casos y Zarrigo 15% de los casos en el periodo 2011-2014. En la distribución por año, Platanar norte se encontró una mayor distribución con el 100% en el 2012, Zarrigo con 27% en 2013 Tolinapa con 38% y para el 2014 Matamba con 44% de los casos. Se concluye que se identificó presencia de agentes infecciosos productores de enfermedades importantes para el consumidor, como: bacterias del genero Brucella spp., Escherichia coli, y parásitos nematodos como trichostrongylus, Áscaris y protozoarios como Coccidia Spp. Se recomienda elaborar un diseño muestreal para determinar la prevalencia real de la enfermedades en el municipio, ya que hay enfermedades que son de notificación obligatoria para la OIE, el involucramiento de los productores en mantener el estatus sanitario del municipio al notificar los problemas sanitarios con respecto a las enfermedades zoonóticas e implementar calendarios sanitarios, así como llenar registros de control sanitario, además de incorporar el municipio a los programas de trazabilidad bovina y certificación de hatos libres de brucelosis y tuberculosis.

Regulamento da inspeção industrial e sanitária de produtos de origem animal (Riispoa)

Consultoria Legislativa - Área X - Agricultura, Pecuária, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural. Nome do autor na capa: Rodrigo H. C. Dolabella.

A comparison of animal abundance and distribution in similar habitats in Rookery Bay, Marco Island and Fakahatchee on the southwest coast of Florida, 1971 - 1972

The three areas in Rookery Bay, near Marco Island and Fakahatchee Bay were sampled from July 1971 through July 1972, and 1,006,640 individual animals were collected, of which the majority (55%) came from the Marco area. The large disparity between the catches at Marco and the remaining study areas was due mainly to the appearance of high numbers of species of polychaetes and echinoderms that were of very minor importance or absent from the catches in Rookery Bay and Fakahatchee Bay. When only the major classes of animals in the catch are considered (i.e., crustaceans, fish and mollusks) the total counts for Fakahatchee (298,830) and Marco (275,075) are quite comparable but both exceed Rookery Bay (119,388) by a considerable margin. The effects of the red tide outbreak in the summer of 1971 were apparently restricted to the Rookery Bay Sanctuary and may account for some of the observed differences. For the purposes of making controlled comparisons between the study areas, three common habitats were selected in each area so that a mud bottom habitat, a sand-shell bottom habitat and a vegetated bottom habitat were located in each of the study areas. Total catches by habitat types for crustaceans, fish and mollusks and certain of the more abundant species show clearly the overwhelming importance of the vegetated bottom as a habitat for animals. By habitat the vegetated areas had the most "indicator species" with five, the mud habitat was next with three and the sand-shell habitat third with two. Thus the vegetated habitat would be the best choice if a single habitat were to be used to detect environmental changes between study areas. (PDF contains 137 pages)

A manual of previously recorded non-indigenous invasive and native transplanted animal species of the Laurentian Great Lakes and coastal United States

This manual presents geographic information by state of occurrence, and descriptions of the socio-economic impact created by the invasion of non-indigenous and native transplanted animal species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and the coastal waters of the United States. It is not a comprehensive literature review, but rather is intended as a primer for those unfamiliar with the socio-economic impacts of invasive aquatic and marine animals. Readers should also note that the information contained in this manual is current as of its publication date. New information and new species are routinely being added to the wider literature base. Most of the information was gathered from a number of web sites maintained by government agencies, commissions, academic institutions and museums. Additional information was taken from the primary and secondary literature. This manual focuses on socio-economic consequences of invasive species. Thus, ecological impacts, when noted in the literature, are not discussed unless a connection to socio-economic factors can be made. For a majority of the species listed, either the impact of their invasion is not understood, or it is not published in sources surveyed. In the species summaries, sources of information are cited except for information from the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database http://nas.er.usgs.gov. This website formed the base information used in creating tables on geographic distribution, and in many of the species summaries provided. Thus, whenever information is given without specific author/source and date citation, it has come from this comprehensive source. (PDF contains 90 pages)

Odontocete Stranding Patterns in the Main Hawaiian Islands 1937–2002): how do they compare with live animal surveys?

In this study we (1) synthesized 65 yr of odontocete stranding data around the main Hawaiian Islands (1937–2002); (2) analyzed stranding patterns and trends over time; and (3) compared occurrence patterns based on sightings of live animals with stranding data and evaluated the compatibility of these data sets. From 1937 to 2002, 202 odontocete strandings were recorded by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Regional Office. Strandings increased through time due to increased reporting effort and occurred throughout the year. The four most common of 16 species reported were Kogia spp. (18%), spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) (15%), striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) (11%), and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) (10%). The highest proportion of strandings was recorded on O‘ahu (48%), followed by Maui/La¯na‘i (24%), Kaua‘i (12%), Hawai‘i (11%), and Moloka‘i (5%). Comparison with four previously published live animal survey studies suggests that stranding records are a good indicator of species composition and yield reasonable data on the frequency of occurrence of species in the region they cover.

Early astrocytic atrophy in the entorhinal cortex of a triple transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease

The EC (entorhinal cortex) is fundamental for cognitive and mnesic functions. Thus damage to this area appears as a key element in the progression of AD (Alzheimer's disease), resulting in memory deficits arising from neuronal and synaptic alterations as well as glial malfunction. In this paper, we have performed an in-depth analysis of astroglial morphology in the EC by measuring the surface and volume of the GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) profiles in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD [3xTg-AD (triple transgenic mice of AD)]. We found significant reduction in both the surface and volume of GFAP-labelled profiles in 3xTg-AD animals from very early ages (1 month) when compared with non-Tg (non-transgenic) controls (48 and 54%, reduction respectively), which was sustained for up to 12 months (33 and 45% reduction respectively). The appearance of Lambda beta (amyloid beta-peptide) depositions at 12 months of age did not trigger astroglial hypertrophy; nor did it result in the close association of astrocytes with senile plaques. Our results suggest that the AD progressive cognitive deterioration can be associated with an early reduction of astrocytic arborization and shrinkage of the astroglial domain, which may affect synaptic connectivity within the EC and between the EC and other brain regions. In addition, the EC seems to be particularly vulnerable to AD pathology because of the absence of evident astrogliosis in response to A beta accumulation. Thus we can consider that targeting astroglial atrophy may represent a therapeutic strategy which might slow down the progression of AD.

Improved utilization and increased availability of fishery products as an effective control of aggravated animal protein deficiency - induced malnutrition in Nigeria

The estimated potential of Nigerian fish resources is 1,830,994 tonnes(t) whereas the demand based on per capita consumption of 12.0kg and a population of 88.5 million is 1.085 million tonnes. Supply is presently less than 500,000 tons. The gap between demand and supply have to be met through improved utilization and increased availability of fish and fishery products. The role of fish in nutrition is recognized, since it supplies a good balance of protein, vitamins and minerals and a relatively low caloric content. This paper appraises the consumption and utilisation pattern of fish in Nigeria, the spoilage of fish and prevention of losses as a means of increasing the availability of fish for human consumption and consequent control of aggravated animal protein deficiency - induced malnutrition. The paper further highlights the point that without increased landings, increased supply of fish can be achieved through reduction of postharvest loss of what is presently caught. The use of newly designed smoke - drying equipment to achieve such goal is highlighted. The paper also emphasises the need to put into human food chain those non-conventional fishery resources and by-catch of shrimp and demersal trawl fishes by conversion into high value protein products like fish cakes, fish pies and salted dried cakes

Analisis de las entidades no lucrativas del Pais Vasco dedicadas a la protección animal

This Final Project Grade, whose title is “Analysis of the non-lucrative entities of the Basque Country dedicated to animal protection”, has as main purpose the study of the historical, theoretical and legal context in which these institutions develop their activity, focusing in those which occur in the Basque Country.

Behavior ecology of the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas: insights from an animal-borne video and data logging system

Dosidicus gigas is a large pelagic cephalopod of the eastern Pacific that has recently undergone an unexpected, significant range expansion up the coast of North America. The impact that such a range expansion is expected to have on local fisheries and marine ecosystems has motivated a thorough study of this top predator, a squid whose lifestyle has been quite mysterious until recently. Unfortunately, Dosidicus spends daylight hours at depths prohibitive to making observations without significant artificial interference. Observations of this squid‟s natural behaviors have thus far been considerably limited by the bright illumination and loud noises of remotely-operated-vehicles, or else the presence of humans from boats or with SCUBA. However, recent technological innovations have allowed for observations to take place in the absence of humans, or significant human intrusion, through the use of animal-borne devices such as National Geographic‟s CRITTERCAM. Utilizing the advanced video recording and data logging technology of this device, this study seeks to characterize unknown components of Dosidicus gigas behavior at depth. Data from two successful CRITTERCAM deployments reveal an assortment of new observations concerning Dosidicus lifestyle. Tri-axial accelerometers enable a confident description of Dosidicus orientation during ascents, descents, and depth maintenance behavior - previously not possible with simple depth tags. Video documentation of intraspecific interactions between Dosidicus permits the identification of ten chromatic components, a previously undescribed basal chromatic behavior, and multiple distinct body postures. And finally, based on visualizations of spermatophore release by D. gigas and repetitive behavior patterns between squid pairs, this thesis proposes the existence of a new mating behavior in Dosidicus. This study intends to provide the first glimpse into the natural behavior of Dosidicus, establishing the groundwork for a comprehensive ethogram to be supported with data from future CRITTERCAM deployments. Cataloguing these behaviors will be useful in accounting for Dosidicus‟ current range expansion in the northeast Pacific, as well as to inform public interest in the impacts this expansion will have on local fisheries and marine ecosystems.

Usage of substances and their dosage regimes in pharmacological animal models of schizophrenia

Background: Contrary to what is generally thought schizophrenia is a very common mental health issue. For this, several animal models are used to assess the illness in order to develop a definitive. The most widely spread paradigm is the use of pharmacological models. Aim: The aim of this review is to display which are the most used insults for the assessment of social behaviour related negative symptoms in animal models as well as to ascertain which is the most adequate regime. Design: Literature review. Methods: PubMed database was used for this article by the search of the indexed “schizophrenia”, “animal models”, “social behaviour” and “negative symptoms” descriptors. With the exception of a single article due to it value this review is based on articles from 10 years onwards. Besides, only clinical trials and reviews written in English or Spanish and that had laboratory rodents as target population were accepted. Results: The studies assessed agree that pharmacological models (specially those regarding the NMDA receptor antagonists) are a valuable means for the experimental investigation of negative symptoms in schizophrenia with the necessity to emphasise that only some negative symptoms (anhedonia and social interaction, mainly) can be experimentally assessed. Conclusions: There is not enough evidence regarding the fours aspects of this review. PCP, Ketamine or MK-801 in sub-acute dosage regimes are currently the most indicated insults to mimic schizophrenic symptoms in rodents, although further research in needed, albeit other substances are valuable as well. (In English language exclusively)

Direct detection of Yersinia pestis from the infected animal specimens by a fiber optic biosensor

The FOB-3, anew type fiber optic biosensor, is designed to rapidly detect a variety of biological agents or analytes with better stability, sensitivity and specificity. In order to detect Y. Pestis, a sandwich immunoassay was developed by using the purified antibody against antigen FI immobilized on polystyrene probes as the capture antibody and the monoclonal antibody-Cy5 conjugate as the detector. After a series of optimization for the stability, sensitivity and specificity of the FOB-3, 50-1000 ng/ml of antigen FI and 6 x 10(1)-6 x 10(7) CFU/ml Y. pestis could be detected constantly in about 20 min, and Y pestis could be detected specifically from Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica, B. anthracis and E. coli. Then, 39 blind samples, including 27 tissues of mice infected with Y pestis and 12 tissues of healthy mice as negative control, were detected with the FOB-3. 92.6% infected tissues were identified from the tissues of healthy mice and the tissues containing more than 100 CFU/ml bacteria could be detected by the biosensor. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the FOB-3 as an effective method to detect Y. pestis rapidly and directly from the infected animal specimens with the advantage of portability, simple-operation as well as high sensitivity and specificity. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.