924 resultados para Angular acceleration


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在一端封闭、一端开口的火焰传播管中均匀布置障碍物,研究了障碍物结构对管道中预混火焰传播的影 响。结果表明,由于障碍物的扰动,火焰不断加速,在阻塞比相同的条件下,最终的火焰稳态速度与障碍物的形状 和间距基本无关,其中障碍物间距仅仅影响火焰的加速速率,在障碍物间距约等于火焰传播管内径( W/ D≈1. 0) 时,平均火焰速度达到最大值,火焰到达稳态传播的距离最短。同时,本文用一维简化模型模拟了火焰在障碍物管 道中的加速过程,计算结果与实验测试结果在定性上比较吻合,说明在管内火焰速度较低的情况下,用一维可压缩 流动近似处理能初步揭示管内火焰的加速机制。

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El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo entre los años 2005 y 2007, con el objetivo de evaluar la adaptación y rendimiento de la variedad mejorada INTA Vaina Roja, en las zonas de Las Segovias, Centro Norte, Centro Sur y Pacífico Sur de Nicaragua. En el año 2006 se condujeron nueve ensayos de rendimiento, uno en Madriz, cinco en Estelí, uno en Matagalpa y dos en Jinotega. En las etapas preliminares de rendimiento, el ensayo incluyó 51 líneas F8, y en las pruebas avanzadas de rendimiento se incluyeron 34 líneas F9 y 14 líneas F8 y F9. Estos trabajos se realizaron de acuerdo a las condiciones agroecológicas de cada localidad bajo condiciones de secano. En las pruebas preliminares se utilizó una sola repetición, y en pruebas avanzadas, se utilizó un diseño de látice 6 x 6 y de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Los resultados obtenidos muestra que a nivel de experimentación las líneas 429 DFSZ 15094-39 (2 188 kg ha-1), MIB 438 (2 644 kg ha-1), 426 DFSZ 15094-39(2 182 kg ha-1) e INTA Vaina Roja (2 013 kg ha-1) sobresalieron por su rendimiento de grano. Durante las evaluaciones, la variedad INTA Vaina Roja resultó tolerante a la enfermedad de mancha angular( Phaeoisariopsis griseola). Además, la variedad INTA Vaina Roja se validó en parcelas comerciales en campos de agricultores en 54 ambientes de los departamentos de Estelí, Madriz, Nueva Segovia, Matagalpa, Jinotega, Chontales y Carazo. En estas parcelas de validación, la variedad INTA Vaina Roja (915 kg ha-1) superó en un 17% en los 54 sitios de validación a las variedades comerciales (784 kg ha-1) utilizadas como testigos locales. Así mismo, dio los mejores rendimientos (1 343 kg ha-1) en 24 ambientes identificados como favorables con un 16% más que las variedades comerciales (1155 kg ha-1). En los 30 ambientes identificados como desfavorables la variedad INTA Vaina Roja (573 kg ha-1), tuvo los mayores rendimientos, superando a las variedades comerciales (487 kg ha-1) en un 18%. En ambas situaciones la variedad INTA Vaina Roja con coeficientes de variación de 27.18 y 33.85% presentó mejor estabilidad que las variedades comerciales. Durante el proceso de experimentación y de validación, se observó que la variedad INTA Vaina Roja presentó tolerancia a alta humedad en el suelo, lo que la hace ser un material ideal para adaptación al cambio climático. La variedad INTA Vaina Roja presentó una Tasa Marginal de Retorno de 991% superior a las variedades comerciales.

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A new pneumatic dispersion system for obtaining a good quality uniform dust suspension in a horizontal dust combustion tube was developed. The effect of three different dispersion techniques on self-sustained dust flame acceleration in such a combustion tube was examined. The importance of the dispersion quality in the test tube for maintaining a self-sustained dust flame acceleration was demonstrated. A combustion tube for studies of flame acceleration in fine aluminum dust-air mixture and its transition to detonation under industrial ignition conditions was constructed in the course of the present study. It consists mainly of an initiation section and a test section. The initiation section must be equipped in a well-developed dispersion system for creating a good dispersion condition in the test tube. The length of this section is 3 meters. The test tube requires only to distribute uniformly the dust over the bottom of the tube prior to the experiment. The aluminum dust spherical in shape with 6 mu m in diameter was used for tests. Experimental results demonstrated that the increase in flame velocity is roughly linear through the entire length of the test tube. The highest flame propagation velocity in fine aluminum dust-air mixture approaches some 1200m/s at a distance of 4.8m from the ignition plate.

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The influence of the momentum addition, which may be associated with the average or fluctuation transverse component of the magnetic field or others, on the acceleration the solar wind or stellar wind is studied in a local streamtube. The results show that the larger the momentum addition the stronger the acceleration of the wind. For example, if the typical transverse magnetic field is about 0.1 of the longitudinal field, the velocity of the solar wind at 1 AU may be increased by 40%. The coronal hole may be considered as a streamtube, the presence of a high stream from the coronal hole may be explained by the existence of an average or fluctuation transverse magnetic field in the streamtube. A similar conclusion may be applied to the polar region, where the velocity of the solar wind will be larger than elsewhere as if there is a transverse component of magnetic field, as well as to the stellar wind. The influence of other parameters on the acceleration of the solar wind is also discussed. From the viewpoint of the solar wind mechanism, the present paper shows that the momentum addition in the subsonic flow region can increase the velocity of the solar wind at 1 AU.

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A three-dimensional MHD solver is described in the paper. The solver simulates reacting flows with nonequilibrium between translational-rotational, vibrational and electron translational modes. The conservation equations are discretized with implicit time marching and the second-order modified Steger-Warming scheme, and the resulted linear system is solved iteratively with Newton-Krylov-Schwarz method that is implemented by PETSc package. The results of convergence tests are plotted, which show good scalability and convergence around twice faster when compared with the DPLR method. Then five test runs are conducted simulating the experiments done at the NASA Ames MHD channel, and the calculated pressures, temperatures, electrical conductivity, back EMF, load factors and flow accelerations are shown to agree with the experimental data. Our computation shows that the electrical conductivity distribution is not uniform in the powered section of the MHD channel, and that it is important to include Joule heating in order to calculate the correct conductivity and the MHD acceleration.

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A display hologram of an object can be recorded and reconstructed in three primary colors if the angular selectivity of volume recording media is exploited. Three holograms are recorded in the same medium, each at a different primary color. These three holograms are reconstructed by simultaneous illumination of the hologram with the original reference beams. By proper choice of the angles that the reference beams make to the hologram, it is possible to suppress strongly cross talk between the different reconstructions (e.g., the red object reconstruction in green light). The technique exhibits high resolution, high diffraction efficiency, and vivid colors. Through the addition of three holographically recorded volume gratings it is possible to reconstruct the hologram with a beam of white light. The saturation and brightness of each primary color in the reconstruction can be adjusted by selection of an appropriate thickness for the corresponding grating.

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Photoelectron angular distributions produced in above-threshold ionization (ATI) are analysed using a nonperturbative scattering theory. The numerical results are in good qualitative agreement with recent measurements. Our study shows that the origin of the jet-like structure arises from the inherent properties of the ATI process and not from the angular momentum of either the initial or the excited states of the atom.

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An experimental study on the angular distribution and conversion of multi-keV X-ray sources produced from 2 ns-duration 527nm laser irradiated thick-foil targets on Shenguang II laser facility (SG-II) is reported. The angular distributions measured in front of the targets can be fitted with the function of f(theta) = alpha+ (1- alpha)cos(beta) theta (theta is the viewing angle relative to the target normal), where alpha = 0.41 +/- 0.014, beta = 0.77 +/- 0.04 for Ti K-shell X-ray Sources (similar to 4.75 keV for Ti K-shell), and alpha = 0.085 +/- 0.06, beta = 0.59 +/- 0.07 for Ag/Pd/Mo L-shell X-ray Sources (2-2.8 keV for Mo L-shell, 2.8-3.5 keV for Pd L-shell, and 3-3.8 keV for Ag L-shell). The isotropy of the angular-distribution of L-shell emission is worse than that of the K-shell emission at larger viewing angle (>70 degrees), due to its larger optical depth (stronger self-absorption) in the cold plasma side lobe Surrounding the central emission region, and in the central hot plasma region (emission region). There is no observable difference in the angular distributions of the L-shell X-ray emission among Ag, Pd, and Mo. The conversion efficiency of Ag/Pd/Mo L-shell X-ray sources is higher than that of the Ti K-shell X-ray sources, but the gain relative to the K-shell emission is not as high as that by using short pulse lasers. The conversion efficiency of the L-shell X-ray sources decrease, with increasing atomic numbers (or X-ray photon energy), similar to the behavior of the K-shell X-ray Source.

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Electron acceleration from the interaction of an intense short-pulse laser with low density plasma is considered. The relation between direct electron acceleration within the laser pulse and that in the wake is investigated analytically. The magnitude and location of the ponderomotive-force-caused charge separation field with respect to that of the pulse determine the relative effectiveness of the two acceleration mechanisms. It is shown that there is an optimum condition for acceleration in the wake. Electron acceleration within the pulse dominates as the pulse becomes sufficiently short, and the latter directly drives and even traps the electrons. The latter can reach ultrahigh energies and can be extracted by impinging the pulse on a solid target. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.