Algumas medidas microclimáticas, em mata da região "Bromélia-malária", em Santa Catarina, Brasil: I - temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e evaporação

É apresentada uma rápida introdução emque o presente estudo é situado dentro do programa de trabalho do Instituto de Malariologia, no litoral sul do Brasil. Em seguida, com o auxílio de uma série de gráficos, é mostrada a distribuição dos valores da temperatura do ar, da umidade relativa e da evaporação, nas três zonações e entre os estratos da mata. Com o intuito de permitir a outros pesquisadores a correlaçãoentre os dados colhidos e observações referentes ao comportamento dos mosquitos, são apresentados, além das médias e totais mensais, os valores obtidos de dia e de noite. Dêsse conjunto de dados é possível tirar, entre outras, as seguintes conclusões: 1. Temperatura do ar: De uma maneira geral, na mata, as médias são mais baixas do que ao ar livre. Entretanto, no inverno, principalmente em meses de céu muito limpo, pode dar-se o contrário. Os valores obtidos nas diversas zonações, á mesma altura, foram, no verão, quase iguais, com ligeira tendência para a estratificação normal. Já no inverno as médias foram bastante influenciadas pela inversão noturna e se apresentaram com diferenças maiores. Numa mesma zonação as médias foram sempre mais elevadas nos estratos superiores do que nos inferiores. 2. Umidade relativa: As médias obtidas nos postos da mata, dependendo da sua localização, foram mais altas ou mais baixas do que as tomadas ao ar livre. Entre os mesmos estratos de vegetação os valores foram sempre maiores no vale, menores no alto da elevação e intermediários na encosta. Em cada zonação as médias foram sempre mais baixas junto à copa das árvores, do que sob os arbustos. A inversão de temperatura, que se verifica à noite, afeta pouco a distribuição da médias da umidade relativa. 3. Evaporação: A evaporação é, durante o dia, mais elevada ao ar livre do que sob os arbustos da mata, o que nem sempre se verifica à noite. Dentre as zonações, o alto da elevação apresentou, sempre, totais maiores. No inverno os valores diurnos da encosta...

Algumas medidas microclimáticas, em mata da região "Bromélia-Malária", em Santa Catarina, Brasil: II - Efeito do abrigo, temperaturas extremas, amplitude térmica diária, temperatura do solo, radiação global, velocidade do vento e déficit de saturação

Em continuação a um artigo anterior (I), são apresentados os valores médios mensais das seguintes observaçõs: efeito do abrigo, temperaturas extremas, amplitude térmica diária, temperatura do solo, radiação global, velocidade do vento e déficit de saturação. O exame, dos gráficos e tabelas contidos no texto, mostra que: 1 - Enquanto em locais livremente expostos ao vento a diferença entre a temperatura lida dentro do abrigo tipo "Stevenson" e a obtida com o psicrômetro ventilado, só excepcionalmente tem significado estatístico, na mata as diferenças médias da ordem de 0,5ºC são comuns, em qualquer das horas de observação. 2 - As maiores médias das temperaturas máximas foram sempre as obtidas ao ar livre. Na mata elas são mais elevadas no vale e mais baixas no alto da elevação. 3 - As diferenças entre as temperaturas mínimas só são nítidas no inverno, quando em alguns pontos da mata elas são mais baixas e em outros mais altas do que as observadas ao ar livre. Nos meses mais frios a inversão noturna póde provocar, na mata, uma diferença médias de 3ºC para um desnível de 100 m. 4 - A não ser no vale, onde foram registrados alguns valores médios iguais aos observados aos ar livre, a amplitude térmica diária é sempre menor na mata. 5 - A evolução da curva da temperatura do solo é influenciada pela situação topográfica e pela proteção oferecida pela vegetação. 6 - A atenuação da velocidade do vento é provocada principalmente pelas copas das árvores. Abaixo dess estrato, praticamente não foi registrada variação nos valores médios da velocidade do vento. 7 - Para o estudo do estado higrométrico do ar, dentro da mata, o déficit de saturação fornece melhors informações do que a umidade relativa.

Estudio de la regeneración natural de Pinus nigra y medidas de favorecimiento por siembra y plantación en la reforestación de zonas afectadas por grandes incendios forestales

Los objetivos que se han planteado en el presente proyecto son los siguientes: - Objetivo 1. Evaluación del estado actual de la regeneración natural en el incendio de Bages-Berguedà de 1994. - Objetivo 2. Estudio experimental de la regeneración de Pinus nigra después de grandes incendios forestales. - Objetivo 3. Ensayo de medidas de siembra y plantación, con el objeto de complementar la regeneración natural del pino laricio.

Optimización de la calidad anatómicofisiológica de pinus halepensis y pinus pinea producidos en contenedor y relación con la supervivencia y crecimiento en plantación. Evaluación de las causas de mortalidad en plantaciones establecidas en tierras agrarias

El presente proyecto se plantea por la necesidad de estudiar la problemática derivada de la aplicación del Real Decreto 378/93 que establece un plan de forestación de superficies agrarias adoptando la normativa comunitaria reflejada en el Reglamento 2080/92. El objetivo de la legislación es la forestación de tierras agrícolas de baja rentabilidad, conservando el medio natural y obteniendo otros beneficios de índole diversa. Esta nueva situación genera una problemática que requiere la participación de investigadores, técnicos, gestores, productores y distribuidores para evitar errores que, a largo plazo, pueden provocar un efecto contrario al que pretendía la legislación. La aplicación del RD 378/93 desde el año 1993 afectaba 150.000 ha en el año 1996 con dispar distribución territorial. El éxito en el establecimiento de las plantaciones fue muy heterogéneo, como cabía esperar de la gran diversidad de estaciones forestadas. El objetivo general de la investigación propuesta en el Proyecto era disminuir los índices de mortalidad en plantaciones establecidas en tierras agrarias. La hipótesis de trabajo que se estableció era que la mortalidad elevada se relaciona con la calidad de la planta y que las particulares condiciones de reforestación incrementan la necesidad de utilizar planta con una calidad anatómica y fisiológica óptima. El establecimiento de un sistema de retroalimentación entre los distintos sistemas de producción de planta y los resultados de la plantación permitían diseñar métodos para la evaluación de la calidad de planta de vivero mediante indicadores fisiológicos. La participación en el proyecto de equipos investigadores con experiencia en la caracterización fisiológica de planta forestal producida en vivero (Subproyecto Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, en adelante ETSIM) y en la influencia de la calidad del sistema radical en la supervivencia y crecimiento en plantación (Subproyecto Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries, en adelante IRTA) nos permitía abordar el objetivo general propuesto. La participación de empresas viverísticas e instituciones colaboradoras (Forestal Catalana S.A., Genforsa, Generalitat de Catalunya) nos garantizaba la disponibilidad de material vegetal, instalaciones y parcelas experimentales. Con este planteamiento, se estableció un Plan de Trabajo con los siguientes objetivos parciales (entre paréntesis los equipos implicados en cada tarea).

Bionomia de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) em áreas da Mata Atlântica no município de Itaguaí, estado do Rio de janeiro, Brasil: I. Frequência intra, peri e extradomiciliar

Along 24 consecutive months, from January 1984 to December 1986, mosquito captures were performed in a rural area of said municipality. Aiming to evaluate the comparative frequency of the mosquito species inside houses and in the immediate vicinity and far from houses, the captures were made in two types of domiciles - one permanently and the other only sporadically inhabited - as well as in surrounding woods. Variations in temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were locally recorded. A tendency for domiciliation became evident by the presence of Aedes scapularis in the human domiciles, mainly in those permantely inhabited. Culex quinquefasciatus showed to be adapted to live with humans also in rural areas, in which, in some instances, insecticides had to be used to keep in under control. Such observations, mainly in terms of Ae. scapularis, reinforce the possibility of those mosquitoes, under favourable conditions, becoming carries of arboviroses to humans in rural environments.

Megalobulimus lopesi sp. n., uma nova espécie de Pulmonata terrestre da Mata Atlântica brasileira (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Megalobulimidae)

Megalobulimus lopesi, a new species of megalobulimidae, is described with basis on conchyological and anatomical characters. It is very close to M. grandis (Martens, 1885), the largest species of land gastropds of Brazil, from Sao Sebastiao Island (23º49'S 45º20'W).

American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pernambuco, Brazil: eco-epidemiological aspects in "Zona da Mata" region

American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has been increasing in Pernambuco, thus becoming an important problem for Public Health. The incindence is predominant in the region called "Zona da Mata", in the east of this state. This region corresponds geographically to the primitive area of the Atlantic forest. In order to characterize the eco-epidemiology expression of ACL in this region, two localities situated in the municipalities of Amaraji e Cortes have been selected by the criterion of higher incindence of human cases. Five stocks of patients were characterized and identified on the basis of enzyme profiles as a new variant of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. A survey of wild and domestic animals was carried out by means of a parasitological and serological diagnosis. Through the analysis of the spleen and liver imprints, were detected amastigotes compatible with Leishmania in five Nectomys s. squamipes, five Bolomys l. pixuna, two Rattus r. alexandrinus and one Rattus r. frugivorus. For two years we carried out monthly sandflies captures using CDC light traps as well as manual captures. Lutzomyia whitmani was predominant, which accounted for 97.4 por cento of the total. These data indicate a strong evidence on the vector and the potential reservoirs of L. braziliensis in this region.

Intestinal Helminthiasis and Anaemia in Youngsters from Matriz da Luz, District of São Lourenço da Mata, State of Pernambuco, Brazil

A group of youngsters (4-18 years old) in northeast Brazil was studied to establish the prevalence of anaemia and intestinal parasitism, as well as to analyze the correlation between them. Two criteria were used to determine the state of anaemia, the level of haemoglobin and the mean of corpuscular volume. The first was considered a single criterion and the second an associated criteria, used in an attempt to correlate anaemia with iron deficiency. The prevalence of intestinal parasitism was 93%, while the prevalence of anaemia was 43.1% and 16.1% according to the criteria employed (single or associated respectively). Anaemia was significantly associated with both sex and age. No significant statistical difference was observed when the association was made between each parasite and anaemia even with those more related to anaemia.

Environment-dependent microevolution in a Mediterranean pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton).

BACKGROUND: A central question for understanding the evolutionary responses of plant species to rapidly changing environments is the assessment of their potential for short-term (in one or a few generations) genetic change. In our study, we consider the case of Pinus pinaster Aiton (maritime pine), a widespread Mediterranean tree, and (i) test, under different experimental conditions (growth chamber and semi-natural), whether higher recruitment in the wild from the most successful mothers is due to better performance of their offspring; and (ii) evaluate genetic change in quantitative traits across generations at two different life stages (mature trees and seedlings) that are known to be under strong selection pressure in forest trees. RESULTS: Genetic control was high for most traits (h2 = 0.137-0.876) under the milder conditions of the growth chamber, but only for ontogenetic change (0.276), total height (0.415) and survival (0.719) under the more stressful semi-natural conditions. Significant phenotypic selection gradients were found in mature trees for traits related to seed quality (germination rate and number of empty seeds). Moreover, female relative reproductive success was significantly correlated with offspring performance for specific leaf area (SLA) in the growth chamber experiment, and stem mass fraction (SMF) in the experiment under semi-natural conditions, two adaptive traits related to abiotic stress-response in pines. Selection gradients based on genetic covariance of seedling traits and responses to selection at this stage involved traits related to biomass allocation (SMF) and growth (as decomposed by a Gompertz model) or delayed ontogenetic change, depending also on the testing environment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the evidence of microevolutionary change in adaptive traits in maritime pine, directional or disruptive changes are difficult to predict due to variable selection at different life stages and environments. At mature-tree stages, higher female effective reproductive success can be explained by differences in their production of offspring (due to seed quality) and, to a lesser extent, by seemingly better adapted seedlings. Selection gradients and responses to selection for seedlings also differed across experimental conditions. The distinct processes involved at the two life stages (mature trees or seedlings) together with environment-specific responses advice caution when predicting likely evolutionary responses to environmental change in Mediterranean forest trees.

Lutzomyia naftalekatzi, a new Species of phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Zona da Mata region, Pernambuco, Brazil

Lutzomyia naftalekatzi, a new phlebotomine sand fly belonging to the L. aragaoi species group, is described from specimens collected in Zona da Mata region of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Biomphalaria spp. (Preston, 1910) snails in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Zona da Mata Mineira mesoregion, ate of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study focuses on the geographic distribution of the snail of the genus Biomphalaria and evaluates its infectivity by Schistosoma mansoni in 5264 specimens collected in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Of the 31 locations studied, 6 were reservoirs, 11 rudimentary holding ponds, 7 irrigation ditches, 5 lakes, 1 ornamental pond, and 1 waterfall. Intermediate hosts were found only in the rudimentary ponds and ditches, which were 100% positive. Using morphological and molecular analysis techniques, B. tenagophila, B. peregrina, and B. straminea were identified. This is the first report of B. stramínea in the municipality, and evaluation of its infective potential revealed susceptibility of 25.4%. Although we did not find specimens of Biomphalaria infected by S. mansoni, the data obtained indicate the presence of intermediate hosts, especially in the irrigation ditches in Juiz de Fora, and their proximity to contaminated areas.

La austeridad mata: el coste humano de las políticas de recorte

Boletín semanal para profesionales sanitarios de la Secretaría General de Salud Pública y Participación Social, Inclusión y Calidad de vida de la Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social

Por qué la austeridad mata. Un análisis de la forma en que las medidas económicas y sociales afectan de lleno a nuestra salud

Vídeo incluido en Suplemento del núm.2 - julio 2013 de Evidencias en gestión clínica y gestión de servicios de salud (http://hdl.handle.net/10668/1206)

First insights into the transcriptome and development of new genomic tools of a widespread circum-Mediterranean tree species, Pinus halepensis Mill.

Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) is a relevant conifer species for studying adaptive responses to drought and fire regimes in the Mediterranean region. In this study, we performed Illumina next-generation sequencing of two phenotypically divergent Aleppo pine accessions with the aims of (i) characterizing the transcriptome through Illumina RNA-Seq on trees phenotypically divergent for adaptive traits linked to fire adaptation and drought, (ii) performing a functional annotation of the assembled transcriptome, (iii) identifying genes with accelerated evolutionary rates, (iv) studying the expression levels of the annotated genes and (v) developing gene-based markers for population genomic and association genetic studies. The assembled transcriptome consisted of 48,629 contigs and covered about 54.6 Mbp. The comparison of Aleppo pine transcripts to Picea sitchensis protein-coding sequences resulted in the detection of 34,014 SNPs across species, with a Ka /Ks average value of 0.216, suggesting that the majority of the assembled genes are under negative selection. Several genes were differentially expressed across the two pine accessions with contrasted phenotypes, including a glutathione-s-transferase, a cellulose synthase and a cobra-like protein. A large number of new markers (3334 amplifiable SSRs and 28,236 SNPs) have been identified which should facilitate future population genomics and association genetics in this species. A 384-SNP Oligo Pool Assay for genotyping with the Illumina VeraCode technology has been designed which showed an high overall SNP conversion rate (76.6%). Our results showed that Illumina next-generation sequencing is a valuable technology to obtain an extensive overview on whole transcriptomes of nonmodel species with large genomes.