La posición socio económica en el campo de la actividad física y su relación con la imagen corporal: Aproximación desde el enfoque determinantes/ determinación social de la salud

El presente trabajo analiza la definición de la categoría posición socioeconómica (PSE) y las variables con las cuales se representa en los productos académicos del campo de la actividad física, además de su relación con la categoría de imagen corporal. Para lograr el objetivo, se rastrean elementos que permiten dar cuenta si los documentos de investigación se abordan desde alguno de los dos contextos: determinantes (DDSS) o determinación social de la salud (DSS). Se inicia con un rastreo global por medio de los motores de búsqueda, las bases de datos y los repositorios institucionales. Posteriormente se parametriza la ruta, desde las categorías imagen corporal (IC) y PSE. Las investigaciones pretenden dar cuenta de la evaluación a 15 años del programa "Salud para Todos" de la ONU de 2001, en el marco de los Objetivos Del Milenio. Se revisaron resúmenes de los productos, descartando aquellos donde la categoría PSE o sus descriptores asociados tuvieran un papel secundario. Se limitó a Latinoamérica y España por su tradición histórica colonizadora; con el ánimo de conocer la postura de esta comunidad frente al proceso globalizado de la salud en el mundo. Al grupo final se le aplican criterios parametrizados a partir de la revisión teórica, para responder los interrogantes basados en las implicaciones que tiene la PSE en el pensamiento actual de la producción científica en el campo de la actividad física; y cómo las otras categorías de análisis se ven o no manifiestas. El índice de calidad científica CASPe, determina la pertinencia de los textos. En el aspecto teórico, se encuentra que la categoría PSE, a pesar de ser muy utilizada, tiene una conceptualización difusa. Por tal motivo, se propone una definición de PSE sustentada en el pensamiento sociológico. En el aspecto empírico, al rastrear las variables con que se reemplaza la PSE en las investigaciones, se encuentran grandes diferencias y el uso de múltiples y disímiles subcategorías.

MCMI-II borderline personality disorder in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. 'Trastorno l??mite de personalidad seg??n el MCMI-II en la anorexia y bulimia nerviosas'

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Manifestaciones dentales en pacientes con anorexia y bulimia tipo compulsivo purgativo - Bogotá 2007

La incidencia de la anorexia y bulimia de tipo compulsivo purgativo en la población de mujeres a nivel mundial se ha incrementado en las últimas décadas, dejando daños irreversibles en boca; la presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar las manifestaciones dentales presentes en pacientes con estos trastornos. Estudio observacional descriptivo de series de casos conformada por 15 mujeres voluntarias, con edad promedio de 22.67 ± 4.3 años, previamente diagnosticadas con bulimia y anorexia de tipo compulsivo purgativo, con 2 años de evolución que reciben tratamiento en centros terapéuticos de Bogotá. La recolección de información se realizó en instituciones, mediante una encuesta y examen clínico odontológico.

Orthorexia nervosa behavior in a sample of Brazilian dietitians assessed by the Portuguese version of ORTO-15

BACKGROUND: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is described as an obsessive pathological behavior characterized by a strong preoccupation with healthy eating and the avoidance of foods or ingredients considered unhealthy by the subject. Although it is still not officially recognized as an eating disorder, previous studies have discussed its frequency in some groups and a fifteen-question test (ORTO-15) was developed elsewhere to assess ON behavior. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate ON behavior in a sample of Brazilian dietitians after testing the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of ORTO-15. METHODS: A total of 392 dietitians answered an online version of the test. The answers were analyzed regarding ON tendency, according with the scoring grid proposed by its authors. Exploratory factor analysis was performed and internal consistency was assessed. RESULTS: It was found that three questions of the test presented loadings lower than 0.5. The 12 remaining question formed 3 factors with internal consistency of -0.51, 0.63 and 0.47. The answers of the participants to these questions revealed a tendency to orthorexic behavior, mainly regarding aspects such as: making food choices conditioned by worry about health status, evaluating food rather from nutritional quality than from its taste, believing that consuming healthy food may improve appearance, discrediting the influence of mood on eating behavior and banning food choices considered by them as eating transgressions. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence of the validity and reliability of the ORTO-15 with the initial psychometric evaluation performed. Further analyses are needed. Nevertheless, it was possible to observe a high frequency of orthorexic behavior among the studied Brazilian dietitians. However, additional studies are needed to completely understand dietitians behavior toward ON. (Eat. Weight Disord. 17: e29-c35, 2012). (C) 2012, Editrice Kurtis

[Prosthetic rehabilitation of a traumatic occlusion due to bulimia nervosa. Case report]

Because of the typical localisation of erosions in anorectic/bulimic patients, the dentist is frequently the first medical person to discern this general illness (anorexia and bulimia nervosa). From the dental viewpoint, the aim should be to preserve sound dental tissue and to prevent further toothwear. A restorative treatment is to be carried out only after causal therapy and after resolving the basic disease. By means of this procedure a good long-term prognosis can be expected. Considering the patient's young age, dentistry should be preservative using the adhesive technique. This case report documents the systematic procedure of the functional and esthetic rehabilitation of an eroded dentition and shows factors essential to the treatment.

The brain serotonin transporter binding in young adults; methodological considerations and association with Bulimia Nervosa and acquired obesity

The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) modulates many functions important for life, e.g., appetite and body temperature, and controls development of the neural system. Disturbed 5-HT function has been implicated in mood, anxiety and eating disorders. The serotonin transporter (SERT) controls the amount of effective 5-HT by removing it from the extracellular space. Radionuclide imaging methods single photon emission tomography (SPET) and positron emission tomography (PET) enable studies on the brain SERTs. This thesis concentrated on both methodological and clinical aspects of the brain SERT imaging using SPET. The first study compared the repeatability of automated and manual methods for definition of volumes of interest (VOIs) in SERT images. The second study investigated within-subject seasonal variation of SERT binding in healthy young adults in two brain regions, the midbrain and thalamus. The third study investigated the association of the midbrain and thalamic SERT binding with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) in female twins. The fourth study investigated the association of the midbrain and hypothalamic/thalamic SERT binding and body mass index (BMI) in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. Two radioligands for SERT imaging were used: [123I]ADAM (studies I-III) and [123I]nor-beta-CIT (study IV). Study subjects included young adult MZ and dizygotic (DZ) twins screened from the FinnTwin16 twin cohort (studies I-IV) and healthy young adult men recruited for study II. The first study validated the use of an automated brain template in the analyses of [123I]ADAM images and proved automated VOI definition more reproducible than manual VOI definition. The second study found no systematic within-subject variation in SERT binding between scans done in summer and winter in either of the investigated brain regions. The third study found similar SERT binding between BN women (including purging and non-purging probands), their unaffected female co-twins and other healthy women in both brain regions; in post hoc analyses, a subgroup of purging BN women had significantly higher SERT binding in the midbrain as compared to all healthy women. In the fourth study, MZ twin pairs were divided into twins with higher BMI and co-twins with lower BMI; twins with higher BMI were found to have higher SERT binding in the hypothalamus/thalamus than their leaner co-twins. Our results allow the following conclusions: 1) No systematic seasonal variation exists in the midbrain and thalamus between SERT binding in summer and winter. 2) In a population-based sample, BN does not associate with altered SERT status, but alterations are possible in purging BN women. 3) The higher SERT binding in MZ twins with higher BMIs as compared to their leaner co-twins suggests non-genetic association between acquired obesity and the brain 5-HT system, which may have implications on feeding behavior and satiety.

Dynamics of macronutrient self-medication and illness-induced anorexia in virally infected insects

Some animals change their feeding behaviour when infected with parasites, seeking out substances that enhance their ability to overcome infection. This 'self-medication' is typically considered to involve the consumption of toxins, minerals or secondary compounds. However, recent studies have shown that macronutrients can influence the immune response and that pathogen-challenged individuals can self-medicate by choosing a diet rich in protein and low in carbohydrates. Infected individuals might also reduce food intake when infected (i.e. illness-induced anorexia). Here, we examine macronutrient self-medication and illness-induced anorexia in caterpillars of the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) by asking how individuals change their feeding decisions over the time course of infection with a baculovirus. We measured self-medication behaviour across several full-sib families to evaluate the plasticity of diet choice and underlying genetic variation. Larvae restricted to diets high in protein (P) and low in carbohydrate (C) were more likely to survive a virus challenge than those restricted to diets with a low P : C ratio. When allowed free choice, virus-challenged individuals chose a higher protein diet than controls. Individuals challenged with either a lethal or sublethal dose of virus increased the P : C ratio of their chosen diets. This was mostly due to a sharp decline in carbohydrate intake, rather than an increased intake of protein, reducing overall food intake, consistent with an illness-induced anorexic response. Over time the P : C ratio of the diet decreased until it matched that of controls. Our study provides the clearest evidence yet for dietary self-medication using macronutrients and shows that the temporal dynamics of feeding behaviour depends on the severity and stage of the infection. The strikingly similar behaviour shown by different families suggests that self-medication is phenotypically plastic and not a consequence of genetically based differences in diet choice between families. © 2013 British Ecological Society.

Estudo da vascularização dos nervos periféricos e da sua influência na regeneração nervosa : estudo experimental e no cadáver humano

RESUMO: Na clínica, a recuperação funcional que se segue a uma lesão nervosa raramente é atingida na sua totalidade. A reinervação, quer motora, quer sensitiva, ocorre geralmente com maior ou menor deficit. Interessa, então, identificar os factores que podem interferir na regeneração nervosa. O neurónio é a unidade anatómica fundamental do sistema nervoso periférico e é muito vulnerável à isquemia pela grande distância que existe entre o corpo neuronal e a extensão do axónio, que pode ser de apenas alguns milímetros ou até atingir um metro. É, por isso, fundamental o estudo da vascularização do nervo periférico e da sua influência na regeneração nervosa. O resultado deste estudo pode levar ao desenvolvimento de técnicas cirúrgicas que criem as condições que garantam, por sua vez, a revascularização precoce do nervo periférico em caso de lesão, ou mesmo em caso de doenças, nas quais a vascularização do nervo está alterada como, por exemplo, na neuropatia diabética. O estudo da vascularização do nervo periférico realizou-se através da investigação da vascularização do nervo mediano do cadáver humano, pela investigação da vascularização do nervo isquiático do rato Wistar e do Plexo Braquial (PB) do mesmo. A vascularização do PB do rato não é muito diferente daquela que é reportada na espécie humana, existindo uma homologia entre o rato e o Homem no que diz respeito à morfologia e à vascularização do PB. Através da comparação angiomorfológica entre o nervo isquiático do rato e o nervo mediano humano, concluíu-se que a microvascularização do nervo isquiático do rato e do mediano humano são muito semelhantes, o que suporta a utilização do rato como modelo experimental de lesões do nervo mediano humano. Para a avaliação da influência da vascularização na regeneração nervosa foi feita a análise da eficácia de enxerto de tubo de membrana amniótica humana imunologicamente inerte, de enxerto de veia jugular externa autóloga e de auto-enxerto de nervo, na reparação de um defeito de 10 milímetros no nervo isquiático do rato, na presença de um fornecimento vascular axial, comparando-se com os mesmos procedimentos em estudos realizados anteriormente, sem suprimento vascular. Os ratos foram avaliados funcionalmente através do estudo das pegadas, da electroneurografia e da força de flexão ao nível do tornozelo, e estruturalmente, através das avaliações histológicas e morfométricas, da taxa de recuperação do peso dos músculos gastrocnémio e solhear e da marcação axonal retrógrada com True Blue às 4, 8 e 12 semanas. Os nervos reconstruídos apresentaram uma arquitectura normal, incluindo a arquitectura vascular. A membrana amniótica foi bem tolerada, persistindo imunologicamente em torno do nervo até à 12.ª semana. Concluiu-se também que, na presença de um suprimento vascular axial local, a membrana amniótica humana e as veias autólogas são, pelo menos, tão eficazes como os auto-enxertos nervosos na reconstrução de defeitos nervosos de 10 milímetros.--------------------------------------ABSTRACT: At the clinic, the functional recovery that follows a nerve lesion is rarely achieved in full. The neuron is very vulnerable to ischemia that’s why it is essential to study the vascularization of the peripheral nerve and its influence on the nerve’s regeneration. The outcome of this study may lead to the development of surgical techniques that create the conditions which are necessary to ensure an early revascularization in case of a peripheral nerve injury. This study investigated the vascularization of the median nerve of the human cadaver and the vascularization of the sciatic nerve of the Wistar rat and his Brachial Plexus (BP) through animal experimentation. The mouse's BP vascularization is not so different from the one that is reported in the human species. An angiomorphological comparison between the mouse sciatic nerve and the human median nerve concluded that the microvascularizations are very similar, which supports the use of the mouse as an experimental model for the study of median nerve’s lesions. To evaluate the influence of vascularization in the nerve’s regeneration, it was made an assessment of the effectiveness of the human amniotic immuno-inert membrane grafts, of the autologous external jugular vein grafts and of the nerve auto-graft in the repair of a defect of 10 mm on the sciatic nerve of the rat, in the presence of an axial vascular supply, comparing these with the same procedures that were adopted in the previous studies, without vascular supply. The rats were functionally assessed and structurally evaluated (through histological and morphometric evaluations) at the 4.th, 8.th and 12.th weeks. The nerves reconstructed presented a normal architecture, including vascular architecture. The amniotic membrane was well-tolerated immunologically, persisting around the nerve until the 12.th week. As a result, it was also concluded that in the presence of a local axial vascular supply, the human amniotic membrane and the autologous veins are, at least, as effective as the nerve auto-grafts in the reconstruction of the nerve’s defects of 10 mm.

Anorexia o bulimia y factores de riesgo en residentes de una universidad

Tesis (Maestría en Salud Pública con Especialidad en Nutrición Comunitaria) UANL

Ausencia de efecto del cambio de contexto de comida en el fen??meno de anorexia por actividad en ratas

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

La anorexia y la bulimia, enfermedades socioculturales. Una aproximación a la realidad caleña

A pesar de que la Anorexia y la Bulimia, han intentado explicarse desde múltiples posturas,socialmente,estas enfermedades siguen relacionándose con la idea de un mal buscado, son vistas como una decisión equivocada. Por tanto, se propone un estudio cuyo objetivo principal es demostrar que los factores socioculturales se convierten en ejes transversales a la decisión de transformar el cuerpo con miras a convertirlo en una herramienta, que posibilita o no el reconocimiento social en la ciudad de Cali.

Trastornos de la personalidad en trastornos de la conducta alimentaria : anorexia nerviosa, bulimia nerviosa y transtorno de alimentación no especificado.

Determinar la prevalencia de los trastornos de personalidad a través del SCID-II según los criterios del manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-IV) en una muestra de pacientes que presentan trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA); determinar la prevalencia y detectar diferencias y/o concordancias en relación a trastornos de personalidad en la muestra de pacientes con trastorno de alimentación y en los diferentes subtipos que se establecen para cada TCA; determinar las características y perfiles de la psicopatología evaluada en pacientes con trastorno de alimentación (con o sin trastornos de personalidad) con la finalidad de aportar datos al diagnóstico de los trastornos alimentarios y facilitar la mejor planificación del tratamiento. La muestra total estuvo formada por 214 sujetos que formaron parte de cada una de las dos muestras según procedencia clínica (TCA) a población general (control). Se categorizó la variable edad en dos intervalos entre 12 y 23 años y entre 24 y 35; se estableció de acuerdo con el estado civil de hecho entre solteras, casadas y/o conviviendo en pareja y separadas/dovorciadas; de acuerdo con la profesión u ocupación, se categorizó en personas estudiantes, trabajadoras, aquellas que estudian y además trabajan y aquellas que ni estudian ni trabajan. En primer lugar se presentaron las variables objeto de estudio (sociodemográficas, clínicas y de personalidad) y los instrumentos utilizados para ello; en segundo lugar se describieron las muestras estudiadas y las características sociodemográficas y clínicas más relevantes; finalmente se describió el proceso de selección de dichas muestras y la administración de las pruebas y los métodos estadísticos utilizados para el análisis de los datos. Hoja preliminar de recogida de datos de las variables sociodemográficas y de las variables clínicas; EDI (Muldimensional Eating Disorder Inventory de Garner, Olmstead y Polivy, 1983); EAT 40 (Eating Attitudes Test de Gardner y Garfinkel, 1979); SCL 90 R (Syntom Check List 90 revised) desarrollado y reformado por Derogatis (1983); SCID-II (Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R/ for Axis II Disorders) de Spitzer, Williams y Gibbon, 1990. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables; se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado, la prueba t, el análisis de varianza (ANOVA oneway) y el tratamiento estadístico con SPSS. Un primer bloque está integrado por aquellos resultados correspondientes a la comparación de los diferentes grupos formados en relación a las variables sociodemográficas establecidas; un segundo bloque está constituido por los datos obtenidos para cada uno de los grupos definidos en función de las variables clínicas establecidas; en un tercer bloque se analizan los resultados relativos a los citados grupos en relación a los trastornos de personalidad y a las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas establecidas. Los sujetos con TCA presentaron más antecedentes clínicos tanto referidos al propio sujeto como a su familia, puntuaciones más elevadas en todos los cuestionarios presentados y más diagnósticos de trastornos de personalidad que en el grupo control. De los TCA, los sujetos con anorexia nerviosa, mostraron puntuaciones más elevadas en los cuestionarios aplicados que los sujetos con bulimia nerviosa y trastorno de alimentación NE, siendo dichas puntuaciones superiores entre cada grupo cuando presentaban trastornos de personalidad. Los sujetos con conductas purgativas presentaron más diagnósticos psiquiátricos previos, mostraron puntuaciones mayores en todos los cuestionarios y mayor número de trastornos de personalidad que los que no se purgaron, no observándose en relación a atracarse o no de comida. En la comparación del número de trastornos de personalidad asociados se observó que a mayor número de diagnósticos las puntuaciones en los diferentes cuestionarios también aumentaron.

Consum i escola : treballar l'anorèxia partint de la publicitat. 'Consumo y escuela : trabajar la anorexia partiendo de la publicidad'.

Resumen de la revista en catalán