Detection and estimation of liquid flow through a pipe in a tissue-like object with ultrasound-assisted diffuse correlation spectroscopy

Using coherent light interrogating a turbid object perturbed by a focused ultrasound (US) beam, we demonstrate localized measurement of dynamics in the focal region, termed the region-of-interest (ROI), from the decay of the modulation in intensity autocorrelation of light. When the ROI contains a pipe flow, the decay is shown to be sensitive to the average flow velocity from which the mean-squared displacement (MSD) of the scattering centers in the flow can be estimated. While the MSD estimated is seen to be an order of magnitude higher than that obtainable through the usual diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) without the US, it is seen to be more accurate as verified by the volume flow estimated from it. It is further observed that, whereas the MSD from the localized measurement grows with time as tau(alpha) with alpha approximate to 1.65, without using the US, a is seen to be much less. Moreover, with the local measurement, this super-diffusive nature of the pipe flow is seen to persist longer, i.e., over a wider range of initial tau, than with the unassisted DWS. The reason for the super-diffusivity of flow, i.e., alpha < 2, in the ROI is the presence of a fluctuating (thermodynamically nonequilibrium) component in the dynamics induced by the US forcing. Beyond this initial range, both methods measure MSDs that rise linearly with time, indicating that ballistic and near-ballistic photons hardly capture anything beyond the background Brownian motion. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America

On applications of high-frequency asymptotics in aeroacoustics.

The aim of this paper is to survey a range of applications of high-frequency asymptotic methods in aeroacoustics. Specifically, we are concerned with problems associated with noise generation, propagation and scattering as found in large modern aeroengines. With regard to noise generation, we consider the interaction between high-frequency vortical waves and thin aerofoils, with particular emphasis being placed on the way in which the vortical waves act on the non-uniform mean flow around the aerofoil. A ray-theoretic description of the resulting sound as it propagates along the engine intake is then presented, followed by consideration of the diffraction of these rays by the (possibly asymmetric) intake lip to produce sound in the far field. A range of more detailed possible extensions is also presented.

气相爆轰波与空气冲击波在斜劈上Mach反射的特征参数比较

以传统的烟迹技术记录胞格结构，证实了气相爆轰波在管道中与斜劈相互作用发生Mach反射，得到了系统的实验结果。在此基础上详细地分析了爆轰波反射后流场的特征参数(三波点迹线与楔面的夹角X与斜劈楔角Θ及气体初压P_0的关系等),并与空气冲击波在斜劈上Mach反射后流场的特征参数进行了比较，初步探讨了参数偏差的原因。这一研究有助于了解爆轰波的前导冲击波和横波在Mach反射中所起的作用。

Comportamiento productivo del pasto gamba (Andropogon gayanus Kunth CIAT 621), en condiciones con y sin quemas, Finca Santa Rosa, UNA, Managua, 2005-2006

Con el objeto de determinar el comportamiento productivo del pasto gamba (Andropogon gayanus), en condiciones de quema y no quema, se estableció el presente trabajo en la Finca Santa Rosa de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, con una extensión de 196 mz., ubicada de la entrada a la Zona Franca 4 Km sur, del desvío a Sabana Grande 200 m Norte, 100 m Oeste. Con coordenadas geográficas de 12° 08’ 15.20” latitud norte, y 86° 09’ 45.12” longitud oeste, con una elevación de 56 msnm. Para ello se selecciono un área de 4 ha con pasto gamba, el cual al momento de inicio del estudio una parte estaba quemada y la otra no aproximadamente el 50 %). El área se dividió en dos lotes con áreas de 225 m2, una presentaba quema y la otra no. De esta área se utilizó parcelas de 100 m2 para la toma de datos, en dichas parcelas de se realizaron 5 submuestreos para la colecta de datos según las variables a evaluar. En cada sumbuestreo se determinó la producción de biomasa fresca y la altura, posteriormente se peso y separó el material forrajero del no forrajero y se separo tallos y hojas, para la determinación de la producción de ambos. El material fresco colectado se seco al sol por periodos de 72 horas, para la determinación de la producción seca. Para la determinación de la biomasa fresca y seca, se utilizo una balanza de reloj, donde se realizaron los pesos totales y parciales de las plantas. Para la determinación de la altura se utilizó una regla milimetrada de dos metros lineal, dicha altura se tomo de la base de los macollos hasta el ápice de las hojas mas altas, seleccionándose 5 muestras por parcela. Previo al estudio se realizó un corte de uniformidad. No se aplicó ningún tipo de manejo agronómico al área en estudio. Las variables a medir fueron: Producción de biomasa (fresca y seca), Producción de hoja, Producción de tallos y Altura. Se realizaron cortes cada 22 días. Se observó que la producción de biomasa fresca total y de hojas fue fluctuante, con incrementos cada 22 a 44 días. Así mismo que la producción de hojas es proporcional a la producción de biomasa total, en condiciones con y sin quema. Además se observó que la producción de hoja fue siempre mayor del 60% de la biomasa total, en las condiciones de con y sin quema. Con respecto a las quemas se logró apreciar que las condiciones con quema, sobre todo las iniciales, presentaron mejores resultados, que cuando no se aplica quema y que las quemas continuas en la misma área actúan en detrimento de la producción de biomasa total, y de hojas. Finalmente se determinó que existe una marcada relación entre la altura de corte y la producción de biomasa. Adicionalmente se encontró que los contenidos de nitrógeno y proteína cruda fueron mayores nominalmente en las condiciones sin quema.

Porous materials for thermal management under extreme conditions

A brief analysis is presented of how heat transfer takes place in porous materials of various types. The emphasis is on materials able to withstand extremes of temperature, gas pressure, irradiation, etc., i.e. metals and ceramics, rather than polymers. A primary aim is commonly to maximize either the thermal resistance (i.e. provide insulation) or the rate of thermal equilibration between the material and a fluid passing through it (i.e. to facilitate heat exchange). The main structural characteristics concern porosity (void content), anisotropy, pore connectivity and scale. The effect of scale is complex, since the permeability decreases as the structure is refined, but the interfacial area for fluid-solid heat exchange is, thereby, raised. The durability of the pore structure may also be an issue, with a possible disadvantage of finer scale structures being poor microstructural stability under service conditions. Finally, good mechanical properties may be required, since the development of thermal gradients, high fluid fluxes, etc. can generate substantial levels of stress. There are, thus, some complex interplays between service conditions, pore architecture/scale, fluid permeation characteristics, convective heat flow, thermal conduction and radiative heat transfer. Such interplays are illustrated with reference to three examples: (i) a thermal barrier coating in a gas turbine engine; (ii) a Space Shuttle tile; and (iii) a Stirling engine heat exchanger. Highly porous, permeable materials are often made by bonding fibres together into a network structure and much of the analysis presented here is oriented towards such materials. © 2005 The Royal Society.

Nanopillar junctions.

The fabrication of nanopillar devices has been essential to the understanding and development of metallic spin electronics. This paper discusses the processes that can be used for the fabrication of such structures and the challenges in which they present, with particular emphasis on extreme sub-micrometre pillar structures suitable for the study of spin-transfer torque effects.

Tarifas bancárias

Consultoria Legislativa da Área VII - Sistema Financeiro, Direito Comercial, Direito Econômico, Defesa do Consumidor.

The tangential discontinuous surface of velocity in solar chromosphere

The data of velocity and magnetic fields in the solar photosphere (5324 angstrom) and the chromosphere (4861 angstrom) clearly show the features of tangential discontinuity of velocity in the chromosphere. The velocity fields in and near the solar active region named No. 88029 by the Huairou Station have been analyzed in detail. A lot of magnetohydrodynamic discontinuous surfaces, especially the tangential discontinuities, are shown from the observations. The calculations of the thickness of discontinuous layer and the evolution time of instability agree with the observational results. The variations of the flow field will directly influence the evolutions and changes of the active region as the magnetic field are coupled closely with the plasma motion.

高分辨率光纤光栅温度传感器的研究

报道了一种具有高分辨率和高效且价廉的解调系统的光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)温度传感器。提出了光纤光栅的金属槽封装技术，以提高传感光栅的温度灵敏性。研究了金属槽封装光栅的温度灵敏性，理论分析和实验结果表明，封装光栅的温度灵敏系数比普通裸光栅提高了3．6倍。系统利用一长周期光栅(LPG)作为线性滤波器，宽带光源经此长周期光栅调制后入射到传感光栅，可解调布拉格传感光栅的波长位移。理论分析与实验结果一致，系统可达到的温度分辨率为0．02℃。

基于RS编码及网格编码调制的光PPM通信纠错技术

分析了RS（Reed-Solomon）纠错码和网格编码调制（Trellis Coded Modulation，TCM）技术在光脉冲位置调制通信中的应用．在此基础上，提出了以RS码作为外码，以网格编码调制技术作为内码，用于光脉冲位置调制通信的新编码方案，能以几乎不减少通信速率的优势，提高传统RS码系统在时变带限光信道中的通信性能．模拟研究了在不同空间光信道条件下，传统RS码的符号正确传输率和误码率，并对网格编码调制的编码增益、RS码与网格编码调制级联时的编码增益进行了仿真研究，证实了本方案的有效性．