Age and size composition, growth rate, reproductive biology, and habitats of the West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) and their relevance to the management of this species

Samples of the commercially and recreationally important West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) were obtained from the lower west coast of Australia by a variety of methods. Fish <300 mm TL were caught over flat, hard substrata and low-lying limestone reefs, whereas larger fish were caught over larger limestone and coral reef formations. Maximum total lengths, weights, and ages were 981 mm, 15.3 kg, and 39 years, respectively, for females and 1120 mm, 23.2 kg, and 41 years, respectively, for males. The von Bertalanffy growth curves for females and males were significantly different. The values for L∞, k, and t0 in the von Bertalanffy growth equations were 929 mm, 0.111/year, and –0.141 years, respectively, for females, and 1025 mm, 0.111/year, and –0.052 years, respectively, for males. Preliminary estimates of total mortality indicated that G. hebraicum is now subjected to a level of fishing pressure that must be of concern to fishery managers. Glaucosoma hebraicum, which spawns between November and April and predominantly between December and March, breeds at a wide range of depths and is a multiple spawner. The L50’s for females and males at first maturity, i.e. 301 and 320 mm, respectively, were attained by about the end of the third year of life and are well below the minimum legal length (MLL) of 500 mm. Because females and males did not reach the MLL until the end of their seventh and sixth years of life, respectively, they would have had, on average, the opportunity of spawning during four and three spawning seasons, respectively, before they reached the MLL. However, because G. hebraicum caught in water depths >40 m typically die upon release, a MLL is of limited use for conserving this species. Alternative approaches, such as restricting fishing activity in highly fished areas, reducing daily bag limits for recreational fishermen, introducing quotas or revising specific details of certain commercial hand-line licences (or doing both) are more likely to provide effective conservation measures.

水稻抗旱性与光合特征的资源评价及其根系抗旱生理基础的研究

为了挖掘和利用野生资源抗旱和高光效的有益基因性状，本研究针对野生种的抗旱生理性状、光合作用和抗旱关系进行了测定，同时利用野生稻和栽培稻远缘杂交获得不同光合特点的后代材料进行了胁迫反应试验，并以栽培稻（陆稻和水稻）为材料研究了抗旱反应中根系的激素信号变化。旨在明确水分胁迫条件下，水稻不同野生种对干旱反应的差异及其机理，以及进一步鉴定有效的抗旱指标，为今后育种和生产实践提供理论依据和指导。主要结果如下： 1．通过对具有不同抗旱性状的四个野生种O.Granulata、O.Alta、O,Officinalis、O.Latifolia水分胁迫处理的抗旱相关生理性状的变化特点的研究表明：(1)在胁迫早期，野生种间黎明前叶片水势没有明显的差别，随着胁迫加剧，种间差异显示明显。耐旱性弱的野生种（O.Granulata、O.Latifolia）黎明前叶片水势和中午水势下降幅度大于耐旱性强的野生种( O.Alta、O.Officinalis)。这表明在一定的干旱处理程度下，黎明前叶片水势和中午水势可以反映出不同种间植株忍受干旱胁迫的能力。(2)四个野生种的植株在轻微胁迫时，膜稳定性呈现出增强的趋势，这可能与干旱胁迫的适应性相关。随着胁迫时间的延长，胁迫程度的加重，叶片膜稳定性破坏，植株叶片渗漏率增加。(3)在胁迫条件下，不同野生种表现出茎杆中糖分增加，叶片的光合酶和光合速率下降，且抗旱性弱的品种这种变化比抗旱性强的品种更加明显。这可能是由于干旱处理降低了同化物的运转和淀粉合成，导致了糖分积累。(4)在水分胁迫条件下，植株中的ABA浓度增加而IAA浓度下降，其中ABA的浓度增加与种间的抗旱性相关。抗旱性差(O.Granulata、O.Latifolia)的野生种叶片ABA浓度增加幅度高于抗旱性强的野生种（O.Alta、O.Officinalis）。Officinalis和Alta在水分胁迫下，仍比Granulata 和Latifolia具有较高的分蘖，这可能与其在胁迫下具有较高GA3浓度有关。 2．通过对20个野生种叶片膜电解质泄漏率的比较，研究其叶片细胞膜稳定性的特点表明，46℃的温度，水浴时间24小时是较适宜的条件。在适宜的处理条件下，Longistaminata、Punctata渗漏率较低，表明其具有良好的膜稳定性：O. Officinalis、O.Glumaepatula、O.Glaberrima，O.Latifolia、Meridionalis、Rufipogon (105697)、100889、Nivara (80683)、Sativa( IR-36)电解质泄漏率居中在60-80%;O.Alta、Rampur6、Azucena、Rufipogon (105599)、Bartlic、Rufipogon(104640)、105429、Minuta (101099)、HP4的渗漏值均较高，表明其膜稳定性较差，尤其是Minuta。此外，叶片光合速率和叶片膜稳定性的关系并不完全一致，在育种时应选择光合速率较高而叶片膜稳定性好的品种，O.Longistaminata因其具有较高的光合速率和较好的膜稳定性，是一个值得关注的材料。 3．研究了栽培稻（Oryza sativa）和普通野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）的杂种后代F3，即：Azucena×Rampur6杂交得到的Fi植株(25007-10)，通过自交得到其F3代植株，在水分胁迫下不同光合速率类型植株以及相关的抗旱生理特点。结果表明， (1)光合速率高的株系黎明前叶片水势下降较大，而中午叶片水势下降却较小：光合速率低的株系黎明前叶片水势下降幅度较小，而中午叶片水势下降幅度却较大，这表明水分胁迫下，植株中午叶片水势与植株的光合速率密切相关。(2)在轻微水分胁迫下（缓慢干旱0-40天），所有株系经受抗旱锻炼的植株，其叶片渗漏率均下降，膜稳定性增强;随着胁迫时间延长（胁迫后40-80天）其叶片泄漏值上升，这可能是由于：水分胁迫下通过植株的渗透调节能力，使得叶片中累积的有机溶质增加：且干旱胁迫使得叶片的质膜破坏，电解质外渗，相对电导率提高。 (3)水分胁迫下，从不同光合速率类型的植株，其光合速率的变化看：高光合速率类型的植株，在水分胁迫下光合速率的下降幅度，要大于光合速率较低类型的植株。在水分胁迫下，SHPl-2株系后代比SHPl-1株系具有较强的抗旱性，能维持较高的光合速率。 (4)在水分胁迫下，不同光合速率的株系，其气孔阻抗均增加：低光合速率的株系，气孔阻抗上升幅度大于高光合速率类型的株系，并且其气孔阻抗上升的时间要早于高光合速率的株系。 4．研究了两个陆稻品种Azucena、IRAT104和两个水稻品种IR64、Salumpikit，在干旱胁迫下根系木质部汁液中内源激素的变化。(1)干旱复水后不同时间进程中，各品种木质部汁液内源激素的变化看，IRAT104和Salumpikit木质部汁液中ABA含量迅速降低，其下降幅度较大。说明ABA作为胁迫信号，通过木质部汁液传递干旱信息;在干旱胁迫解除后，ABA的浓度亦发生相应的变化。(2)在对根系施加不同压力后，测定其木质部汁液内源激素变化，结果表明：在不同的根系压力下，不同品种间（IR64、Salumpikit、IRAT104和Azucena） 木质部汁液中GA3含量变化较大，其中两个陆稻品种IRAT104和Azucena均较高，两个水稻品种IR64和Salumpikit均较低。这表明，在不同的压力下，陆稻品种（Azucena和IRAT104）比水稻品种（IR64和Salumpikit）具有较高的GA3含量;在胁迫条件下，维持较高的GA3含量，这有利于其维持正常的生长发育。(3)在干旱胁迫及复水过程中，根据木质部汁液中ABA和GA3含量变化的结果表明，虽然Azucena和IRAT104均属于陆稻品种，但二者的抗旱性不同。(4)水稻品种木质部汁液的pH值高于陆稻品种。木质部汁液中pH在干旱胁迫下升高，复水后又降低，其可作为干旱胁迫的一个信号，它与木质部汁液中ABA联合调节植株对干旱的生理生化反应。 上述结果表明，叶片水势与水分胁迫密切相关，可作为植株抗旱性的鉴定指标;抗旱性强的品种，叶片水势下降幅度小，有利于维持较高的水势，保证植株生长发育的需要。严重干旱使得所有品种的质膜稳定性降低，电解质外渗，相对电导率提高;抗旱性强的品种的质膜伤害程度小，电导率上升幅度小，表明其质膜稳定性好，对干旱的忍耐能力强。质膜稳定性的变化实际上反映了品种的耐旱性，所以是一种综合而又比较准确的抗旱鉴定指标。对于酶和激素的测定方法，由于操作比较烦琐，且数据分析和产量比较复杂等原因，不太适合于常规的大田选育工作中。水稻的抗旱性是多种生理生化变化综合作用的结果，因此进行水稻抗旱性鉴定时，不能使用单一的生理生化指标，而应对多个指标进行综合分析，依据综合值对水稻品种的抗旱性进行评价较为科学。

辐照交联阻燃矿用软电缆乙丙弹性体的组合物及其加工工艺

本发明涉及一种辐照交联阻燃矿用软电缆乙丙弹性体的配方及其加工工艺，其配方重量组份包括：乙丙橡胶１００份、低密度聚乙烯１０－５０份、轻质碳酸钙４０－３０份、十溴二苯醚１５－２８份、氧化钼２－５份、三氧化二锑２０－４０份、２，４，６－三叔丁基苯酚０. ２－１. ０份、硫代二丙酸二月桂酯０. ２－０. ５份、三丙烯酸三羟甲基丙烷酯５－１０份；加工工艺是将配方中各组份加入密炼机中，经密炼、开炼或造粒、制片或造粒、挤线、辐照后即可；该配方制备的弹性体耐温等级高、阻燃性好、机械、电气性能优良。

利用修饰的随机引物构建非洲爪蟾酵母双杂交定向cDNA文库

描述了一种新的构建cDNA文库的方法,其中用来合成cDNA第一链的随机引物5'-端被加上碱基d(AC),在cDNA双链合成后所添加的连接头的末端含有碱基d(GTCG).在cDNA舣链3'-端,连接头连接上后会形成一个完整的Sall酶切位点d(GTCGAC),而在5'-端几乎不会形成Sall位点.在Sall酶切后利用形成的3'-粘性末端与5'-EcoRI粘性末端一起将cDNA双链定向导入线性化的质粒载体,再通过转化细菌获得cDNA文库.利用此方法构建了一个不同发育时期非洲爪蟾胚胎酵母双杂交cDNA文库.检测了文库中空载体的比例,插入片段大小和不同基因的表达水平几个指标,都符合预期,但是同时发现定位于mRNA的3'-端的插入片段比例比较低.这种倾向性符合文献报道,应该是实验系统的倾向性,不影响进一步的酵母双杂交实验.这些数据证明成功地构建了定向非洲爪蟾酵母双杂交cDNA文库.

Comparison of Image-Based and Time-of-Flight-Based Technologies for 3D Reconstruction of Infrastructure

Image-based (i.e., photo/videogrammetry) and time-of-flight-based (i.e., laser scanning) technologies are typically used to collect spatial data of infrastructure. In order to help architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries make cost-effective decisions in selecting between these two technologies with respect to their settings, this paper makes an attempt to measure the accuracy, quality, time efficiency, and cost of applying image-based and time-of-flight-based technologies to conduct as-built 3D reconstruction of infrastructure. In this paper, a novel comparison method is proposed, and preliminary experiments are conducted. The results reveal that if the accuracy and quality level desired for a particular application is not high (i.e., error < 10 cm, and completeness rate > 80%), image-based technologies constitute a good alternative for time-of-flight-based technologies and significantly reduce the time and cost needed for collecting the data on site.

Feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation for biological soil crusts formation in desert area

Practical testing of the feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation to speed up the recovery of biological soil crusts in the field was conducted in this experiment. Results showed that cyanobacterial and algal cover climbed up to 48.5% and a total of 14 cyanobacterial and algal species were identified at the termination of inoculation experiment; biological crusts' thickness, compressive and chlorophyll a content increased with inoculation time among 3 years; moss species appeared in the second year; cyanobacterial inoculation increased organic carbon and total nitrogen of the soil; total salt, calcium carbonate and electrical conductivity in the soil also increased after inoculation. Diverse vascular plant communities composed of 10 and 9 species are established by cyanobacterial inoculation on the windward and leeward surface of the dunes, respectively, after 3 years. The Simpson index for the above two communities are 0.842 and 0.852, while the Shannon-Weiner index are 2.097 and 2.053, respectively. In conclusion, we suggest that cyanobacterial inoculation would be a suitable and effective technique to recover biological soil crusts, and may further restore the ecological system. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variations and systematics of the genus Distoechodon (Teleostei : Cyprinidae)

In the present paper, nucleotide sequences (925-929 bases) of the mitochondrial D-loop region and complete cytochrome b gene (1140 bases) were determined and analysed to investigate the systematic status of the genus Distoechodon . CSB1, CSB2, CSB3, CSB-D and ETAS were successfully identified in the D-loop region. The sequence variations among different samples suggest that Distoechodon compressus is a valid species and has its distribution in Taiwan, and that D. tumirostris multispinnis does not seem to be a valid species.

Quantitative relationship between chromatographic retentions and molecular structures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)

A new approach to study the quantitative relationships between chromatographic retentions and molecular structures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) is described. The retention equations of PCDDs log k' = A + B/T in gas chromatography (GC) are used to evaluate the properties of the regression coefficients A and B, which have been widely accepted as highly reliable chromatographic retentions. The quantitative relationships between the A, B values and the molecular structures are found. The molecular descriptors given for the first time in this article are very effective. As a result, the regression equations are derived with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9995. The A, B values of PCDDs with no standards available have been predicted according to these relationships. They are very useful in chromatographic identification. The retention times of all PCDDs can be conveniently predicted at any temperature program. Compared with the data obtained from the relevant experiments, the results of prediction are very accurate. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-performance 2 mm gate width GaNHEMTs on 6H-SiC with output power of 22.4 W @ 8 GHz

Optimized AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) structures were grown on 2-in semi-insulating (SI) 6H-SiC substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The 2-in. HEMT wafer exhibited a low average sheet resistance of 305.3 Omega/sq with a uniformity of 3.85%. The fabricated large periphery device with a dimension of 0.35 pm x 2 nun demonstrated high performance, with a maximum DC current density of 1360 mA/mm, a transconductance of 460 mS/mm, a breakdown voltage larger than 80 V, a current gain cut-off frequency of 24 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 34 GHz. Under the condition of continuous-wave (CW) at 9 GHz, the device achieved 18.1 W output power with a power density of 9.05 W/mm and power-added-efficiency (PAE) of 36.4%. While the corresponding results of pulse condition at 8 GHz are 22.4 W output power with 11.2 W/mm power density and 45.3% PAE. These are the state-of-the-art power performance ever reported for this physical dimension of GaN HEMTs based on SiC substrate at 8 GHz. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Simplified Soft-output QRD-M MIMO Detector

In this paper, a low-complexity soft-output QRD-M detection algorithm is proposed for high-throughput Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. By employing novel expansion on demand and distributed sorting scheme, the proposed algorithm can reduce 70% and 85% foundational operations for 16-QAM and 64-QAM respectively compared to the conventional QRD-M algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can yield soft information to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a near-NIL detection performance with less foundational operations

双效太阳能蒸馏器的试验研究

本文介绍了双效太阳能蒸馏器的试验装置和试验方法，依据双效太阳能蒸馏器的传热传质理论，阐明了充分利用冷凝潜热是提高蒸馏器产水量及其效率的有效途径。试验表明，在太阳辐射量为7.342[kW/(m~2·d)]的条件下，本试验装置的产水量为7.18[kg/(m~2·d)]，效率为65.0%。它与顶棚式蒸馏器相比较，在同等条件下，产水量增加22.5～59.6%。