Hardening and corrosion behaviour of copper added SUS 304H austenitic steels subjected to thermal cycling

This research was aimed at determining optimum Cu content for the alloy design of SUS 30411 austenitic steels having enhanced heat and corrosion resistance. Samples of the steel containing 1, 3, and 5 wt.% Cu were subjected to repeated heating and cooling to a temperature of 760 degrees C and to a maximum of 15 cycles. Hardness measurement and the corrosion behaviour in 1M NaCl solution were evaluated. The hardness increases with an increase in the number of heating cycles for the three compositions. The hardening response to the thermal cycles is however higher for the 1 wt.% Cu composition and decreases with an increase in the Cu wt.%. The SUS 30411 steel containing 3 wt.% Cu exhibited the least susceptibility to corrosion in the 1M NaCl solution irrespective of the number of heating cycles. The SUS 30411 steel containing 1 wt.% Cu was found to exhibit the highest susceptibility to corrosion for all heating cycles compared.

Assessing severe Drought and wet events over India in a future climate using a nested bias-correction approach

General circulation models (GCMs) are routinely used to simulate future climatic conditions. However, rainfall outputs from GCMs are highly uncertain in preserving temporal correlations, frequencies, and intensity distributions, which limits their direct application for downscaling and hydrological modeling studies. To address these limitations, raw outputs of GCMs or regional climate models are often bias corrected using past observations. In this paper, a methodology is presented for using a nested bias-correction approach to predict the frequencies and occurrences of severe droughts and wet conditions across India for a 48-year period (2050-2099) centered at 2075. Specifically, monthly time series of rainfall from 17 GCMs are used to draw conclusions for extreme events. An increasing trend in the frequencies of droughts and wet events is observed. The northern part of India and coastal regions show maximum increase in the frequency of wet events. Drought events are expected to increase in the west central, peninsular, and central northeast regions of India. (C) 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Kinetically stabilized C-60-toluene solvate nanostructures with a discrete absorption edge enabling supramolecular topotactic molecular exchange

Nanosized fullerene solvates have attracted widespread research attention due to recent interesting discoveries. A particular type of solvate is limited to a fixed number of solvents and designing new solvates within the same family is a fundamental challenge. Here we demonstrate that the hexagonal closed packed (HCP) phase of C-60 solvates, formed with m-xylene, can also be stabilized using toluene. Contrary to the notion on their instability, these can be stabilized from minutes up to months by tuning the occupancy of solvent molecules. Due to high stability, we could record their absorption edge, and measure excitonic life-time, which has not been reported for any C-60 solvate. Despite being solid, absorbance spectrum of the solvates is similar in appearance to that of C-60 in solution. A new absorption band appears at 673 nm. The fluorescence lifetime at 760 nm is similar to 1.2 ns, suggesting an excited state unaffected by solvent-C-60 interaction. Finally, we utilized the unstable set of HCP solvates to exchange with a second solvent by a topotactic exchange mechanism, which rendered near permanent stability to the otherwise few minutes stable solvates. This is also the first example of topotactic exchange in supramolecular crystal, which is widely known in ionic solids. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A simulation-based algorithm for optimal pricing policy under demand uncertainty

We propose a simulation-based algorithm for computing the optimal pricing policy for a product under uncertain demand dynamics. We consider a parameterized stochastic differential equation (SDE) model for the uncertain demand dynamics of the product over the planning horizon. In particular, we consider a dynamic model that is an extension of the Bass model. The performance of our algorithm is compared to that of a myopic pricing policy and is shown to give better results. Two significant advantages with our algorithm are as follows: (a) it does not require information on the system model parameters if the SDE system state is known via either a simulation device or real data, and (b) as it works efficiently even for high-dimensional parameters, it uses the efficient smoothed functional gradient estimator.

Fire and soil temperatures during controlled burns in seasonally dry tropical forests of southern India

Fire and soil temperatures were measured during controlled burns conducted by the Forest Department at two seasonally dry tropical forest sites in southern India, and their relationships with fuel load, fuel moisture and weather variables assessed using stepwise regression. Fire temperatures at the ground level varied between 79 degrees C and 760 degrees C, with higher temperatures recorded at high fuel loads and ambient temperatures, whereas lower temperatures were recorded at high relative humidity. Fire temperatures did not vary with fuel moisture or wind speed. Soil temperatures varied between <79 degrees C and 302 degrees C and were positively correlated with ground-level fire temperatures. Results from the study imply that fuel loads in forested areas have to be reduced to ensure low intensity fires in the dry season. Low fire temperatures would ensure lower mortality of above-ground saplings and minimal damage to root stocks of tree species that would maintain the regenerative capacity of a tropical dry forest subject to dry season wildfires.

Remarkable Selectivity and Photo-Cytotoxicity of an Oxidovanadium(IV) Complex of Curcumin in Visible Light

Oxidovanadium(IV) complexes of 2-(2'-pyridyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (pyphen), viz. VO(pyphen)(acac)](ClO4) (1), VO(pyphen)(anacac)](ClO4) (2) and VO(pyphen)(cur)](ClO4) (3), where acac is acetylacetonate (in 1), anacac is anthracenylacetylacetonate (in 2) and cur is curcumin monoanion (in 3) were synthesized, characterized and their photo-induced DNA cleavage activities and photo-cytotoxicities studied. The complexes are 1: 1 electrolytes in DMF. The one-electron paramagnetic complexes show a d-d band near 760 nm in DMF. Complexes 2 and 3 are blue and green emissive, respectively, in DMSO. The complexes exhibit irreversible V-IV/V-III reductive responses near -1.1 V and V-V/V-IV oxidative responses near 0.85 V vs. SCE in DMF-0.1 M TBAP. Complexes 2 and 3 display significant and selective photo-cytotoxicity upon irradiation with visible light giving an IC50 value of about 5 mu M against HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells; they are significantly less-toxic against normal 3T3 control cells and in the absence of light. Complex 1 was used as a control. Both cytosolic and nuclear localization of the complexes were observed on the basis of fluorescence imaging. The complexes, avid binders to calf thymus (ct) DNA, were found to photocleave supercoiled pUC19 DNA upon irradiation with near-IR light (785 nm) by generating hydroxyl radical (OH) as the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cell death events noted with HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines likely are attributable to apoptotic pathways involving light-assisted generation of intracellular ROS.

Effects of the orientation of microgravity on the concentration distribution in crystallization from solution

A quasi-steady state growth and dissolution in a 2-D rectangular enclosure is numerically investigated. This paper is an extension to indicate the effects of the orientation of gravity on the concentration field in crystallization from solution under microgravity, especially on the lateral non-uniformity of concentration distribution at the growth surface. The thermal and solute convection are included in this model.

Evaluación de criterios de aplicación para el manejo de Plutella xylostella (L) en repollo (Brassica oleracea L.)

Con el objetivo de evaluar diferentes criterios de aplicación para el manejo de Plutella xylostella (L.) en el cultivo de repollo se realizó un experimento de campo en la época de primera en el Centro experimental de campos Azules (Masatepe, Departamento de Masaya), se mantuvieron diferentes niveles de esta plaga por medio de aplicaciones semanales del insecticida Chlorfluazurón (Júpiter) a una dosis de 182 cc/ha. La incidencia de la plaga no fue uniforme durante el ciclo del cultivo, oscilando por encima de los niveles establecidos a partir de los 28 DDT. La mayor incidencia fue de 1.2 larvas/planta en la etapa de formación de cabeza y de 3 3 larvas/planta para la etapa de llenado de cabeza afectando el área foliar, precio por cabeza, y los ingresos económicos. A los resultados agronómicos se les aplicó un análisis económico, resultando del aná11s1s de retorno marginal, tasas de retornos marginales 760 por ciento más hasta 1 o por ciento menos en el precio del insecticida, bajo este rango de variación en estos precios aplicar insecticida cuando exista 0.5 larvas de P. xylostella /planta, sigue siendo una recomendación válida y confiable en el campo.

Adaptibilidad y estabilidad de naranjilla (Solaum quitoense LAM var. Septentrionale) y cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum DUNAL var. Sessiliflorum) en fincas de pequeños agricultores de granos básicos en Jinotega

La naranjilla ( Solanum quitoense LAM), y la cocona ( Solanum sessiliflorum DUNAL), son cultivadas mayormente en Jinotega y Matagalpa. Ambos cultivos son poco conocidos, al igual su manejo agronómico. El objetivo de este ensayo fue estudiar la adaptabilidad y estabilidad de ambos cultivos. Para esto se establecieron parcelas en 23 fincas, sin repeticiones dentro de cada finca. Entre los resultados se obtuvieron los siguientes: Tanto el factor finca como la interacción finca*variedad resultaron significativos. En general la naranjilla mostró una mayor adaptabilidad a los ambientes más productivos, aunque resultó menos estable que la cocona (b = 1.5). La cocona mostró una estabilidad mayor (b = 0.49) y adaptada a los ambientes menos productivos. La grafica bidimensional del AMMI reflejó que ambos cultivos y las Fincas Siete y Ocho contribuyeron grandemente a la interacción detectada. En cuanto a la variación observada entre sitios las variables independientes profundidad de suelo, Siembra T y pendiente del terreno mostraron cierta asociación con la variación en el rendimiento observado entre fincas.

Análisis de la utilización del recurso suelo en Nicaragua

El suelo se puede valorar desde una perspectiva productiva, económica, social, organizativa e histórica. En este caso se quiere hacer una valoración desde el punto de vista del suelo como mercancía, por ser objeto de compra venta. Pero hay particularidades que lo diferencian de otras mercancías, tales como no ser el resultado del trabajo precedente del hombre y tener un espacio geográfico limitado. En Centroamérica, Nicaragua es el país que tiene la más alta disponibilidad de suelo por habitante y El Salvador el que tiene la más baja disponibilidad de suelo por persona, en caso de relacionarlo con la superficie total. Pero cuando se relaciona con la superficie arable, la situación cambia para El Salvador, ya que Costa Rica tiene menos disponibilidad de suelo arable por persona. Lo cual es una buena noticia, debido a que el país dispone de más tiempo para mejorar los indicadores: productivos, ambientales, económicos y sociales. Nicaragua tiene el 82.2% del suelo de uso agropecuario, pero, la estructura de uso del área agropecuaria, se encuentra un uso extensivo. El 39.9% es de pasto natural y el 23.1% de suelo en descanso y tacotales. Este es un ángulo de importancia, debido a la creciente necesidad de alimentos y conservación de los recursos naturales. Tomando en cuenta la cantidad de explotaciones y el área, el coeficiente de Gini es de 0.72, el cual representa un alto nivel de concentración del uso del suelo. De acuerdo al modelo de regresión simple se ha utilizado en base a los datos de la FAO, se espera que cada año se pierdan 91 760 hectáreas de bosques. De 1 925 000 hectáreas de tierras arables que tiene Nicaragua, lo que significa que un 4.8% del suelo arable de nuestro país se deforesta cada año. Este es un panorama grave que se le debe prestar atención.

气旋限流效应及其在大功率激光气动窗口上应用的可能性

分析了进口气旋对收缩型喷管流量的影响。强气旋能显著地降低流量。对大功率气体激光气动窗口应用进口气旋预计可节省抽气功率;缩短窗口长度。

Study on cracked plates, shells and 3 dimensional bodies

This paper presents a summary of the authors' recent work in following areas: (1) The stress-strain fields at crack tip in Reissner's plate. (2) The calculations of the stress intensity factors in finite size plates. (3) The stress-strain fields at crack tip in Reissner's shell. (4) The calculations of the stress intensity factors and bulging coefficients in finite size spherical shells. (5) The stress-strain fields along crack tip in three dimensional body with surface crack. (6) The calculation of stress intensity factors in a plate with surface crack.

煤粉燃烧中NO_x和SO_x生成的详细反应机理模拟

采用详细化学反应机理与CFD方法耦合的煤粉燃烧数值模拟程序,计算了煤粉燃烧过程中CO,NOx和SOx等的浓度分布特性.通过与实验对照,验证了数值模拟方法的可靠性,并分析了燃烧温度和煤粉细度等因素对于NO生成的影响.结果表明温度对于NO的生成影响较大,随着温度的增加, NO的生成浓度明显增加;对于不同煤种,可能存在一个温度点,这时NO的生成速率将非常快;在计算范围内,温度对SO2的最终生成浓度没有明显影响,而只影响SO2的释放过程.煤粉细度对于NO生成有较小的影响.

瑞利泰勒不稳定性中尺度效应的数值模拟研究(英文)

　瑞利 泰勒不稳定性是一种由于密度梯度引起的界面不稳定性,在惯性约束聚变中具有重要的意义。利用被动标量输运模型对包含不同尺度初始扰动的界面演化过程进行数值模拟。计算结果表明界面的初始形状对不稳定性的发展具有很大的影响,狭长型扰动比正方型扰动发展慢。另外,不同尺度扰动的相互作用一般会减小沿界面发展方向运动的动能,使能量更多地用于平行于界面方向的运动。