北京山区荆条灌丛生态系统研究--群落学，生物量，元素循环及稳定性特征

本文对北京怀柔汤河口、北京云蒙山、西山以及河北省石家庄地区元氏县的荆条灌丛的群落学特征及其生物量进行了较为详细的研究，并着重研究了汤河口、云蒙山、西山三个亲地的荆条群落的地球化学特征和元素循环特征，对西山的荆条群落中荆条叶片枯落物的分解过程进行了详细的比较研究，最后，对汤河口和西山的两个荆条灌丛的相对稳定性进行了探讨，并和昭田真的演替度进行了比较，期望对荆条灌丛的现况有个较全面和深入的了解，为合理的改造利用广阔的华北落叶灌丛提供理论依据。 本研究设置了四个样地。样地1在北京市怀柔县汤河口乡，样地2在汤河口以南40公里的云蒙山林场，下设两个小样地2a和2b，分别经过8年和3年的封山保护。样地3在北京海淀区的西山上，样地4位于河北省元氏县。四个样地的地理位置，地形、立地条件及所受的人为干扰的程度各不相同。DCA分析对样地的排序图中从左到右样地的顺序为样地2b，2a，样地3，样地1，样地4。 6个样地的荆条滋丛中计有高等植物49种，分属24科47属。其中样地1 8科14种,样地2a 15科24种，样地2b 13科18种，样地3 9科14种，样地4a 11科18种，样地4b 7科11种。以禾本科植物最多（8种），菊科植物6种次之，蔷薇科植物4种，居第三。6个样地中常见植物种（存在度60%以上）有11个，较1965年调查时的常见种数（16种）显著减少。 生活型谱分析表明样地1和2a的生活型谱介于热带和温带类型之间。样地2b的生活型谱是较典型的温带类型，样地3则较偏向荒漠类型;样地4a和4b的生活型谱则较偏向热带和荒漠的类型。 植物区系分析表明，样地2b带有最明显的中生性，而样地4a因含有最多的热带和亚热带分布种而最为干燥。样地依干燥度增加的顺序为2b，2a3，1，4b，4a。这个顺序恰好和DCA对样地的排序结果完全吻合，同时，它还是温度升高的梯度。 荆条灌丛中荆条地上部生物量，以样地2a和2b为最高，分别为3571,9和3285.8公斤／公顷，其次为样地3，达2445.7公斤／公顷，余下的顺序为样地1，样地4a和4b。这个顺序和DCA与样地的排序结果一致，即荆条地上部生物量随着样地干燥程度的增加和温度的增加而减少。相关分析表明，热量（年日照时数）是控制荆条生长的最主要因素，且荆条的生长受土壤中砾石的很大的制约。 荆条灌丛中荆条之外的其它植物种类，作为一个组分，其地上部生物量除样地1外，和荆条地上部生物量的大小顺序一致，这些植物地上部生物量随人为干扰程度的增强而极显著的减少，且随海拔高度的增加而极显著的增加，说明这些植物较适于生长在海拔较高的地区，且它们随人为干扰的能力很弱。 荆条灌丛群落地上部总生物量，作为上述两个组分的综合，较多的受灌丛中其它植物地上部生物量的影响，而且与海拔高度呈现显著的相关性。群落地上部总生物量与年蒸发量、无霜期、人为干扰程度均表现极显著的负相关，与≥10'C的年积温也显著的负相关。这些特点，都表明荆条灌丛一个总趋势，即较低的温低更适合该群落的生长。 荆条地下部生物量在样地l达9641.8公斤，公顷顾(1986) 和l0996.6公斤／公顷(1987)，其中各有51.1%和28.90%是根球的生物量，在样地3则1988年为2306.1公斤/公顷，l989年增至5442.2公斤/公顷，两个样地中，地下部生物量为枝条生物量的6.29和5.44倍（样地1）,以及2．10和1.23倍《样地3），根枝比的分析表明样地1年龄大于样地3，且样地1比样地3．干燥，荆条的根枝比大于其它灌术种类的根枝比，这是荆条对砍伐的适应．就象灌丛栎(根枝比6.23)对火灾的适应一样。 样地1荆条灌丛的总生物量，1986年为13.44吨／公顷，87年为l6.4吨／公顷，增加了22.2%，群落年净第一性生产量为3.96吨／公顷•年。在群落总生物量中，荆条的生物量占绝大部分，分别达90.4%和86.3%，而在群落年净第一性生产量中，荆条的贡献达3.00吨／公顷•年，占75.8%。 样地3的总生物量88年为9.90砘／公顷．89年猛增至21.17砘／公顷，增加了113.9%，群落年净第一性生产量为12.62砘／公顷•年，是样地1的3.19倍。群落总生物量中，荆条所占的比例在1988年为48.0%，89年增大为58.5%，和样地1的变化趋势相反，表明两个样地的荆条灌丛处于不同的发育阶段。在群落的年净第一性生产量中，荆条的贡献和样地1相似，达71.1%。 和不同类型的灌丛地上部生物量比较的结果表明荆条灌丛小于同地区的落叶灌丛(绒毛绣线菊、荆条、蚂蚱腿子灌丛)，更小于同地区的乔木树种的萌生灌丛如辽东栎萌生丛．以及其他地区的矮针叶树栎灌丛，群落总生物量的比较结果也表明荆条灌丛的生物量还有很大的发展潜力。 荆条灌丛地上部生产量已经超过一些成熟乔木种类的林地的生产量，且荆条灌丛中生长最快的群落（样地3）的地上部生产量已接近一些乔木种类的幼龄林地的生产量说明荆条灌丛有较高的生长速度。 生物量累积比作为植物或群落衰老程度的指标，说明荆条灌丛较之其它原生灌丛还是较”年轻”的，样地1的生物量累积比较大，是该群落遭受频繁砍伐的反映。 由荆条灌丛立地的潜在生产量的分析可知样地1的荆条灌丛离其”成熟类型”的生产量还差距很大，而样地3的生产量正接近其”成熟类型”。结合前面的分析，可以推测在人类活动频繁和强度的干扰下，样地l的荆条灌丛没有继续向其成熟类型发育，而在中途衰退了。 西山荆条灌丛中，在代谢活动较旺盛的部位，N和K的含量较高，Hg，P和Zn也表现相似的倾向，A1和Fe则表现了相反的趋势，即代谢活动较强的部位，含量较低。Mn，Ca和Ha则是介于中问的一种类型。比较各组分中元素的含量值，Mg是较均匀的类型，其余元素在不同组分间含量的差异都较悬殊。西山荆条灌丛中，Mn,Mn, Mg，Ca，AI五个元素都以土壤中的含量为最高，N的含量则以上壤为最低，而植物组分中 K的含量一直保持较高的水平。 多数元素在荆条根球中的含量最低，包括Fe，Hn，Zn，（Ca，P和AI。随着年龄的增大，各组分中K的含量有增加的趋势（其增加量大于其它元素的增加量），在西山荆条灌从中，植物组分以及及土壤里各元素除p外，其含量均与两个以上元素的含量呈显著相关性（图11）．而P的含量只与N的含量具极显著相关性，，在植物组分中，灰分含量与Fe，Mn，Ca，P，AI的含量均具极显著的相关性。荆条内部各组分的元寨岔登之间全部晕缀显著相关，而绝大部分植物组分中元素含量与土壤中相应元素的含量值无相关性。 植物组分中，其它植物地上部，其它植物地下部和羽叶是元素积累量最大的三个组分。荆枝中的Ca和Ha，荆根球和荆根中的Zn和Mg以及荆根中的Al，它们的含量与其积累量之间具有较明显的补偿现象，即它们的积累量并不随生物量的增减而发生显著的变化。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条和其它植物对10种元素的吸收总量基本相等。在荆条的总吸收量中，K，N，Ca的吸收量占88.5％，其余7种元素的吸收量只占11.5%。在其它植物中，则以Ca，N和Al的吸收量占多数，达73.9%。在荆条和其它植物中，K和Al的吸收可能存在着拮抗关系。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条对K的吸收量最大，但对Mn的利用系数最大。10种元素中最大和最小吸收量之间在荆条中相差339倍（K和Zn之间），但荆条对各元素的利用系数却相差不多，平均为0.775±0.09。其它植物对10种元素的利用系数较荆条稍高，平均为0.826±0.07，整个西山荆条灌丛群落对元素的利用系数以Mn为最高，Na为最低。 若以土壤中元素的垒量的贮量计算，荆条对N的吸收系数最大，Al最小。若以土壤中元素的有效含量（可溶性或可代换性量）汁，则荆条的吸收系数以Al最大，Ca最小 （表21）。土壤元素（全量）的周转时间，Al最长，达2603.2年，多数元素在450-600年 之间，只有N，P，K三个元素的周转时间最短，分别只有35.4，151.9，和109.l年。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条以凋落物形式归还土壤的元素量在其吸收量中所占的比例（归 还率），Zn (26.5%)，Mg (36.1％)，Ca (36.1%)，P(21.3%)和N(25.0％)属较高的类型， Al (13.5%)，Na（14.6％）和K（13.1％）居中，Mn (8.5%)和Fe(8.0%)最低。灌丛群落中 元素的归还率除Mn最小（12.1％）外，其余在21.3%-37.9％之间。 西山荆条灌丛中，荆条和其它植物所吸收的元素量在群落总吸收量中所占的比例， 各元素之间显著不同，均匀的类型有N，Zn，Mg和Na，即荆条和其它植物的吸收量相当。 K是唯一以荆条的吸收量占优势的元素，荆条吸收的K占群落总吸收量的80.7%。其余 元素，Mn，P，Al，Fe和Ca均是其它植物的吸收量显著大于荆条的吸收量（表22，图45）。 荆条所吸收的无素量，在其内部各组分中的分配（存留）格局，普遍规律是将绝大 部分用于其叶片的生长（或存留于叶片）中．Mn是唯一例外的元素，荆条将其吸收量的 最大部分存留于其枝条中。其余9个元素．荆条对其叶片存留后剩下的那部分元素量的 分配方式可以区分出三种类型：将剩余部分中的多数存留于其枝条的元素有AI，Fe，Zn， Mg;将剩余部分中的多数存留于其地下部的元素有P,Na， 和Ca;而K和N则属于中间 的类型，即用于叶片后的剩余的K和N在荆枝和荆条地下部（根球和艉）中较均匀的分配 （表22，图46）． 西山荆条灌丛中元素循环的强度和速度都显著大于汤河口荆条灌丛，两个样地的元 素循环特征的最显著差异是汤河口荆条灌丛中荆条将其吸收的元素量中的最大部分存留 于其地下部，和西山样地完全相反，这可能是两个样地荆条灌丛元素循环特征的最本质 的区别。其原因，可能是汤河口样地中荆条对其地上部遭受频繁砍伐的一种适应方式， 也可能是汤河口荆条滋丛衰老的反映。 西山灌丛中荆条落叶分解过程中其失重率曲线呈双S形，其失重率最大增长速度出现在第166-299天之间。经过539天的分解作用，荆条枯落叶损失了其于重的53.3%，其中分解期（千重损失50％所用时间）为514.1天。 与干重失重率相对应，荆条枯落叶的平均腐解率的最高值出现在299和364天，而区 间腐解率的最大值则出现在第66—227天和第227 - 299天之间，比平均腐解率的最高值 出现的早，这与其总失重率曲线是非常吻合的，因为第166 - 227天及第227 - 299天之间 的高腐解率导致了其后高失重率的出现。 平均腐解率与平均气温之间具显著相关性(P<0.0S)，而与平均降水量只在90%置信区间内有相关性，区间腐解率也只在90%置信区内与平均气温有相关性。 以平均腐解率计算，荆条枯落叶干重的95%被分解所需的时间为6.37年，比同一地区的侧柏、元宝槭、黄栌、山杏、刺槐，油讼和栓皮栎短，说明荆条叶片枯落物的分解速率是较快的。 荆条枯落叶分解过程中的失重主要由于有机物被分解引起的，且有机C，可溶性糖 和粗纤维的分解决定了失重率变化的总趋势。 各有机物含量程分解过程中的变化各不相同。就浓度而言，以可溶性糖的浓度降低 速度最快，丹宁的浓度也显著的下降，粗脂肪和有机C浓度属于平缓下降的类型，而木 质素和粗纤维属另一极端的类型，其浓度持续升高。各有机物在枯落叶中的总量以不同 的速率减少。经过539天的分解作用，各有机物的损失率大小的顺序为可溶性糖(97.90%）>丹宁(95. 92%）>粗脂肪(70.83%)>有机C(61.59%)>粗纤维(37.36%)>木质素( 31,97%)。此外，不同的有机物的含量以不同的规律变化，其中可溶性糖和木质素在第105天内即被大量的分解而损失（分别损失63.66%和19.67%）。丹宁和有机C的损失率的变化是较际准的S形曲线，粗纤维的损失率变化曲线为右抛物线的上半部，而粗脂肪类似S形曲线，但最不规则． 荆条枯落叶分解过程中矿质元素浓度和含董的变化很不规则。灰分含量作为大部分矿质元素含量的总和，其浓度在分解过程中稳定升高，而其总量则持续下降，所研究的10种矿质元素的浓度和总量的变化很不一致，在浓度变化方面，K是星下降趋势的唯一元素，其余元素（包括N，Ca，Na，Mg，P，Fe，Zn，Mn和Al）的浓度均随分解过程呈升高的趋势。从元素的总量方面可以区别出两种类型：即N，Ca，Na，K，P5个元素属于减少的类型，而Fe，Mn，Zn，Mg和Al的总量则有所增加。 西山和汤河口两个样地的荆条灌丛都是渐近稳定的，且离其稳定态尚有一定距离,相对稳定性指数没有显示两个样地的稳定性具有显著的差异。 西山荆条灌丛的演替度大于汤河口灌丛，这和它们所受的人为干扰的强度的差异有紧密联系。

Seasonal variation in the proximate composition of rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata from Bombay coast

Changes in proximate composition of soft tissue of rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata inhabiting a polluted station at Bandra (stn. B) and a relatively clean area at Mudh Island (stn. M) were studied. An average protein content of 48.88 plus or minus 3.73 and 53.68 plus or minus 3.59% were recorded respectively for oysters from stns. M and B and the difference was significant. Mean carbohydrate content in oysters from stn. M amounted to 14.69 plus or minus 3.22 whereas at stn. B it was 8.70 plus or minus 1.61 and the difference was found highly significant. However, appreciable variation between stations was not observed in lipid and carbon content in oysters. Suitable periods for harvesting of these organisms are suggested.

On the troll line investigations off Cochin during five fishing seasons. Pt. 1. Investigations during 1960-61 and 1961-62 seasons

There is apparently great scope for improvement of the design and operational aspects of the gear particularly for the effective exploitation of seasonal fisheries like that of seer, tuna, barracuda etc. In order to evolve improved, yet cheap trolling gear regular investigations were undertaken by the Craft & Gear Wing of the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, off Cochin for five fishing seasons and the results of these studies are incorporated in this paper.

光敏核不育水稻41 kDa和61 kDa蛋白质的发现、N-端序列分析及其雄性不育性状关系的探讨

光敏核不育水稻农垦58S是石明松于1973年在晚粳农垦58的大田中发现的雄性不育突变体，它在长日照下雄性不育可被用于与恢复系杂交生产杂种，而在短日照下雄性可育能用于自交繁殖，它的恢复系来源广泛。基于这些特性，育种学家用光敏核不育水稻建立的二系杂交水稻制种技术有很大的应用潜力。近十几年来，育种学家用农垦58S作基因供体转育了许多新的不育系，研究结果表明育成的粳型不育系均为光敏不育系，但在育成的籼型不育系中，绝大多数丧失光敏核不育特性，变成温敏不育系。目前因不知光敏核不育的分子遗传机制，尚不能解释这些问题。 本文用双向电泳技术分析了农垦58S和农垦58苗期和育性转换光敏感期叶绿体蛋白质的差异，在农垦58S中发现三个蛋白质(Pl，P2和P3)，其中Pl和P2在苗期和光敏感期叶片内均存在，P3仅在光敏感期的叶片中存在，它们不受长日照或短日照处理的影响。农垦58没有这三个蛋白质。 用制备型双向电泳纯化后，得到SDS - PAGE和IEF纯的Pl和P2。经SDS-PAGE和IEF测定，Pl的等电点是6.2，分子量是41 kDa;P2的等电点是5.8，分子量是61 kDa。现称Pl为P41，P2为P61。氨基酸序列分析和同源性检索发现P41与水稻叶绿体ATP合成酶p亚基和酵母转录因子CAD1有同源性，此外，P41的N-端序列中有一个与蛋白激酶催化核心中的多功能motif Y-G-X-G-X- (P/T)-G-V相似的序列;P61的14个氨基酸长的N-端序列与水稻叶绿体ATP合成酶β亚基的一致。P41和P61 N-端前12个氨基酸的序列也完全一致。 PCR扩增和Southern杂交分析没有发现农垦58S和农垦58之间ATP合成酶β亚基基因(atpB)的多态性。Nothern杂交分析表明农垦58S中仅有一种、与农垦58 atpB mRNA分子量相同的atpB转录产物，但它的atpB mRNA丰度明显低于农垦58的。没有检测到突变的atpB和其它形式的atpB转录产物。 分析P41和P61在其它水稻材料中的分布特点发现它们在粳型光敏不育系7001S、5088S、31301S、C407S和1647S，籼型光敏不育系W7415S和W9451S以及温（光）敏不育系培矮64S中存在，而在对照材料三系水稻马协A、珍汕97A、马协B、珍汕97B和明恢63以及常规粳稻C94153中不存在。根据这些不育系的系谱和它们与农垦58S之间基因的等位性研究结果，讨论了P41和P61与光敏核不育性的可能联系。

Post impoundment changes in the fish fauna of Kaptai reservoir, Bangladesh

Based on the present investigation and reviewing the published and unpublished documents critically, this communication considers the post impoundment changes in the fish fauna of Kaptai reservoir. Investigation reveals that a total of 73 species of fish belongs to 47 genera, 25 families and 2 species of prawn are present in the reservoir. Of them, 31 are commercially important, 6 and 9 species are newly identified.

Reproductive biology, artificial propagation and larval rearing of two freshwater eels, Monopterus cuchia and Mastacembelus armatus

Studies on reproductive biology and artificial propagation including larval rearing of freshwater mud eel, Monopterus cuchia and spiny eel, Mastacembelus armatus were attempted. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of mud eel ranged from 0.41 (August) to 5.52 (June) in males and 0.53 (August) to 7.61 (June) in females. In both cases the GSI showed a peak in June. Fecundity ranged from 228 (TL - 396 mm; W - 78g) to 5510 (TL - 865 mm; W - 630 g). In case of spiny eel, the GSI varied from 0.65 (August) to 8.30 (July) in males and 0.70 (August) to 10.46 (July) in females. GSI showed single peak in July. Fecundity ranged from 570 (TL - 240 mm; W - 30 g) to 10870 (TL - 601; W - 350g). Histology of the testes and ovaries of the eels were carried out to investigate the gonadal development stages during the reproductive months (August to November 2003). In case of male M. cuchia, the secondary primordial germ cells, primary spermatogonium, some spermatogonia A and clone of spermatogonium B in testis were observed in September. In October-males different sized lobules having spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids were observed. In the ovary of M. cuchia, polygonal shaped oocytes were seen during September. The oogonia were reduced with dense and irregular shaped during October. Numerous pycnotic cells were visible during November. In male M. armatus numerous broken lobule walls were found in testes during September. In October, abundant primary germ cells, pycnotic nests of degenerating cells, spermatogonia and spermatids were observed. In females, ovaries had distinct yolk vesicles stage and yolk granules stages in August. In September, the follicular cells of the oogonia were ruptured, shrunk forming irregular shaped in October. Oogonia were also shrunk with thin, irregular shaped structure but broken parts of the ruptured follicular cells were scattered in case of M. armatus. Experimental attempts on artificial propagation indicated that both freshwater eels were difficult to breed using inducing agents like pituitary glands (PG) of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 150 mg per kg of body weight. Same doses were used for both sexes with equal sex-ratio. In both cases, brood fish died at higher doses of injection given at 100 and 150 mg PG/kg bodyweight. However, M. cuchia breed naturally in cisterns when provided with water hyacinths and tunnel in muddy bottom. M. cuchia fed with chopped cooked fish attained a mean weight of 18.75 ± 2.3 g and cent percent survival. While in case of M. armatus best growth by weight (12.0 ± 2.48 g) and cent percent survival were achieved using chopped raw fish. Car tyre was observed as best shelter for attaining the mean weight gain 22.53 ± 2.24 g and cent percent survival of M. cuchia. While PVC pipe was found to be the best shelter for M. armatus, where it attained the mean weight of 12.73 ± 1.88 g and cent percent survival.

Tailored sustainability assessment for urban masterplanning

Tailored sustainability assessment represents one approach to addressing sustainability issues on large-scale urban projects with varying geographical, social and political constraints and diverse incentives among stakeholders. This paper examines the value and limitations of this approach. Three case studies of tailored systems developed by the authors for three unique masterplanning projects are discussed in terms of: contextual sustainability drivers; nature and evolution of systems developed; outcomes of implementation; and overall value delivered. Analysis Leads to conclusions on the key features of effective tailored assessment, the value of tailored sustainability assessment from various perspectives (including client, designer, end-users and the environment), and the limitations of tailored assessment as a tool for comparative analysis between projects. Although systems considered here are specific to individual projects and developed commercially, the challenges and lessons learned are relevant to a range of sustainability assessment approaches developed under different conditions.

Temporal behaviour of marine landings along coastal Karnataka 1. Relative distribution and secular trends

Landing data of 21 fisheries from Karnataka (quarterly landings for the period 1956 to 1978 and annual landings for the period 1979 to 1981) were analysed to study the te111poral behaviour of the landings. The relative distribution and secular trends in each of the fisheries are reported. On an average, mackerel and oil sardine together account for about 70% of the annual landings. The fluctuation in the landings in all the fisheries was very high with the coefficient of variation attaining a minimum value of 61.53%. The inverse relationship between the landings of oil sardine and mackerel was found to be statistically significant. It is suggested that fishing effort be further increased in fisheries that have demonstrated a rising trend (about 73% of the total annual landings) as also in the case of the fisheries whose trends appear stagnant (about 21% of the annual landings). However, there seems to be some evidence of a need for regulating fishing in Hemirhamphus and Belone, Caranx and penaeid prawns. Regulations need to be made authentic with the help of sufficient information on not merely the fishery but on the whole population.

光动力疗法抑制人免疫缺陷病毒复制的实验研究

通过对人免疫缺陷病毒复制过程的抑制作用研究，探索光动力疗法(PDT)在艾滋病防治中的潜在价值。使 用不同稀释浓度的光敏剂血卟啉单甲醚(HMME)和亚甲蓝(MB)分别与人免疫缺陷病毒HIV一1Ⅲs或宿主细胞 MT4，C8166或H9／HIV-IⅢB孵育2 h。以波长630 nm能量密度0．3 J／cm2的半导体激光进行照射。继续孵育若干 小时后，用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞存活率或合胞体计数，同时收集培养上清液用ELISA法检测HIV-I p24 抗原。结果表明，光动力疗法能显著抑制人免疫缺陷病毒诱导的细胞一细胞融合(HMME-PDT抑制率64．68％， MB-PDT抑制率61．56％)和病毒一细胞融合(HMME—PDT抑制率85％，Mt}PDT抑制率73．64％)，并对游离病毒 有很强的杀伤作用，最高可达到100％。光动力疗法不能抑制慢性感染期和急性感染2 h后病毒的复制过程。可 见光动力疗法对游离病毒和病毒感染诱导的膜融合有显著抑制作用，有可能为艾滋病的防治提供一种新的方法。

文冠果种皮中的香豆素类化合物及抗HIV-1活性研究

利用多种分离技术对文冠果种皮甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取部分进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和光谱数据鉴定结构,得到3个香豆素类化合物Ⅰ(臭矢菜素B)、Ⅱ(秦皮素)、Ⅲ(秦皮苷),其中化合物Ⅰ为首次从无患子科中分离得到,Ⅱ、Ⅲ为首次从文冠果种皮中分离得到.通过对HIV-1ⅢB诱导感染C8166细胞致细胞病变的抑制试验及对HIV-1ⅢB感染MT4细胞的保护试验进行抗HIV-1活性研究,结果表明,化合物Ⅰ具有较强的体外抗HIV-1活性,CC50＞200 μg/mL,EC50为8.61～12.76 μg/mL,选择指数(SI)＞15.67～23.23;对HIV-1ⅢB感染的MT4细胞具有一定的保护作用.

Quality assessment of traditional, rotary and solar tunnel dried small indigenous fish species products

Studies on the quality assessments of three traditional, rotary and solar tunnel dried SIS products were conducted. Organoleptic quality of traditional dried SIS products available in the markets was poor compared to those produced in rotary and solar tunnel dryer. Reconstitution of samples were in the range of 54.26% to 75.24%, 69.37% to 83.73% and 55.08% to 80.24% when soaked at 80°C for traditional, rotary and solar tunnel dried products, respectively. The percentage of reconstitution increased with the increase of soaking time and the uptake of water was maximum after 60 min of soaking. The moisture contents of traditional, rotary and solar tunnel dried products were in the range of 26.02% to 27.33%, 16.23% to 22.84% and 13.71% to 19.30%, respectively. The protein contents were in the range of 60.78% to 72.59%, 62.17% to 76.27% and 61.11% to 76.00%, respectively; lipid contents were in the range of 12.26% to 22.60%, 14.00% to 24.71% and 13.92% to 22.39%, respectively and ash contents in the range of 15.11% to 16.59%, 8.32% to 13.51% and 8.71% to 16.45%, respectively on dry matter basis. The TVB-N content of rotary and solar tunnel dried products was low compared to traditional one ranging from 10.64 to 17.52 mg/100g and 14.34 to 15.68 mg/100g, respectively whereas the TVB-N content of traditional samples was in the range of 15.46 to 20.36 mg/100g. The bacterial load of traditional, rotary and solar tunnel dried products were in the range of 1.43x10 super(8) CFU/g to 2.89 x10 super(80 CFU/g, 1.91x10 super(8) CFU/g to 2.84x10 super(8) CFU/g and 1.95x10 super(8) CFU/g to 2.59x10 super(8) CFU/g, respectively. The results of the study indicated that dried fish products from rotary dryer and solar tunnel dryer were found to be of better quality in nutritional and food quality aspects than those of traditional dried products.

Assessment of the heavy metals among suspended particulates and dissolved phases in Suez Canal water

The concentrations and distribution of particulate and dissolved heavy metals, viz: Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn have been determined seasonally during 2003 in water samples collected from the Suez Canal. The presented data clarifies that the metals exhibited clear differences in their distribution between particulate and dissolved forms. The concentration of particulate heavy metals ranged between 0.09-3.13, 0.57-15.02, 0.18-3.87, 0.02-0.73, 2.74-49.62 and 0.15-5.08 µg/L for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn, respectively. In the same respect, these values for dissolved forms were 0.28-4.12, 0.57-9.08, 0.27-2.50, 0.02-1.24, 1.94-42.50 and 0.11-3.65 µg/L. The concentrations of particulate metals viz: Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn were high was compared to the dissolved forms. Dissolved copper, rather than particulate, showed the highest percentage of total copper. The particulate forms of Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn always had higher concentrations than the dissolved forms during the course of study except in the summer season. The northern part of the Suez Canal at Port Said showed mean concentrations of particulate and dissolved Cu=1.43 and 2.10, Zn=8.61 and 3.17, Pb=1.72 and 1.23, Cd=0.35 and 0.35, Fe= 23.49 and 15.83 and Mn=2.09 and 1.82 µg/L. These high concentrations may be attributed to the greater activities, particularly loading and unloading operations at Port Said harbour s industrial effluents and domestic drainage of Port Said city. In contrast, the Sinai side could be considered as reference site, as it was almost clean, i.e., without harmful outfalls, where Cu=0.16 and 0.56, Zn=2.14 and 0.94, Pb=6.29 and 3.44, Cd=0.055 and 0.088, Fe=6.29 and 3.44 and Mn=0.56 and 0.26 µg/L for particulate and dissolved metals respectively.