Effect of hinged leaflets on vortex pair generation

We experimentally study the effect of having hinged leaflets at the jet exit on the formation of a two-dimensional counter-rotating vortex pair. A piston-cylinder mechanism is used to generate a starting jet from a high-aspect-ratio channel into a quiescent medium. For a rigid exit, with no leaflets at the channel exit, the measurements at a central plane show that the trailing jet in the present case is never detached from the vortex pair, and keeps feeding into the latter, unlike in the axisymmetric case. Passive flexibility is introduced in the form of rigid leaflets or flaps that are hinged at the exit of the channel, with the flaps initially parallel to the channel walls. The experimental arrangement closely approximates the limiting case of a free-to-rotate rigid flap with negligible structural stiffness, damping and flap inertia, as these limiting structural properties permit the largest flap openings. Using this arrangement, we start the flow and measure the flap kinematics and the vorticity fields for different flap lengths and piston velocity programs. The typical motion of the flaps involves a rapid opening and a subsequent more gradual return to its initial position, both of which occur when the piston is still moving. The initial opening of the flaps can be attributed to an excess pressure that develops in the channel when the flow starts, due to the acceleration that has to be imparted to the fluid slug between the flaps. In the case with flaps, two additional pairs of vortices are formed because of the motion of the flaps, leading to the ejection of a total of up to three vortex pairs from the hinged exit. The flaps' length (L-f) is found to significantly affect flap motions when plotted using the conventional time scale L/d, where L is the piston stroke and d is the channel width. However, with a newly defined time scale based on the flap length (L/L-f), we find a good collapse of all the measured flap motions irrespective of flap length and piston velocity for an impulsively started piston motion. The maximum opening angle in all these impulsive velocity program cases, irrespective of the flap length, is found to be close to 15 degrees. Even though the flap kinematics collapses well with L/L-f, there are differences in the distribution of the ejected vorticity even for the same L/L-f. Such a redistribution of vorticity can lead to important changes in the overall properties of the flow, and it gives us a better understanding of the importance of exit flexibility in such flows.

Phase equilibria in the system Sm-Rh-O and thermodynamic and thermal studies on SmRhO3

Using isothermal equilibration, phase relations are established in the system Sm-Rh-O at 1273 K. SmRhO3 with GdFeO3-type perovskite structure is found to be the only ternary phase. Solid-state electrochemical cells, containing calcia-stabilized zirconia as an electrolyte, are used to measure the thermodynamic properties of SmRhO3 formed from their binary component oxides Rh2O3 (ortho) and Sm2O3 (C-type and B-type) in two different temperature ranges. Results suggest that C-type Sm2O3 with cubic structure transforms to B-type Sm2O3 with monoclinic structure at 1110 K. The standard Gibbs energy of transformation is . Standard Gibbs energy of formation of SmRhO3 from binary component oxides Rh2O3 and Sm2O3 with B-type rare earth oxide structure can be expressed as . The decomposition temperature of SmRhO3 estimated from the extrapolation of electrochemical data is 1665 (+/- 2) K in air and 1773 (+/- 3) K in pure oxygen. Temperature-composition diagrams at constant oxygen pressures are constructed for the system Sm-Rh-O. Employing the thermodynamic data for SmRhO3 from emf measurement and auxiliary data for other phases from the literature, oxygen potential-composition phase diagram and 3-D chemical potential diagram for the system Sm-Rh-O at 1273 K are developed.

Stimuli-responsive protamine-based biodegradable nanocapsules for enhanced bioavailability and intracellular delivery of anticancer agents

Enzyme-and pH-responsive polyelectrolyte nanocapsules having diameters in the range of 200 +/- 20 nm were fabricated by means of Layer-by-Layer assembly of biopolymers, protamine, and heparin, and then loaded with anticancer drug doxorubicin. The incorporation of the FDA-approved peptide drug protamine as a wall component rendered the capsules responsive to enzyme stimuli. The stimuli-responsive drug release from these nanocapsules was evaluated, and further modulation of capsule permeability to avoid premature release was demonstrated by crosslinking the wall components. The interaction of the nanocapsules with cancer cells was studied using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These capsules were readily internalized and disintegrated inside the cells, culminating in the release of the loaded doxorubicin and subsequent cell death as observed by confocal microscopy and MTT Assay. The bioavailability studies performed using BALB/c mice revealed that the encapsulated doxorubicin exhibited enhanced bioavailability compared to free doxorubicin. Our results indicate that this stimuli-responsive system fabricated from clinically used FDA-approved molecules and exhibiting minimal premature release has great potential for drug-delivery applications.

Stimuli-responsive protamine-based biodegradable nanocapsules for enhanced bioavailability and intracellular delivery of anticancer agents

Enzyme-and pH-responsive polyelectrolyte nanocapsules having diameters in the range of 200 +/- 20 nm were fabricated by means of Layer-by-Layer assembly of biopolymers, protamine, and heparin, and then loaded with anticancer drug doxorubicin. The incorporation of the FDA-approved peptide drug protamine as a wall component rendered the capsules responsive to enzyme stimuli. The stimuli-responsive drug release from these nanocapsules was evaluated, and further modulation of capsule permeability to avoid premature release was demonstrated by crosslinking the wall components. The interaction of the nanocapsules with cancer cells was studied using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These capsules were readily internalized and disintegrated inside the cells, culminating in the release of the loaded doxorubicin and subsequent cell death as observed by confocal microscopy and MTT Assay. The bioavailability studies performed using BALB/c mice revealed that the encapsulated doxorubicin exhibited enhanced bioavailability compared to free doxorubicin. Our results indicate that this stimuli-responsive system fabricated from clinically used FDA-approved molecules and exhibiting minimal premature release has great potential for drug-delivery applications.

Study on Post Foundation of Highway Medium Guardrail

目前高速公路中央分隔带波形梁护栏立柱的实际设置中,普遍存在着由于分隔带地基强度低于压实路基,护栏立柱承载能力偏低,护栏的防护性能达不到设计要求的问题。对粘性土地基中立柱的受力情况进行了分析,并对地基为压实土与回填土两种情况进行了对比,给出了中央分隔带中立柱地基的加固方案。

Evaluación preliminar de la colección de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L) del Banco de Germoplasma del Regen; en época de postrera en la Estación Experimental La Compañía, Carazo

El presente trabajo se realizó en la época de postrera (Octubre-Diciembre) de 1995, en la Estación Experimental La Compañía en el departamento de Carazo, con los objetivos de evaluar preliminarmente la colección de germoplasma de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), encontrar material promisorio a ser utilizados en programas de mejoramientos y mostrar tendencias en la respuestas del material evaluado a la fertilización. Las accesiones objeto de estudios fueron colectadas en diferentes regiones geográficas del país y almacenadas en el banco de germoplasma del Programa de Recursos Genéticos Nicaraguenses (REGEN). Se utilizaron dos testigos, la variedad mejorada DOR-364 y Compañía 93, el diseño consistió en un ensayo preliminar con dos repeticiones una fertilizada y la otra sin fertilizar, los análisis estadísticos realizados a los datos fueron: Media, Desviación Standar, distribución de frecuencias y correlaciones fenotípicas Pearson entre los caracteres evaluados, se midieron trece variables ocho sobre fenología cuatro sobre rendimientos y sus componentes y enfermedades dentro de las cuales se evaluaron mancha angular, roya y bacteríosis. Se observaron amplíos rangos de comportamiento sobre fenología. rendimiento y sus componentes y enfermedades. 195 accesiones fueron más precoces que e1 testigo Compañía 9J y 244 más que el DOR-364 bajo sistema no fertilizado. En el sistema fertilizado 184 accesiones mostraron mayor precocidad que Compañía 93 y 220 más que DOR-364. Como accesiones altamente productivas se pueden señalar: 1740, 3145, 1793 y la 2145, ya que superaron a ambos testigos en los dos sistemas evaluados. Se observó que existen accesiones con tendencias a responder al fertilizante, de los componentes del rendimiento, vainas por planta presentó las mayores diferencias entre sistemas. En cuanto a enfermedades, mancha angular presenta los mayores niveles de severidad 2 y 3.

Evaluación de la curva de crecimiento en terneros menores de un año de la raza criolla Reyna en la finca Santa Rosa, Managua

Para determinar la curva de crecimiento pre-destete en terneros de la raza criolla Reyna, se analizaron los registros de terneros nacidos entre los años 2005 a 2009, se censuraron los registros incompletos sin fecha o peso de nacimiento y que tuvieran al menos cuatro registros de pesajes mensuales y mediciones zoométricas. Se consideraron los registros de peso al nacimiento (PN), pesos intermedios, así como medidas zoométricas como altura al sacro (AS), Perímetro torácico (PT), Altura del animal (AA), Largo del animal (L). El PN de machos fue de 25.66 (3.804) con un coeficiente de variación (CV) de 14.83% y en hembras de 24.91 (4.11) con un CV de 16.51%. En relación a la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) se obtuvo 251 g d-1 para los machos y 280 g d-1 para hembras. Las ecuaciones de regresión lineal fueron Y= 25.06 + 0.251X, r2=0.84.96 y Y= 24.81 + 0.2801X, r2=0.84.45 para machos y hembras respectivamente. La correlación entre AS y peso fueron altas y positivas para machos y hembras (0.92252 y 0.81679 respectivamente), de igual forma para AS y edad fueron y 0.61775 y 0.75424.

液桥中不同Prandtl数流体的热毛细对流

本文研究从上面加热的液桥中不同 pr 数流体的热表面张力驱动对流。在 Ma 数相同的条件下,不同 pr 数流体液桥中的温度分布和流场结构定性相似,但定量结果不同。小pr数(pr<<1)流体液桥中的粘性边界层远小于热边界层,最大流函数所在位置向冷端偏移,有较大的流动速度。结果表明,Ma 数是描述这种流动的敏感参数。

有涨落效应的磁流体静力学关系

观测表明,在许多天体物理环境中,涨落场具有不可忽略的重要作用.本文在一阶光滑近似条件下,推导了普通湍流和随机波动两种条件下的磁流体静力学方程组,以及这些方程所要求的自洽性条件.在静力学问题中,涨落的洛伦茨力会对大尺度磁场位形有影响.具体研究这种影响对于解释观测的特征是十分必要的,特别是许多天体物理环境中,磁场(包括涨落磁场δB)是决定能量和动量平衡的重要因素.

基于红外热象技术的金属材料疲劳性能研究方法

金属材料的疲劳极限或疲劳寿命等性能是长寿命机械和结构抗疲劳设计的基本数据,探讨效率高、成本低而又准确的试验新方法,成为相关研究者十分感兴趣的课题。材料在循环载荷作用下产生的塑性变形经不断累积会引起疲劳破坏,这个过程所耗的塑性功绝大部分以热量形式耗散,因此寻找热耗散温度变化过程与疲劳极限及寿命之间的关系很有意义。就此问题,文中引入利用先进的红外热成象技术确定金属材料疲劳性能的试验研究方法,主要从原理和试验方法两方面进行介绍,并对45钢的试验过程和现象作较为详细地阐述,得到较准确的疲劳极限值和基于红外热象技术确定疲劳寿命的重要参量M。