Section 46 of the Trade Practices Act-has the High Court made a "u-turn" on "taking advantage"?

Examination of High Court decisions on misuse of market power in regard to the element of "taking advantage" reveals inconsistency of application. Whilst being consistent regarding the need for a connection between the market power and the impugned conduct, the High Court has not been consistent regarding the degree of connection required. Two streams have developed, one supporting a high degree of connection, the other a lower degree before a firm is found to have "taken advantage" of its market power. Added to this has been the development of the "rational business explanation" which, it is argued, is either used as a defence to a s 46 action or is premised on the higher threshold of connection. Initially the high Court supported the lower threshold. In later decisions, whilst expressing support for the earlier decisions, in application the High Court favoured the higher threshold and at one point the rational business explanation. This trend appears to have been reversed with the most recent High Court decision which indicates substantive support for the earlier s 46 decisions.

Asymptomatic hypoechoic regions on patellar tendon ultrasound : a 4-year clinical and ultrasound followup of 46 tendons

Patellar tendon ultrasound appearance is commonly used in clinical practice to diagnose patellar tendinopathy and guide management. Using a longitudinal study design we examined whether or not the presence of a hypoechoic ultrasonographic lesion in an asymptomatic patellar tendon conferred a risk for developing jumper's knee compared with a tendon that was ultrasonographically normal. Ultrasonographic, symptomatic and anthropometric assessment was completed at baseline and followup. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on four tendons that resolved ultrasonographically in the study period. Forty-six patellar tendons were followed over 47±11.8 months. Eighteen tendons were hypoechoic at baseline and 28 were ultrasonographically normal. Five tendons resolved ultrasonographically in the study period. Magnetic resonance imaging in four of these tendons was normal. Seven normal patellar tendons at baseline developed a hypoechoic area but only two became symptomatic. Analysis of ultrasonography at baseline and clinical outcome with Fisher's exact test shows there is no association between baseline ultrasound changes and symptoms at followup. In this study there is no statistically significant relationship between ultrasonographic patellar tendon abnormalities and clinical outcome in elite male athletes. Management of jumper's knee should not be solely based on ultrasonographic appearance; clinical assessment remains the cornerstone of appropriate management.

Comments on "finite-time stability theorem of stochastic nonlinear systems" [Automatica 46 (2010) 2105-2108]

In this comment, we will point out some errors existing in Chen and Jiao (2010) from definitions to the proof of the main result, where the authors discussed the finite-time stability of stochastic nonlinear systems and proved a Lyapunov theorem on the finitetime stability.

Software developer policies : economics and s 46 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010

This article considers the impact of developer policies that hinder or restrict cross platform application development. We suggest that policies that hinder or restrict cross platform development have the potential to erode competition within the market for smartphones. The article also considers the relevance of dominance measures in software markets, arguing that conventional economic approaches may not be applicable. Furthermore, while most monitoring activities tend to focus primarily on protection of consumers, the article points out that modern electronic/information technology markets are multi-sided and there is a need for monitoring of practices designed to attract and retain the favour of developers. While the article is written in the context and application of the applicable Australian legislation, this being s 46 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), our findings are equally relevant to other jurisdictions.

Temporomandibular Disorders Are Differentially Associated With Headache Diagnoses A Controlled Study

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Microwave Disinfection of Complete Dentures Contaminated In Vitro with Selected Bacteria

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Substituição do grão de sorgo por casca de soja na dieta de novilhos terminados em confinamento

Foi avaliado o efeito, no desempenho animal, da adição da casca do grão de soja em substituição ao grão de sorgo na fração concentrada da dieta de novilhos confinados na fase de terminação dos 19 aos 23 meses de idade. Os tratamentos foram correspondentes aos diferentes níveis de substituição do grão de sorgo por casca de soja: 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%. A dieta com relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40 continha 12% de proteína bruta. Analisando os dados por regressão, verificou-se comportamento quártico para ganho de peso diário e conversão alimentar, com valores de 1,040; 1,242; 1,167; 1,264 e 1,208 kg para ganho e de 8,490; 7,340; 7,611; 7,029 e 7,201 para conversão alimentar, respectivamente, nos níveis 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de substituição do sorgo pela casca de soja. Comportamento linear decrescente foi observado para consumo diário de matéria seca por 100 kg de peso vivo, com valores de 2,43; 2,46; 2,40; 2,37 e 2,32%, e por unidade de tamanho metabólico, de 106,5; 107,6; 105,4; 104,4 e 102,2 g, respectivamente. Verificou-se, por intermédio da análise de contrastes, que os animais alimentados com as dietas contendo casca de soja apresentaram melhores ganho de peso e conversão alimentar em relação aos alimentados com a dieta que continha somente sorgo.