Standard cell automated layout for a CMOS 50 MHz 8 × 8 bit pipelined parallel dadda multiplier

An 8 × 8 pipelined parallel multiplier which uses the Dadda scheme is presented. The multiplier has been implemented in a 3-μm n-well CMOS process with two layers of metal using a standard cell automatic placement and routing program. The design uses a form of pipelined carry look-ahead adder in the final stage of summation, thus providing a significant contribution to the high performance of the multiplier. The design is expected to operate at a clock frequency of at least 50 MHz and has a flush time of seven clock cycles. The design illustrates a possible method of implementing an irregular architecture in VLSI using multiple levels of low-resistance, low-capacitance interconnect and automated layout techniques.

Options for achieving a 50% cut in industrial carbon emissions by 2050.

Carbon emissions from industry are dominated by production of goods in steel, cement plastic, paper, and aluminum. Demand for these materials is anticipated to double at least by 2050, by which time global carbon emissions must be reduced by at least 50%. To evaluate the challenge of meeting this target the global flows of these materials and their associated emissions are projected to 2050 under five technical scenarios. A reference scenario includes all existing and emerging efficiency measures but cannot provide sufficient reduction. The application of carbon sequestration to primary production proves to be sufficient only for cement The emissions target can always be met by reducing demand, for instance through product life extension, material substitution, or "light-weighting". Reusing components shows significant potential particularly within construction. Radical process innovation may also be possible. The results show that the first two strategies, based on increasing primary production, cannot achieve the required emissions reductions, so should be balanced by the vigorous pursuit of material efficiency to allow provision of increased material services with reduced primary production.

On the reaction of marine fishes in interrupted A.C. of 50 Hz

The reactions of marine fishes in interrupted A. C. off uniform electrical field and constant current density have been studied in order to determine the optimum effective periods of shock: for narcosis and fixation. Higher effective periods were required with gradual decrease in potential difference between head and tail, which in turn depended on the length of fish and its position in electrical field. The body voltage of fish varied directly with the length and inversely with the rise of angle between their body axis and field lines. The fish subjected to higher effective period took longer time for recovery from narcosis. The effect of impulse current was manifested by increased rate of gill movements in Platax tefora, Haetodon ollaris, Crysophus burda, Siganus vermiculatus and Scolopsis leucotaenia, and lowered rate of movements in others when subjected to different effective periods inspective of length.

The Acquisition of an Inheritable 50-bp Deletion in the Human mtDNA Control Region Does Not Affect the mtDNA Copy Number in Peripheral Blood Cells

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region is believed to play an important biological role in mtDNA replication. Large deletions in this region are rarely found, but when they do occur they might be expected to interfere with the replication of the molecule, thus leading to a reduction of mtDNA copy number. During a survey for mtDNA sequence variations in 5,559 individuals from the general Chinese population and 2,538 individuals with medical disorders, we identified a 50-bp deletion (m.298_347del50) in the mtDNA control region in a member of a healthy Han Chinese family belonging to haplogroup B4c1b2, as suggested by complete mtDNA genome sequencing. This deletion removes the conserved sequence block II (CSBII; region 299-315) and the replication primer location (region 317-321). However, quantification of the mtDNA copy number in this subject showed a value within a range that was observed in 20 healthy subjects without the deletion. The deletion was detected in the hair samples of the maternal relatives of the subject and exhibited variable heteroplasmy. Our current observation, together with a recent report for a benign 154-bp deletion in the mtDNA control region, suggests that the control of mtDNA replication may be more complex than we had thought. Hum Mutat 31:538-543, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Effects of exposure to 50 Hz magnetic field of 1 mT on the performance of detour learning task by chicks

In the present study, we examined the effects of exposure to an extremely low-frequency magnetic field of 1 mT intensity on learning and memory in Lohmann brown domestic chicks using detour learning task. These results show that 20 h/day exposure to a low

Effects of Prenatal Exposure to a 50-Hz Magnetic Field on One-Trial Passive Avoidance Learning in 1-Day-Old Chicks

We investigated memory impairment in newly hatched chicks following in ovo exposure to a 50-Hz magnetic field (MF) of 2 mT (60 min/day) on embryonic days 12-18. Isolated and paired chicks were used to test the effect of stress during training, and memory retention was tested at 10, 30, and 120 min, following exposure to a bitter-tasting bead (100% methylanthranilate). Results showed that memory was intact at 10 min in both isolated and paired chicks with or without MF exposure. However, while isolated chicks had good memory retention levels at 30 and 120 min, those exposed to MF did not. The results suggest a potential disruption of memory formation following in ovo exposure to MF, with this effect only evident in the more stressed, isolated chicks. Bioelectromagnetics 31:150-155, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss. Inc.

FEC-free 50 m 1.5 Gb/s plastic optical fibre link using CAP modulation for home networks

LED-based carrierless amplitude and phase modulation is investigated for a multi-gigabit plastic optical fibre link. An FPGA-based 1.5 Gbit/s error free transmission over 50 m standard SI-POF using CAP64 is achieved, providing 2.9 dB power margin without forward error correction. © 2012 OSA.

FEC-free 50 m 1.5 Gb/s plastic optical fibre link using CAP modulation for home networks

LED-based carrierless amplitude and phase modulation is investigated for a multi-gigabit plastic optical fibre link. An FPGA-based 1.5 Gbit/s error free transmission over 50 m standard SI-POF using CAP64 is achieved, providing 2.9 dB power margin without forward error correction. © 2012 Optical Society of America.

Modal control of a 50μm core diameter multimode fiber using a spatial light modulator

An iterative, self-correcting system for doing modal control using adaptive optics in a 50μm core diameter multimode fiber (MMF) is designed. It is shown experimentally to reduce the number of modes generated by 300%. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

Modal control of a 50μm core diameter multimode fiber using a spatial light modulator

An iterative, self-correcting system for doing modal control using adaptive optics in a 50μm core diameter multimode fiber (MMF) is designed. It is shown experimentally to reduce the number of modes generated by 300%. © 2006 Optical Society of America.

黄土高原地区50年降水时空动态与趋势分析

基于黄土高原及周边地区74个气象站1952-2001年降水量数据,计算各站年降水量线性趋势系数,利用ArcGIS地统计模块普通Kriging插值法生成黄土高原地区1952-2001年年降水量和年降水量线性趋势表面,分析年降水量、年降水量线性趋势表面时空分布特征与10年尺度降水量带动态变化。结果表明,黄土高原地区1952-2001年平均年降水量(426.69±67.85)mm,年降水量和年降水量线性趋势存在显著时空分异;年降水量由西向东线性增加,从南到北二次曲线递减,总体上东南西北方向递减;10年尺度平均年降水量减少趋势明显,递减率-10.019 mm/10 a,期间累计减少1227.33 mm;200,400,600 mm降水线南移,干旱半干旱区面积不显著扩大,湿润半湿润区显著缩小,气候呈干旱化趋势;年降水量线性趋势系数从-4.10 mm/a到4.46 mm/a,平均-0.98 mm/a,降水量呈增加趋势地区面积16.36万km2,呈减少趋势地区面积46.27万km2,分占黄土高原地区总面积26.12%和73.88%。

金属溶剂萃取的热力学研究 1.Er(NO_3)_3-TB -C_6H_(14) 体系2.CuSo_4-氨化P_(50)-16H_(14)体系

本文在溶液理论的基础上，用纯热力学方法研究了中性磷萃取剂-金属体系（TBP-Er(no_3)_3）和氨化P_(50)-金属体系（P_(50)-cus04）的平衡计算模型。对于TBP体系有下列萃取平衡Er(NO_3)_3 (a) + 3TBP_((0)) <-> Er(NO_3)_3. 3TBP_((0))对于氨化P50体系，在萃取剂大量过量下有下的平衡Er(NO_3)_3 (a) + 3TBP_((0)) <-> Er(NO_3)_3. 3TBP(0)对氧化P50体系，在萃取剂大量过量下有下的平衡Cu_((a))~(2+) + partial deriv H_2R_2_((0)) <-> Cu(HR_2)_2 + 2H~+。用Scatchard-hildebrand模型预测了C_6H_(24)-TBP二元体系的担力学性质，以近似地用于H_2O - 16H_4 - TBP三之体系，减少了实验工作量。用气相色谱法求得了三之体系H_2O - (6H_(14) - P_(50))的热力学平衡数据，由于改进了进样系统，使实验误差<2%。对二体系的水相，均采用Pitzer理论求算γ_(Er(WO_3)_3)，和γ_(Cn~(2+))。对有机相，用热力学关系求出了水，正已烷，萃取剂，的活度系数。实验结果用Scatchard-Hildebrand模型进行关联。使计算机上进行回归处理，求得萃取反应的热力学平衡常数Ka和萃合物的活度系数。计算中，将有效平衡常数进一步分解，以提出显函数项，并在图解数分中改进了计算方法，使得每条萃取等温成都解得到合理的积分值。Schatchard-Hildebrand模型能在较宽的有机相浓度区域应用。所得到的端值常数，可定性地分析各组分的相互作用。