藏鼠兔与高原鼠兔表型及分子性状的比较

本文应用限制性内切酶分析藏鼠兔和高原鼠兔的线粒体ＤＮＡ限制性片段长度多态性（ｍｔＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ），并结合形态、生境、地史和化石资料综合探讨两物种的异同。结果表明，形态上差异显著的两个物种，在分子水平上也同样具有明显的区别。用１６种酶分别消化各样品，共检出３０种限制性类型，两物种间存在丰富的多态性；它们的ｍｔＤＮＡ分子均为１７．９ｋｂ（千碱基对）左右；平均遗传距离为０．０４５５，分歧时间约为距今二百三十万年前的上新世晚期，相当于我国哺乳动物时代的榆社期晚期或泥河湾期早期。

新基因的起源与进化

随着基因组数据的大量积累, 人们愈加认识到各种有机体中基因数目的巨大差异. 这些差异的 存在表明, 新基因如何产生不仅是一个重要的进化生物学问题, 也是生命科学中面临的一个基本问题. 对新基因起源机制的探索, 可以追溯到大半个世纪以前, 然而直到上世纪90 年代第一个年轻基因—— 精卫基因(jingwei)的发现, 才使以实证方法研究新基因起源的分子机制成为可能. 此后的10 多年中又 陆续发现一些新的年轻基因的例子, 对这些基因起源与进化的研究极大地丰富了人们在这一领域的认 识. 但目前有限的例子难以从整体的水平对基因组中新基因产生的速率以及新基因的产生对原基因组 的影响等问题作出解答. 我们正致力于在基因组的水平寻找更多年轻基因的实例, 以期总结新基因起 源与进化的一般规律.

Abundance and conservation status of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze River, China

middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. It is the only freshwater population of porpoises in the world and is currently listed as Endangered by IUCN. In November and December 2006 we used two boats and line transect methods to survey the entire current range of the population, except for two lakes (Poyang and Dongting). Sighting results were similar for both boats, so we pooled all data and analyzed them using two line transect models and a strip transect model. All models produced similar estimates of abundance (1111, 1225 and 1000). We then added independent estimates of the number of porpoises from the two lakes for a total estimate of approximately 1800 porpoises. Our findings indicate that the population continues to decline and that its distribution is becoming more fragmented. Our current estimate in the main river is slightly less than half the estimate from surveys between 1984 and 1991 (which was probably an underestimate). We also found an apparent gap in the distribution of porpoises between Yueyang and Shishou (similar to 150 km), where sightings had previously been common. Continued threats to Yangtze finless porpoises include bycatch in unregulated and unselective fishing, habitat degradation through dredging, pollution and noise, vessel strikes and water development. Immediate protective measures are urgently needed to ensure the persistence of finless porpoises in the Yangtze River. The survey design and analytical methods developed in this study might be appropriate for surveys of cetaceans in other river systems. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Akrokolioplax, a new genus of Southeast Asian labeonine fishes (Teleostei : Cyprinidae)

Akrokolioplax, new genus, is erected for the reception of Epalzeorhynchos bicornis Wu, 1977. It shares with the remaining species of Epalzeorhynchos what have usually been called "rostral lateral lobes" on the snout, which are non-homologous structures used to distinguish the two genera from all other Labeoninae genera. Akrokolioplax and Epalzeorhynchos differ in the position and structure of these lobes, and also in the morphology of the oromandibular structures. A detailed redescription is also provided for the type species of this monotypic genus, A. bicornis. It is presently known from the upper Salween River (=Nu Jiang in Chinese) basin in Yunnan (South China), Myanmar and Thailand.

浅谈日光照明的优越性及商业办公楼利用日光照明的潜能

本文是在参观调查广州市的商业办公楼的照明方式和运行管理方面的情况下，对白天利用率最高，而且是用电高峰时期的商业办公大楼提出日光照明利用，节能及经济运行几个问题：从中说明了日光照明的光质量和人的视觉效果都优于人工电光源的原因和事实，并介绍国外在日光照明利用方面一些技术方案，建议我国有关部门应该重视日光照明的研究和应用推广工作。