Bonded, Thin-Lift, Non-Reinforced Portland Cement Concrete Resurfacing, MLR-77-2, 1977

A research project involving 2, 3, 4, and 5 in. (5.1, 7.6, 10.2, and 12.7 cm) of bonded portland cement concrete (PCC) overlay on a 1.3 mile (2.1 km) PCC pavement was conducted in Clayton County, Iowa, during September 1977, centering on the following objectives: (1) Determine the mixing and proportioning procedures required in using a conventional, central mix proportioning plant to produce a dense PCC mixture using standard mixes with super water reducing admixtures; (2) Determine the economics, longevity and maintenance performance of a bonded, thin-lift, non-reinforced PCC resurfacing course using conventional procedures, equipment and concrete paving mixtures both with and without super water reducing admixtures; and (3) Determine if an adequate bond between the existing pavement and an overlay of thin-lift, dense, non-reinforced PCC can be obtained with only special surface cleaning and no surface removal or grinding. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Normal mixing equipment and proportioning procedures could be used using a conventional central-mix proportioning plant. This was successful when used with super water reducing admixtures. Only minor changes need be made in procedures and timing. (2) The time has been too short since the completion of the project to determine how the new pavement will perform, however, initially it appears that the method is economical and no reason is seen at this time why the life of the pavement should not be comparable to an all new pavement. (3) The initial test results show that bond strength, regardless of which method of cleaning is used, scarifying, sand blasting or water blasting, far exceed what is considered the minimum bond strength of 200 psi (1379 kPa) except where the paint stripes were intentionally left, thus showing that the paint must be removed. (4) It appears that either cement and water grout or sand, cement and water grout may be used and still obtain the required bond.

Brief alcohol intervention as pragmatic intervention: Who is voluntarily taking an offered intervention?

Brief alcohol interventions (BAI) have shown the potential to decrease problematic alcohol use among adolescents and young adults. Most of the BAI studies have been efficacy trials designed to achieve high internal validity but have raised questions regarding the feasibility of large-scale implementation. Providing interventions for those voluntarily wanting them might offer an alternative, and studies using this design would be more similar to effectiveness studies. The present research compares randomly selected 20-year-old men who took part in a scientific trial (efficacy) with those who voluntarily sought an intervention (effectiveness). Sampling took place during army recruitment procedures that are mandatory for all males in Switzerland. At-risk drinking (20+ drinks per week, or more than one risky drinking occasion of 6+ drinks per month) was determined a posteriori; there was no screening. There were a higher percentage of at-risk drinkers in the volunteer arm at baseline, but at-risk drinkers did not differ from those in the trial arm on any of the assessed alcohol measures. This suggests that offering BAI on a large-scale, voluntary basis may reach at-risk drinkers as effectively as do more scientifically oriented trials, without needing to adhere to screening and stringent research procedures. Nevertheless, BAI was more effective for at-risk drinkers who were invited for trial participation versus those who volunteered. This could be due to behavior that is already consolidated and is difficult to change. Lacking further modifications, real-world implementations of BAI for young men may be less effective than randomized controlled trials designed to test the efficacy of BAI.

A first population-based cohort study of risk factors of stroke mortality in Africa

Background: We are not aware of any population-based cohort study of risk factors of stroke in the African region. We conducted a longitudinal study in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean, east of Kenya), a middle-income island state with majority of the population of African descent. Data in Africa are important for international comparison and for advocacy in the region. Methods: Three population-based examination surveys were performed in 1989, 1994 and 2004 (n_1081, 1067, and 1255, respectively). Baseline data were linked with cause-specific mortality from vital statistics up to May 2007. We considered stroke (any type) as a cause of death if the diagnosis was reported in any of the 4 fields for underlying and concomitant causes of death. Results. Among the 3317 different persons aged 25-64 at baseline, 291 died including 58 with stroke during follow up (mean: 10.2 years). The prevalence of high blood pressure (BP _140/90 mmHg) was 38%. In multivariate Cox regression, stroke mortality was increased by 18% and 35% for a 10-mmHg increase in systolic, respectively diastolic BP (p_0.001). The hazard ratios were 2.4 (95% CI: 1.7-3.3) for a 10-year age increase, 0.32 (0.15- 0.67) for a 1-mmol HDL-cholesterol increase, 2.2 (1.1- 4.2) for smoking _5 cigarettes vs. no smoking and 1.7 for diabetes (0.93-3.3; p_0.08). No significant association was found for sex, LDL-cholesterol, alcohol intake, and occupation. Conclusion. This first populationbased cohort study in the African region demonstrates high mortality rates from stroke in middle-aged adults and confirms the important role of high BP. This emphasizes the critical importance of reducing BP and other modifiable risk factors in this population.

Fulvestrant with or without selumetinib, a MEK 1/2 inhibitor, in breast cancer progressing after aromatase inhibitor therapy: A multicentre randomised placebo-controlled double-blind phase II trial, SAKK 21/08.

BACKGROUND: Second line endocrine therapy has limited antitumour activity. Fulvestrant inhibits and downregulates the oestrogen receptor. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is one of the major cascades involved in resistance to endocrine therapy. We assessed the efficacy and safety of fulvestrant with selumetinib, a MEK 1/2 inhibitor, in advanced stage breast cancer progressing after aromatase inhibitor (AI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomised phase II trial included postmenopausal patients with endocrine-sensitive breast cancer. They were ramdomised to fulvestrant combined with selumetinib or placebo. The primary endpoint was disease control rate (DCR) in the experimental arm. ClinicalTrials.gov Indentifier: NCT01160718. RESULTS: Following the planned interim efficacy analysis, recruitment was interrupted after the inclusion of 46 patients (23 in each arm), because the selumetinib-fulvestrant arm did not reach the pre-specified DCR. DCR was 23% (95% confidence interval (CI) 8-45%) in the selumetinib arm and 50% (95% CI 27-75%) in the placebo arm. Median progression-free survival was 3.7months (95% CI 1.9-5.8) in the selumetinib arm and 5.6months (95% CI 3.4-13.6) in the placebo arm. Median time to treatment failure was 5.1 (95% CI 2.3-6.7) and 5.6 (95% CI 3.4-10.2) months, respectively. The most frequent treatment-related adverse events observed in the selumetinib-fulvestrant arm were skin disorders, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, oedema, diarrhoea, mouth disorders and muscle disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of selumetinib to fulvestrant did not show improving patients' outcome and was poorly tolerated at the recommended monotherapy dose. Selumetinib may have deteriorated the efficacy of the endocrine therapy in some patients.

Biossensor enzimático para detecção de fungicidas ditiocarbamatos: estudo cinético da enzima aldeído desidrogenase e otimização do biossensor

Initially, all major factors that affect the rate of the AldH-catalyzed reaction (enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature and pH) were investigated. Optimal activity was observed between pH values of 7.5 and 9.5 in the temperature range of 25 to 50 ºC. Kinetic parameters, such as Km (2.92 µmol L-1) and Vmax (1.33 10-2 µmol min-1) demonstrate a strong enzyme-substrate affinity. The sensors were based on screen-printed electrodes modified with the Meldola Blue-Reinecke salt (MBRS) combination. Operational conditions (NAD+ and substrate contents, enzyme loading and response time) were optimized. Also, two enzyme immobilization procedures were tested: entrapment in poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing styrylpyridinium groups (PVA-SbQ) and crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Chronoamperometry was employed to observe the biosensor responses during enzymatic hydrolysis of propionaldehyde and also to construct inhibition curves with maneb and zineb fungicides. Best results were found with the following conditions: [NAD+] = 0.25 mmol L-1; [propionaldehyde] = 80 µmol L-1; enzyme loading = 0.8 U per electrode; response time = 10 min, and inhibition time = 10 min. Current intensities around 103 ± 13 nA with the sensors and good stability was obtained for both immobilization procedures. Detection limits, calculated using 10% inhibition were 31.5 µg L-1 and 35 µg L-1 for maneb and zineb, respectively. Results obtained with other MBRS-modified electrodes consisting of mono and bi-enzymic sensors were compared. The ability to catalyze NADH oxidation by MB was also highlighted.

Magnetic, thermal and spectral characterization of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoates of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)

The complexes of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid anion with ions of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) have been synthesized as polycrystalline solids, and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, magnetic studies, and also by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric measurements. The analysed complexes have following colours: pink for Co(II), green for Ni(II), and blue for Cu(II) compounds. The carboxylate group binds as monodentate, and bidentate bridging and chelating ligands. On heating in air to 1173 K the complexes decompose in four, three or two steps. At first, they dehydrate in one or two steps to anhydrous salts, that next decompose to oxides of the respective metals. The solubility of the investigated dimethoxybenzoates in water at 293 K is of the order of 10-2 mol/dm3. Their magnetic moments were determined in the temperature range of 76-303 K. The results reveal the compounds of Co(II) and Ni(II) to be high-spin complexes and that of Cu(II) to form dimer.

Magnetic, thermal and spectral properties of Ni(II) 2,3- , 3,5- and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoates

Complexes of Ni(II) 2,3-, 3,5- and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoates have been synthesized, their physico-chemical properties have been compared and the influence of the position of -OCH3 substituent on their properties investigated. The analysed compounds are crystalline, hydrated salts with green colour. The carboxylate ions show a bidentate chelating or bridging coordination modes. The thermal stabilities of Ni(II) dimethoxybenzoates were investigated in air in the range of 293-1173 K. The complexes decompose in three steps, yelding the NiO as the final product of decomposition. Their solubilities in water at 293 K are in the order of 10-2-10-4 mol×dm-3. The magnetic susceptibilities for the analysed dimethoxybenzoates of Ni(II) were measured over the range of 76-303 K and the magnetic moments were calculated. The results reveal that the complexes are the high-spin ones and the ligands form the weak electrostatic field in the octahedral coordination sphere of the central Ni(II) ion. The various position -OCH3 groups in benzene ring cause the different steric, mesomeric and inductive effects on the electron density in benzene ring.

Magnetic, thermal and spectral behaviour of 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II)

Physico-chemical properties of 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) were synthesized and studied. The complexes were obtained as mono- and dihydrates with a metal ion to ligand ratio of 1 : 2. All analysed 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates are polycrystalline compounds with colours depending on the central ions: pink for Co(II), green for Ni(II) and blue for Cu(II) complexes. Their thermal decomposition was studied in the range of 293 ­ 523 K, because it was found that on heating in air above 523 K 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates decompose explosively. Hydrated complexes lose crystallization water molecules in one step and anhydrous compounds are formed. The final products of their decomposition are the oxides of the respective transition metals. From the results it appears that during dehydration process no transformation of nitro group to nitrite takes place. The solubilities of analysed complexes in water at 293 K are of the order of 10-4 ­ 10-2 mol / dm³. The magnetic moment values of Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions in 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates experimentally determined at 76 ­ 303 K change from 3.67µB to 4.61µB for Co(II) complex, from 2.15µB to 2.87µB for Ni(II) 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate and from 0.26µB to 1.39µB for Cu(II) complex. 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoates of Co(II) and Ni(II) follow the Curie-Weiss law. Complex of Cu(II) forms dimer.

Increase in skeletal muscle protein content by the ß-2 selective adrenergic agonist clenbuterol exacerbates hypoalbuminemia in rats fed a low-protein diet

This investigation examined how the nutritional status of rats fed a low-protein diet was affected when the animals were treated with the ß-2 selective agonist clenbuterol (CL). Males (4 weeks old) from an inbred, specific-pathogen-free strain of hooded rats maintained at the Dunn Nutritional Laboratory were used in the experiments (N = 6 rats per group). CL treatment (Ventipulmin, Boehringer-Ingelheim Ltd., 3.2 mg/kg diet for 2 weeks) caused an exacerbation of the symptoms associated with protein deficiency in rats. Plasma albumin concentrations, already low in rats fed a low-protein diet (group A), were further reduced in CL rats (A = 25.05 ± 0.31 vs CL = 23.64 ± 0.30 g/l, P<0.05). Total liver protein decreased below the level seen in either pair-fed animals (group P) or animals with free access to the low-protein diet (A = 736.56 ± 26 vs CL = 535.41 ± 54 mg, P<0.05), whereas gastrocnemius muscle protein was higher than the values normally described for control (C) animals (C = 210.88 ± 3.2 vs CL = 227.14 ± 1.7 mg/g, P<0.05). Clenbuterol-treated rats also showed a reduction in growth when compared to P rats (P = 3.2 ± 1.1 vs CL = -10.2 ± 1.9 g, P<0.05). This was associated with a marked decrease in fat stores (P = 5.35 ± 0.81 vs CL = 2.02 ± 0.16 g, P<0.05). Brown adipose tissue (BAT) cytochrome oxidase activity, although slightly lower than in P rats (P = 469.96 ± 16.20 vs CL = 414.48 ± 11.32 U/BAT x kg body weight, P<0.05), was still much higher than in control rats (C = 159.55 ± 11.54 vs CL = 414.48 ± 11.32 U/BAT x kg body weight, P<0.05). The present findings support the hypothesis that an increased muscle protein content due to clenbuterol stimulation worsened amino acid availability to the liver and further reduced albumin synthesis causing exacerbation of hypoalbuminemia in rats fed a low-protein diet.

Gender-related pathways for behavior problems in the offspring of alcoholic fathers

The objective of the present study was to examine gender differences in the influence of paternal alcoholism on children's social-emotional development and to determine whether paternal alcoholism is associated with a greater number of externalizing symptoms in the male offspring. From the Mannheim Study of Risk Children, an ongoing longitudinal study of a high-risk population, the developmental data of 219 children [193 (95 boys and 98 girls) of non-alcoholic fathers, non-COAs, and 26 (14 boys, 12 girls) of alcoholic fathers, COAs] were analyzed from birth to the age of 11 years. Paternal alcoholism was defined according to the ICD-10 categories of alcohol dependence and harmful use. Socio-demographic data, cognitive development, number and severity of behavior problems, and gender-related differences in the rates of externalizing and internalizing symptoms were assessed using standardized instruments (IQ tests, Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire and diagnostic interviews). The general linear model analysis revealed a significant overall effect of paternal alcoholism on the number of child psychiatric problems (F = 21.872, d.f. = 1.217, P < 0.001). Beginning at age 2, significantly higher numbers of externalizing symptoms were observed among COAs. In female COAs, a pattern similar to that of the male COAs emerged, with the predominance of delinquent and aggressive behavior. Unlike male COAs, females showed an increase of internalizing symptoms up to age 11 years. Of these, somatic complaints revealed the strongest discriminating effect in 11-year-old females. Children of alcoholic fathers are at high risk for psychopathology. Gender-related differences seem to exist and may contribute to different phenotypes during development from early childhood to adolescence.

Cours alphabétique et méthodique de droit canon mis en rapport avec le droit civil ecclésiastique ancien et moderne.... T. 2 / par M. l'abbé André,... ; publ.par M. l'abbé Migne,...

Collection : Encyclopédie théologique ; 9-10

Cours alphabétique et méthodique de droit canon mis en rapport avec le droit civil ecclésiastique ancien et moderne.... Tome 2 / par M. l'abbé André,... ; publ.par M. l'abbé Migne,...

Collection : Encyclopédie théologique ; 9-10

Mode de vie, habitudes alimentaires et cancer du sein: Étude cas-témoins chez les Canadiennes-françaises non porteuses de mutations des gènes BRCA

Le cancer du sein (CS) est la deuxième cause de décès liés au cancer parmi les femmes dans la plupart des pays industrialisés. Les personnes qui ont le CS peuvent ne pas hériter des mutations causant le cancer de leurs parents. Ainsi, certaines cellules subissent des mutations qui mènent au cancer. Dans le cas de cancer héréditaire, les cellules tumorales contiennent généralement des mutations qui ne sont pas trouvées ailleurs dans l'organisme, mais peuvent maintenir des mutations qui vont répartir dans toutes les cellules. La genèse du CS est le résultat des mutations de gènes qui assurent la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire et la réparation de l’ADN. Deux gènes semblent particulièrement concernés par les mutations. Les gènes ‘Breast Cancer 1’ (BRCA1) et ‘Breast Cancer 2’ (BRCA2), sont impliqués dans la prédisposition génétique de CS. On estime que 5-10% des cas de cancer du sein sont attribuables à une prédisposition génétique. La plupart de ces cancers sont liés à une anomalie du gène BRCA1 ou BRCA2. Plusieurs études ont été menées chez les femmes atteintes de CS sporadique et quelques études se sont concentrées sur celles qui sont porteuses de mutations de BRCA. Alors, notre recherche a été entreprise afin de vérifier l’hypothèse d’une association entre le CS, le mode vie et les habitudes alimentaires chez les Canadiennes-françaises non porteuses des 6 mutations de BRCA les plus fréquentes parmi cette population. Nous avons mené une étude cas-témoins dans cette population. Quelque 280 femmes atteintes du cancer du sein et non-porteuses de mutations de BRCA, ont été recrutées en tant que cas. Les témoins étaient recrutés parmi les membres de la famille des cas (n=15) ou à partir d'autres familles atteintes de CS (n=265). Les participantes étaient de tous âges, recrutées à partir d’une étude de cohorte qui est actuellement en cours, menée par une équipe de chercheurs au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal (CHUM) Hôtel-Dieu à Montréal. Les apports alimentaires ont été recueillis par un questionnaire de fréquence semi-quantitatif validé et administré par une nutritionniste, qui portait sur la période avant les deux ans précédant le premier diagnostic de CS pour les cas et la période avant les deux ans précédant l’entrevue téléphonique pour les témoins. Un questionnaire de base était administré par l’infirmière de recherche aux participantes afin de colliger des renseignements sociodémographiques et sur les facteurs de risque du CS. Une association positive et significative a été détectée entre l’âge (plus de 50 ans) auquel les sujets avaient atteint leur Indice de Masse Corporel (IMC) le plus élevé et le CS rapport de cotes (OR) =2,83; intervalle de confiance à 95% (IC95%) (2,34-2,91). De plus, une association positive a été détectée entre un gain de poids de >34 lbs comparativement à un gain de poids de ≤15 lbs, dès l’âge de 20 ans OR=1,68; IC95% (1,10-2,58). Un gain de poids de >24 lbs comparativement à un gain de poids de ≤9 lbs, dès l’âge de 30 ans a aussi montré une augmentation de risque de CS OR=1,96; IC95% (1,46-3,06). Une association positive a aussi été détecté entre, un gain de poids de >12 lbs comparativement à un gain de poids de ≤1 lb, dès l’âge de 40 ans OR=1,91; IC95% (1,53-2,66). Concernant le tabagisme, nous avons observé une association positive et significative reliée à la consommation de plus de 9 paquets-années OR = 1,59; IC95% (1,57-2,87). Il fut suggéré que l’activité physique modéré confère une protection contre le CS: une pratique de > 24,8 (‘metabolic equivalent’) MET-hrs par semaine par rapport à ≤10,7 MET-hrs par semaine, diminue le risque du CS de 52% OR = 0,48 ; IC95% (0,31-0,74). L’activité physique totale (entre 16,2 et 33,2 MET-hrs par semaine), a aussi montré une réduction de risque de CS de 43% OR = 0,57 ; IC95% (0,37-0,87). Toutefois, il n'y avait aucune association entre une activité physique vigoureuse et le risque de CS. L’analyse portant sur les macro- et micro-nutriments et les groupes alimentaires a montré qu’un apport en énergie totale de plus de 2057 Kcal par jour augmentait le risque de CS de 2,5 fois OR = 2,54; IC95% (1,67-3,84). En ce qui concerne la consommation de café, les participantes qui buvaient plus de 8 tasses de café par jour avaient un risque de CS augmenté de 40% OR = 1,40; IC95% (1,09-2,24). Les sujets ayant une consommation dépassant 9 g d’alcool (éthanol) par jour avaient également un risque élevé de 55% OR = 1,55; IC95% (1,02-2,37). De plus, une association positive et significative a été détectée entre le CS et la consommation de plus de deux bouteilles de bière par semaine OR = 1,34; IC95% (1,28-2,11), 10 onces de vin par semaine OR = 1,16; IC95% (1,08-2,58) ou 6 onces de spiritueux par semaine OR = 1,09; IC95% (1,02-2,08), respectivement. En résumé, les résultats de cette recherche supportent l’hypothèse selon laquelle le mode de vie et les habitudes alimentaires jouent un rôle important dans l’étiologie de CS chez les Canadiennes-françaises non porteuses de mutations de BRCA. Les résultats nous permettent de constater que le gain de poids et le tabagisme sont liés à des risques élevés de CS, tandis que l'activité physique modérée aide à réduire ce risque. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent qu’un apport énergétique total relativement élevé et une consommation élevée de café et d'alcool peuvent accroître le risque de ce cancer. Ce travail a permis de mettre l’accent sur une nouvelle direction de recherche, jusqu'à présent non investiguée. Les résultats de ce travail de recherche pourraient contribuer à recueillir de nouvelles informations et des conseils pouvant influencer et aider la population à modifier son mode de vie et ses habitudes alimentaires afin de diminuer le risque de cancer du sein.