BECPELAG: Ein internationaler Workshop über biologische Schadstoffeffekte in pelagischen Ökosystemen

Im Februar 2001 begann unter der Schirmherrschaft des Internationalen Rates für Meeresforschung (ICES) und der Ozeanographie Kommission der UNESCO (IOC) der internationale Workshop Biological Effects of Contaminants in Pelagic Ecosystems, BECPELAG mit folgenden Zielen: • Untersuchungen über das Auftreten biologischer Effekte von Umweltschadstoffen auf Meeresorganismen in der Freiwasserzone (Pelagial) der Nordsee • Überprüfung von Methoden zur Erkennung von biologischen Schadstoffeffekten in pelagischen Organismen auf ihre Eignung für zukünftige Überwachungsprogramme

Sexual maturity, fecundity and egg size of wild and cultured samples of Bagrus bayad macropterus

Twenty four matured samples of Bagrus bayad macropterus from the wild (Shiroro Lake, Nigeria) and under captivity, size ranging from 412.69-3300.00 g total body weight, were analysed for sexual maturity,fecundity and egg size. The average fecundity obtained were 53352.59 and 21028.32 eggs for the wild and cultured fish respectively.Positive relationship was observed between fecundity, body size and gonad weight. Fecundity increased as body size increased. A more positive and linear relationship was observed between fecundity and gonad weight than fecundity and total body weight. Egg diameter,length and weight were determined from the egg samples. The mean size range of eggs for cultured fish was 0.74-1.05 mm of diameter; 1.01-1.20 mm of length and 0.25-0.40 mg of weight. Wild samples had mean size range of 0.68-l.09 mm of diameter, 0.85-1.38 mm of length and egg mean weight range was 0.15- 0.40 mg. Sexual maturity is dependent on size (1 kg and above). The egg diameter, egg length and weight bear no relationship with each other. Gonad development study indicated that gonad development was faster under captivity than in wild

The prospects of duckweed culturing in alleviating poverty in Nigeria

Duckweed is the smallest of all flowering plants and the plant double its mass in less than 2 days under ideal environmental conditions. Dry matter of duckweed contains between 35-45% crude protein. Moreover, the introduction of the plant to feed mill industries as a source of protein and binder supplement for pelleted fish feeds makes it of economic value. Duckweed has great potential if cultivation is encouraged in Nigeria, as this will also provide a good employment opportunity for larger percentage of youth in the riparian communities. The thrust of this paper was to explore the possibility of introducing duckweed farming to the rural populace for alternative sources of income most especially, the fisher folks and other interested farmers

Hatchery construction and its feasibility in the Nigerian economy

Aquaculture drive in the Niger Delta has necessitated the springing up of various forms of hatcheries in Nigeria in the area. The hatchery level is high as most fish farmers now want to produce their own fingerlings for the stocking of their production ponds for culture to market (table) size. The paper shows that there is a lot of market in the Niger-Delta for fresh fish. Majority of the numerous fish farmers are not well empowered to breed and produce fish seeds especially species most loved and eaten. The rising cost of materials in the Nigerian economy has become a bottleneck in the construction of more fish hatcheries for fingerling production. However, the assistance of multinationals has become very necessary to enhance its feasibility to encourage better involvement in the fish hatchery works. One remarkable area where assistance is being felt by the communities in the Niger-Delta is in fish farming and more so in the supply of fish fingerling to top fish farmers by The Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC), a multinational oil company in the area. Few fish farmers have benefited from this. If more hatcheries are available to service and provide the needed fingerlings to stock the available water bodies such as, home backyard ponds, the 0.74 million hectares of brackish water, 1.01 million hectares of perennial swamps, and other marginal land available for aquaculture and properly managed, it will yield between 2.5 and 10 metric tones of fish depending on the species stocked and bred

Sobrevida e fatores prognósticos para o câncer de mama em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, na coorte diagnosticada entre 1998 e 2000

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a sobrevida e fatores prognósticos para o câncer de mama feminino, com ênfase no papel de variáveis relacionadas aos serviços de saúde. Foram analisadas 782 mulheres com câncer invasivo da mama e submetidas à cirurgia curativa, que realizaram tratamento cirúrgico e/ou terapia complementar no município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, com diagnóstico da doença entre 1998 e 2000. O recrutamento dos casos foi efetuado a partir de busca ativa nos registros médicos de todos os serviços de saúde que prestam atendimento em oncologia na cidade. O seguimento foi realizado mediante retorno aos prontuários e complementado por busca no banco do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), contato telefônico e consulta de situação cadastral no Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas (CPF). As principais variáveis analisadas foram: cor da pele, idade ao diagnóstico, tamanho do tumor, comprometimento de linfonodos, estadiamento, cidade de residência e variáveis relativas aos serviços de saúde, entre outras. As funções de sobrevida foram calculadas por meio do método de Kaplan-Meier. Foi utilizado o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox para avaliação dos fatores prognósticos. No primeiro artigo, foi observada taxa de sobrevida específica em cinco anos de 80,9%, sendo identificados tamanho tumoral e comprometimento de linfonodos axilares como importantes fatores prognósticos associados de forma independente à sobrevida pela doença na população de estudo (HR=1,99, IC95%: 1,27-3,10 e HR=3,92, IC95%: 2,49-6,16, respectivamente). No segundo artigo, quando consideradas as variáveis relativas aos serviços de saúde, foi verificada pior sobrevida para as mulheres assistidas no serviço público, embora com significância limítrofe (p=0,05), e para aquelas que não tinham plano privado de saúde, apesar de não significativa (p=0,1). As funções de sobrevida não ajustadas e estratificadas por natureza do serviço de saúde exibiram sobrevida mais desfavorável para as mulheres não brancas e para os casos com nenhum ou menos de 10 linfonodos isolados somente no serviço público, embora com significâncias estatísticas apenas marginais (p=0,09 e p=0,07, respectivamente). Na análise multivariada, foi observado maior risco de óbito nas mulheres que não fizeram uso de hormonioterapia apenas para os casos assistidos no serviço público (HR=1,56; IC95%: 1,01-2,41), independentemente do tamanho tumoral e do status ganglionar axilar. Tais achados sugerem desigualdades sociais e disparidades na prevenção primária e secundária da doença na região estudada, com desvantagem para o serviço público de saúde, enfatizando a maior necessidade de esclarecimento sobre a doença, assim como de diagnóstico e tratamento dos casos em estádios mais precoces. Destacou-se, ainda, o valor de se trabalhar com informações produzidas pelos serviços de saúde responsáveis pela assistência oncológica no país, possibilitando a caracterização do perfil e da sobrevida das pacientes assistidas e fornecendo subsídios aos órgãos competentes do setor saúde local para nortear a adoção de estratégias de prevenção direcionadas ao controle da doença na população avaliada.

Depressão pós-parto e estado nutricional infantil no segundo mês de vida

INTRODUÇÃO: As chances de adoecer e de mortalidade são maiores, em crianças com estado nutricional (EN) inadequado nos primeiros meses de vida. Fatores de risco para o EN inadequado, incluem os aspectos psicossociais maternos, como a ansiedade, a depressão pós-parto (DPP), a ausência de suporte social. No entanto, são poucos os estudos sobre o papel destes fatores na determinação do EN infantil e seus resultados controversos. OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre depressão no pós-parto e o estado nutricional infantil inadequado no segundo mês de vida. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo seccional com 466 crianças aos dois meses de vida (média= 65 dias; DP=0,5) oriundas de unidades básicas de saúde do município do Rio de Janeiro, realizado entre junho de 2005 e dezembro de 2009. Para compor o desfecho, médias de peso-para-idade foram expressas em escores z e comparadas às informações da nova curva de referência WHO (2006) para menores de cinco anos. Foram classificadas como estado nutricional inadequado, crianças com escore z abaixo de -2, baixo peso-para-idade, e crianças com escore z acima de +2, excesso de peso-para- idade. Informações referentes à DPP foram obtidas por meio da aplicação da versão em português do instrumento EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). As análises das associações entre a DPP e os desfechos foram verificadas via modelos de regressão logística multinomial, mediante estimativas de razões de chances (OR) brutas e ajustadas e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95). RESULTADOS: A amostra revelou escores z médios de -0,22 para peso-para-idade, 4,51%(n=21) apresentaram baixo peso-para- idade e 1,72% (n=8) de excesso de peso-para-idade. A prevalência de depressão foi de 27,6%. Nas análises brutas, filhos de mães deprimidas apresentavam 2,45 mais chance (OR=2,45; I.C. 95%=1,01-5,93;p-valor=0,050) de baixo peso-para-idade e 0,38 chance de excesso de peso-para-idade (OR=0,38;I.C. 95%=0,04-3,17;p-valor=0,38), do que os filhos de mães não deprimidas, porém esta associação apresentou nível de significância maior que 5%. Após ajuste pelo peso ao nascer, condições ambientais, posse de utensílios, prematuridade, idade materna e escolaridade materna a associação entre depressão e estado nutricional infantil não apresentou significância estatística (OR=2,39;I.C. 95%=0,74-7,71;p- valor>0,05).CONCLUSÃO: A DPP não foi associada ao estado nutricional infantil.

Reproductive biology of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) in the western Pacific Ocean

The reproductive biology of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) was assessed from 1001 fish (ranging from 121 to 275 cm in eye-to-fork length; EFL) caught by Taiwanese offshore longliners in the western Pacific Ocean from September 2000 to December 2001 and from 843 gonad samples from these fish, The overall sex ratio of the catch was approximately 1:1 dur ing the sampling period, but blue marlin are sexually dimorphic; females are larger than males. Reproductive activity (assessed by histology), a gonadosomatic index, and the distribution of oocyte diameters, indicated that spawning occurred predominantly from May to September. The estimated sizes-at-maturity (EFL50) were 179.76 ±1.01 cm (mean ±standard error) for females and 130 ±1 cm EFL for males. Blue marlin are multiple spawners and oocytes develop asynchronously. The proportion of mature females with ovaries containing postovulatory follicles (0.41) and hydrated oocytes (0.34) indicated that the blue marlin spawned once every 2–3 days on average. Batch fecundity (BF) for 26 females with the most advanced oocytes (≥1000 μm), but without postovulatory follicles, ranged from 2.11 to 13.50 million eggs (6.94 ± 0.54 million eggs). The relationships between batch fecundity (BF, in millions of eggs) and EFL and round weight (RW, kg) were BF = 3.29 × 10 –12 EFL5.31 (r2 = 0.70) and BF = 1.59 × 10–3 RW 1.73 (r2= 0.67), respectively. The parameters estimated in this study are key information for stock assessments of blue marlin in the western Pacific Ocean and will contribute to the conservation and sustainable yield of

Fatores associados à positividade da intradermorreação de Montenegro em Teresina, Piauí

A leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) ou Calazar é um exemplo de doença infecciosa reemergente, cuja urbanização a uma das principais marcas da alteração de seu padrão epidemiológico de ocorrência. No Brasil, a infecção por L. chagasi tem se comportado de forma epidêmica em diversas regiões e as estratégias de controle não tem sido efetivas na contenção da propagação da doença. Para melhor compreensão deste processo, estudaram-se associações da imunidade tardia, medida por meio do teste de intradermorreação de Montenegro (IDRM), com fatores demográficos, sociais, econômicos e ambientais em área urbana com alta forca de transmissão. A análise dos dados foi feita tendo como base o modelo de regressão de Poisson ajustado pelo qui-quadrado, onde foram calculadas as razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC). Foi detectada maior prevalência da positividade a IDRM para o sexo masculino (RP = 1,32 IC: 1,11 1,56), com o aumento da idade (RP = 1,18 IC: 1,10 1,26), com a posse de cao por período de três anos ou mais (RP = 1,26 IC: 1,01 1,56) e com presença de fossa rudimentar no domicilio (RP = 1,33 IC: 0,99 1,77). Indivíduos com maior escolaridade (RP = 0,81 IC; 0,66 0,99), convivendo com três ou mais pessoas no domicilio (RP = 0,66 IC; 0,47 0,93), com história de Calazar no domicílio (RP = 0,40 IC: 0,16 0,99) e com parede com tijolo sem reboco (RP= 0,79 IC: 0,64 0,98) apresentaram prevalências mais baixas mostrando possível proteção infecção anterior. Os resultados obtidos podem contribuir para o melhor entendimento do dinamismo da doença em contexto urbano, permitindo melhor direcionamento das estratégias de intervenção.

Cypermethrin use in forestry and its impact on Welsh streams: An evaluation of the impact of cypermethrin use in forestry on Welsh streams

This is the Evaluation of the impact of cypermethrin use in forestry on Welsh streams from the University of Plymouth, published on September 2010 by the Environment Agency South West. The report focuses attention on Cypermethrin, a highly active synthetic pyrethroid insecticide effective against a wide range of pests in agriculture, public health, and animal husbandry. It is also used in forestry to control the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. Cypermethrin is very toxic to aquatic invertebrates and fish at nanogram per litre concentrations. This project checks the effectiveness of current best practice measures in minimising the risk of pollution associated with the use of cypermethrin in forestry in Wales. Chemical results from the intensive studies show that cypermethrin entered minor watercourses draining treated areas at two of the eight sites. In one of these cases the level was well in excess of the short-term Predicted No Effect Concentration. The absence of a buffer area at the other site resulted in the cypermethrin reaching a main drain. However dilution appeared to be sufficient to prevent any impact on water quality or on the invertebrate community in the main stream. Invertebrate and chemical data from the extensive survey showed little evidence of pollution due to wider use of cypermethrin in Welsh forestry. Finally, a number of recommendations are made for further tightening controls on forestry practice to minimise the risk of cypermethrin entering the aquatic environment.

Age and length composition of Columbia Basin chinook, sockeye, and coho salmon at Bonneville Dam in 2000

In 2000, representative samples of adult Columbia Basin chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), sockeye (O. nerka), and coho salmon (O. kisutch), populations were collected at Bonneville Dam. Fish were trapped, anesthetized, sampled for scales and biological data, allowed to revive, and then released. Scales were examined to estimate age composition and the results contribute to an ongoing database for age class structure of Columbia Basin salmon populations. Based on scale analysis, four-year-old fish (from brood year (BY) 1996) were estimated to comprise 83% of the spring chinook, 31% of the summer chinook, and 32% of the upriver bright fall chinook salmon population. Five-year-old fish (BY 1995) were estimated to comprise 2% of the spring chinook, 26% of the summer chinook, and 40% of the fall chinook salmon population. Three-year-old fish (BY 1997) were estimated to comprise 14% of the spring chinook, 42% of the summer chinook, and 17% of the fall chinook salmon population. Two-year-olds accounted for approximately 11% of the fall chinook population. The sockeye salmon population sampled at Bonneville was predominantly four-year-old fish (95%), and the coho salmon population was 99.9% three-year-old fish (Age 1.1). Length analysis of the 2000 returns indicated that chinook salmon with a stream-type life history are larger (mean length) than the chinook salmon with an ocean-type life history. Trends in mean length over the sampling period were also analysis for returning 2000 chinook salmon. Fish of age classes 0.2, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 have a significant increase in mean length over time. Age classes 0.3 and 0.4 have no significant change over time and age 0.1 chinook salmon had a significant decrease in mean length over time. A year class regression over the past 11 years of data was used to predict spring and summer chinook salmon population sizes for 2001. Based on three-year-old returns, the relationship predicts four-year-old returns of 325,000 (± 111,600, 90% Predictive Interval [PI]) spring chinook and 27,800 (± 29,750, 90% PI) summer chinook salmon. Based on four-year-old returns, the relationship predicts five-year-old returns of 54,300 (± 40,600, 90% PI) spring chinook and 11,000 (± 3,250, 90% PI) summer chinook salmon. The 2001 run size predictions used in this report should be used with caution, these predictions are well beyond the range of previously observed data.

Studies on maturity, spawning and fecundity of Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch) off Bombay coast

Studies indicated spawning season of Nemipterus japonicus off Bombay coast (Maharashtra, India), to be during July to December with peak breeding during November to December. Females attained first maturity at the length range 110-120 mm; 50% maturity and spawning occurred at 135 mm within one year of its age. Overall male: female ratio for the entire period of study was 1:1.01. Relationships of fecundity with total length of fish, total ovary weight and per g. fish weight were worked out as F=(-72674.33) L super(739.73); F =65.44 W super(807.33); F=3112.57 W super(22383.27) and F=467.85 W super(4.96) with coefficient of correlation values (r) 0.9090, 0.9443, 0.9911 and 0.8843 respectively.

典型草原优势植物养分回收特性对养分和水分梯度变化的响应

养分回收是植物衰老时，养分从衰老组织向活的组织体转移的一种过程。该过程延长了养分在植物体内的滞留时间，提高了植物保持养分的能力，因此是植物适应养分贫瘠生境的策略之一。全球气候变化，包括降水格局改变和氮（N）沉降增加，改变了生态系统正常的生物地球化学循环，因此可能会对植物的养分回收特性产生影响。研究不同N、磷（P）、水梯度上，植物物种养分回收特性的响应格局，对于预测N沉降增加和降水格局改变对物种养分利用策略的潜在影响，具有一定的理论与实践意义。本研究以中国科学院植物研究所多伦恢复生态学实验站长期施N肥实验（0，1，2，4，8，16，32，64 g N m-2 yr-1等8个水平）为研究平台研究了克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）群落中优势植物养分回收随N素添加梯度的变化，同时结合三个盆栽控制实验（施N肥实验：0，0.5，1，2，4，8，16，32，64，128 g N m-2等10个水平;施P肥实验：梯度同施N肥实验;控水实验：3600，4000，4500，5143，6000，7200，9000，12000，18000，36000 mL pot-1等10个水平），主要探讨了羊草（Leymus chinensis）养分回收效率（从衰老组织中回收转移的养分百分数，RE）和养分回收度（以枯叶中养分浓度衡量，RP）以及其它叶片养分特性(绿叶养分浓度和比叶面积SLA)对环境因子改变的响应格局。同时，我们还调查了枯叶C:N比和C:P比等参数，研究环境因子改变对凋落物分解的影响。 1）连续4年施N肥显著降低了五个物种叶片N素回收度（NRP），对P素回收度（PRP）的影响在各物种间差异较大，但低N提高了多数物种的PRP;物种间，冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）RP（枯叶N和P浓度分别为14.3±2.0 mg g-1和0.68±0.09 mg g-1）最低，砂韭（Allium bidentatum）（N：5.2±0.2 mg g-1，P：0.12±0.01 mg g-1）最高。沿施N梯度，N素回收效率（NRE）的变化趋势在物种间差异较小但在方法间（叶干重水平，叶面积水平和单株水平）差异较大，而P素回收效率（PRE）的变化在物种间和方法间差别都较大。叶干重水平和叶面积水平上，NRE在四个物种中表现出显著降低的趋势，PRE只在糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）和星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）中显著降低，其它三个物种变化不显著。单株水平上，所有物种NRE（除了克氏针茅）和PRE均与施N量梯度无显著性关系。物种间，砂韭的RE最高（＞80.0%），冷蒿和星毛委陵菜最低（＜60.0%）。方法间，叶片水平上的RE均高于单株水平上。沿施N肥梯度，两个禾本科物种SLA无显著变化规律，而其它三个物种SLA表现出先增加后变化不大的趋势。物种间，最高和最低的SLA分别表现在冷蒿和克氏针茅。沿施N肥梯度，五个物种C:N比呈先显著降低后缓慢降低的趋势。物种间，最大和最小的C:N比分别出现在砂韭和冷蒿。 2）盆栽施N肥实验中，一定范围内，施N肥显著提高了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA和绿叶N浓度，显著降低了C:N比、NRP、NRE和PRE，但对绿叶P浓度、叶片PRP和C:P比无明显影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为16.2 mg g-1和1.01 mg g-1，平均NRE和PRE分别为46.1﹪和58.1﹪。10月时，地下生物量和养分积累均高于地上部分。 3）盆栽施P肥实验中，一定范围内，施P肥显著地提高了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA、绿叶N浓度和绿叶P浓度，显著降低了C:N比、C:P比、NRP、PRP和PRE，但对NRE无显著影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为9.9 mg g-1和7.43 mg g-1，平均NRE和PRE分别为58.2﹪，平均PRE为56.1﹪。10月时地下部分生物量和N库积累均高于地上部分，而P库在两个部分间差别不大。 4）盆栽控水实验中，一定范围内，供水量增加显著增加了羊草地上地下生物量、SLA、NRP、PRP、PRE、C:N比和C:P比，显著降低了绿叶N浓度，但对绿叶P浓度和NRE无显著性影响。平均枯叶N浓度和枯叶P浓度分别为10.4 mg g-1和0.32 mg g-1，平均NRE和PRE分别为54.4﹪和76.8﹪。10月时，地下部分生物量和养分积累均高于地上部分。 以上结果表明，N、P和水分因子的改变影响了植物生物量和养分分配、叶片养分特性、养分回收能力以及枯叶分解质量等，且不同梯度影响程度也不同。因此，未来全球变化包括N沉降增加和降水格局改变可能影响植物养分利用策略和凋落物分解特性，进而可能对植被-土壤系统养分循环产生影响。

内蒙古草原温度梯度上3个典型群落的能量平衡研究

通量测量点的能量收支总是表现出不平衡，即使在地势平坦、植被分布均一、稀疏植被下垫面的情况下也有约30%的能量失衡状况。能量平衡闭合 (EBC) 问题在验证涡度相关系统质量方面，得到了广泛的关注。实验在内蒙古草原3个地点，通过涡度相关系统附近移动能量平衡系统的测定手段，采用能量平衡余项法和最小二乘 (OLS) 线性回归法，研究了土壤热通量、净辐射及可供能量空间变异对能量平衡闭合的影响。 结果显示，EBC 在三个研究点的平均余项为8~19 W m-2，OLS 斜率为0.83~0.96。EBC 在土壤湿润情况的站点要高于干旱站点。 土壤热通量的空间变异三站点平均为白天48 W m-2 (占同时间 Rn 的13%)，夜间15 W m-2 (34%)，平均29 W m-2 (24%)。通过8个工作站的测量，这个变异会造成9% (从0.93到1.01) 的 OLS 斜率差别。夜间的能量平衡不闭合可以由土壤热通量的空间变异解释。如果在本研究的的三个草原站点上忽略了土壤热通量，则会造成较大的余项 (峰值时110 W m-2) 产生，从而使 OLS 斜率增大23%。特别是通量板埋置在地面以下30 mm处时，上层的土壤热储部分占到全部土壤热通量的50%，这不仅影响到 EBC 的大小，更起到调节土壤热通量与“真实的波形” 相一致的作用。如果该部分热储被忽略掉，EBC 余项会增加60 W m-2，OLS 斜率也会变化 (减少) 9%。用大尺度多点测量与涡度塔附近的小尺度测定相比较，后者表现出稍高的闭合率，即 OLS 斜率增加4%。 相对于土壤热通量，净辐射的空间变异较小，三站点平均为白天17 W m-2 (5%)，夜间7 W m-2 (13%)，平均 12 W m-2 (5%)。可以引起3% (从0.88到0.91) 的 OLS 斜率差异。研究结果还表明，风速校正应该在 Q7.1 净辐射仪中应用，校正后的结果与 CNR1 的结果在白天有吻合较好，但在其它时段仍有较大差异，特别是在夜间，风速校正基本不起作用，使得两种仪器间差异达20 W m-2。比较表明，风速校正可以提高白天 Rn 的6%，仅降低夜间0.3%。因此，无论是用余项法还是用 OLS 线性回归法，在比较使用不同仪器的站点间的闭合状况时 (本研究的结果适用于草地 Q7.1 与 CNR1 间的比较)，可以用9：00-15：00 h 时段的数据进行比较，这样可以避免因使用不同仪器的差异所造成的影响。用该时段的数据进行比较，仪器间的差异余项法小于6 W m-2，OLS 法小于3%。 受可供能量空间变异影响，三个站点平均 EBC 的不确定性为白天66 W m-2 (19%)，夜间23 W m-2 (50%)，平均42 W m-2 (36%);或者改变 OLS 斜率11%。用最大值和最小值来衡量，EBC 最大不确定性，正午时在站点 I、II 和 III 中分别为81，114和91 W m-2。故在探讨能量平衡和能量平衡闭合问题时，必须充分考虑到这种不确定性，否则会产生偏差，或者得出错误结论。 研究还表明，即使考虑到白天所有可供能量的最大不确定性，仍然不能使能量平衡闭合。中午 (12：00 h)，站点 I，II 和 III 仍然有14±15，48±12和47±14 W m-2 的失衡不能够归因于可供能量的空间不确定性。因此，其它影响因素也需进行细致的探讨。 在两站点不同测量深度土壤热通量结果的差异性比较实验中，无论在站点 I 还是 III，均表现出一致的结论，即随通量板布置深度加深，其测量结果会越高，与浅层布置的相比，差别可高达150 W m-2。深层土壤热通量的计算仍是个难题，需进一步研究。 在不同植被结构对净辐射测定影响的实验中发现，随刈割强度增加，一天中大部分时间净辐射均减少。正午依次为413，395和388 W m-2。无论正午还是全天合计，重度刈割地点的净辐射均比不刈割对照处理少6%，而且，在整个生长季也少6%，约合40,000 W m-2。测量高度不同，不同处理间对测定结果影响不同：刈割处理中，由于下垫面较均一，结果相差不显著;而对照则表现出较高的差异，用两配对样本T检验表明差异达到极显著 (P<0.000，9:30-15:00 h data)。当使用不同新旧程度的 domes 时，对净辐射结果会产生明显的影响。新 domes 的测量结果白天明显高，晚上明显低，使用了11个月的旧 domes，峰值时，白天低估25 W m-2，晚上高估10 W m-2。说明该差异在进行能量平衡闭合计算时，不能忽略。而全用新的和全用旧的进行比较，晚上仅有2-3 W m-2差异。 考虑生态系统中非生物因子对干扰条件下生物多样性动态和功能的影响，有助于更精确地阐明生物多样性-稳定性功能的关系。为此，设计了一个单因子刈割实验——内蒙古地区一种广泛存在的土地利用方式。主要目的是研究不同强度刈割影响下，微气候变量特别是能量平衡各分量和群落结构的变化及二者的关系。连续4年刈割，占第一位的优势种明显由低矮半灌木冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida) 取代了高大丛生禾草克氏针茅 (Stipa kylovii)。重度刈割下，针茅的盖度、生物量和丛重，群落叶面积、绿色生物量、凋落物量和群落高度一致低于轻度刈割/不刈割处理。微气候由于群落特征的这些变化也呈规律性变化。与对照相比，重度刈割降低了生长季土壤含水量的47.5%，但中午和日均土壤表面温度分别增加了7.4和1.2 °C，并且增加地表下2 cm土壤温度日较差 (日最高与最低温度之差) 4.2 °C。刈割处理由于凋落物少、反射强而表现出较低的净辐射，但土壤热通量显著提高，表现为土层加热和冷却快。因此，重度刈割处理较对照降低了可供能量8%，约合52,000 W m-2 。不同刈割强度间来看，NPP 或 LAI 与土壤热通量和净辐射的比值 (G/Rn) 以及波文比 (H/LE) 间呈负相关。重度刈割处理感热通量显著提高，但潜热通量在处理间差异不显著，表明未刈割处理虽然冠层伸展大，但是并没有导致更大的水分亏缺。未刈割处理增加了抵抗物种改变的能力，而刈割处理在连续一年一割的第四年显著增加了物种数，可能与因刈割影响而导致的群落结构与微气候的改变有关。本研究表明，未刈割处理可以减轻高温干旱季节的高温和干旱胁迫，表现出对环境变化的高抵抗性。未刈割处理的凋落物层和较高的垂直结构所形成的遮荫，可以形成一个阻挡蒸发的篱笆，这是维持其水分的保证。因此，为了恢复退化草原生态系统功能，需要修复能导致微气候变化的植物群落结构，否则难以成功。 本研究立足于原创性的实验研究，在中国特有的自然草原生态系统上开展，结合不同温度梯度的三地区涡度相关系统进行了能量平衡闭合的移动比较实验，以及结合常用土地利用方式的定点能量平衡实验。在翔实的数据基础上，为涡度相关方法的陆地表面能量平衡失衡问题提供了解释。增加了对两个主要能量流——土壤热通量和净辐射空间变异规律的认识，研究对于能量平衡和湍流通量相关研究是有价值的。在三个代表性地区首次利用多个净辐射仪和土壤热通量板的结果与三个标准的涡度相关系统进行了比较，这类量化失衡原因的相关研究应受到高度重视并进一步拓展，以提高对能量失衡的认识，进而推进水热和碳循环研究向更深层次发展。

家畜放牧对典型草原土壤-植被系统氮素转化的影响

草地生态系统中，放牧对调节物质流动和营养循环起着关键的作用。内蒙古地区已有上千年的游牧历史，放牧是该地区重要的草地利用方式之一。然而，近50年来，由于人口的剧增以及对草原的不合理利用与管理，使得内蒙古草原发生了严重的退化与沙漠化。理解放牧对氮循环的定量影响，对我们更合理地利用草地、防治生态系统的进一步退化以及探求最佳恢复途径都具有重要的意义。中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站精准设置的5种放牧强度处理（0.00, 1.33, 2.67, 4.00, 5.33 羊/公顷）为我们的研究提供了理想的平台。2005、2006年生长季期间，在经过16年不同放牧强度处理的一个典型草原样地上，我们测定了氮素输入（氮沉降、生物固氮）、转化（净氮矿化）、输出（反硝化及氨气挥发）速率等N循环的重要参量。同时，测定了微生物生物量碳、氮（Cmic，Nmic）及微生物呼吸（Rmic），研究了微生物在氮循环中的作用。另外，还测定了植物、土壤、固氮体中的15N自然丰度值，探讨了其对不同放牧强度的响应格局与机理。 结果表明，干湿混合沉降物全氮浓度最高达11.53 mg N l–1，沉降量最高为1.77 kg N ha–1m–1。月均氮沉降量与浓度正相关，它们与降水量均关系密切，前者更密切。结皮面积所占比例很小，不超过8%。结皮含氮量为1.01-1.43 g N kg–1，受放牧的影响不显著，但随放牧强度的增加有降低的趋势。土壤结皮能固氮，但固氮量不超过土壤氮含量的1倍。地耳的固氮量为结皮的10-20倍，故是主要的固氮体。尽管地耳含氮量受放牧影响不显著，但放牧是不放牧条件下地耳氮含量的1.58倍。 土壤NH4+-N浓度随季节变化范围为1.71-9.45 µg N g–1，它们在各放牧处理之间的差异不显著。土壤NO3–-N浓度变幅为0.27-11.21 µg N g–1。总无机氮浓度在不放牧条件下的变幅为2.69-14.57 µg N g–1，占总氮的0.49-2.6%;放牧条件下的变幅为2.49-8.66 µg N g–1，占总氮的0.35-1.21%。总无机氮浓度随季节和放牧强度的变化趋势与硝态氮相似，表现为2005年夏季期间有逐渐增加的趋势，而在2006年整个生长季期间有逐渐降低的趋势。不放牧比放牧条件下含氮量高，但在4个放牧处理之间的差异不显著。净氮矿化速率的变幅为–0.61-0.27 µg N g–1d–1，峰值通常出现在7月。净氮矿化速率在各处理间没有一致性差异，但中牧（2.67、4.00 羊/公顷）通常比重牧（5.33 羊/公顷）下的值高。净氮硝化速率通常很低，波动在–0.32-0.16 µg N g–1之间，2005年夏季及2006年春秋季的值相对较高。净氮硝化速率在各放牧处理之间差异不显著，但重牧条件下的值通常最低。累积净氮转化量在年际间差异大，2005年总体上遵循正态分布模式，而2006年随着放牧强度的增加有直线下降的趋势，2006年比2005年的累积量高。土壤温度和湿度比放牧强度对净氮矿化的影响更加显著。放牧强度通过调节这两个土壤因子对氮动态而产生间接影响。 反硝化和N2O的释放速率低，前者变幅为0.33-6.21µg N kg–1 d–1，后者为0.42-11.28 µg N kg–1 d–1。释放量夏季较强，春秋较弱。放牧对反硝化释放影响不显著，只在2005年对N2O释放影响显著。尽管如此，反硝化和N2O释放速率整体表现出在不放牧比放牧条件下高的趋势，且比最高放牧强度5.33 羊/公顷下的反硝化速率显著高。然而，它们在4个放牧处理之间的差异始终不显著。累积反硝化和N2O释放存在年际变化，2006年的值显著高。它们随着放牧强度的递增有逐渐降低的趋势，这在2006年表现得尤为明显，这种结果主要归因于土壤总氮量在长期放牧条件下随放牧压力的增加而逐渐降低。 氨气挥发速率变幅为0.88-3.52 g N ha–1d–1，高峰值出现在5月，2005比2006年同期的速率大。两年间放牧强度对氨气挥发的影响都较弱，2005年影响更弱。不放牧条件下的氨气挥发量通常最低，这在生长季的前期表现得更为明显，中牧及重牧条件下通常最高。放牧能影响氨气挥发与氨态氮，硝态氮及总无机氮浓度之间的关系，即不放牧条件下相关性显著，而放牧条件下相关性不显著。年际间氨气挥发速率与无机氮浓度之间的关系趋势相反，2005年负相关，2006年正相关。在水分充足的2006年，所有处理条件下氨气挥发与土壤水分及温度之间显著相关，但在单独每个放牧处理下，相关性不显著。 Cmic变幅大，为13.97-350.45 μg C g–1，占土壤总有机碳的1.58-8.35%。最高和最低值分别出现在夏季和春季。它们在各处理间差异不显著，不放牧下的值相对偏高。Cmic与土壤有机C和全N、前期的立枯、凋落量及含N量、优势种前期的地上生物量、根系生物量、土壤温度以及水分之间关系密切。氮素状态如氨态氮、总无机氮含量、反硝化以及N2O释放速率，氨气挥发速率与Cmic之间关系密切。Nmic占土壤全氮的0.41-2.74%，不受季节和放牧强度的显著影响。Nmic与可溶性N，表土层根系全N，立枯有机C，地上生物量之间关系密切。氮循环过程中氨气挥发速率受Nmic的影响。Rmic随季节而变化，通常5月份值最高。Rmic随着放牧强度的增加有稍降低的趋势。Rmic与土壤可溶性C、有机C，不同土层根系有机C，凋落物、立枯量及其C、N含量、全N，地上生物量，优势种前期的生物量，土壤温度之间关系密切。土壤氮循环动态如氨态氮、硝态氮、总无机氮浓度及反硝化速率与Rmic之间关系密切。 土壤、植物、地耳、生物结皮的δ15N值与放牧强度之间相关关系不显著。然而，放牧有增加表层土和植物的δ15N值而降低表土、地耳、结皮的δ15N值的趋势。表层土δ15N值与前一年生长季末期硝态氮及总无机氮浓度，反硝化速率及累积氨气挥发之间密切相关。 土壤碳含量的变幅为10.44-17.19 g C kg–1，全氮量的变幅为0.54-0.82 g N kg–1。长期的高强度放牧降低了土壤碳、氮储量。根系碳、氮含量分别为土壤碳、氮含量的40-50和10倍。立枯和凋落物有机碳含量变幅为446.94-507.01 g C kg–1，与放牧强度之间关系不密切;氮含量变幅为4.58-7.18 g N kg–1，与放牧强度之间显著负相关。优势种木地肤、冷蒿的含碳量与放牧强度之间相关不显著，但含氮量与之显著相关。 综述以上结果，不同放牧强度对内蒙草地生态系统氮循环中不同过程产生影响的程度各不相同，这种影响主要是通过它与土壤环境因子如温度、水分的联合作用而间接产生。