Design and Development of Compact Coplanar Waveguide Fed Antennas for Wireless Applications

The need of miniaturization in the present day communication industry is challenging. In the present scenario, printed antenna technology is highly suitable for wireless communication due to its low profile and other desirable radiation characteristics. Small monopole type antennas are overruled by compact small antennas for present day mobile communication applications. Coplanar waveguides (CPW) are printed on one side of a dielectric substrate. CPW have attracted the attention of antenna designers due to their excellent properties like ease of integration with ‘MMIC’, low cost, wide bandwidth, flexibility towards multiband operation, low radiation leakage and less dispersion. The requirement of omnidirectional coverage, light weight and low cost made these CPW fed antennas a good candidate for wireless applications. The main focus of the thesis is the study of coplanar waveguide transmission line. Rigorous investigations were performed on both the ground plane and signal strip of a coplanar waveguide transmission line to create effective radiation characteristics. Good amount of works have been done to transform CPW line to antenna suitable for mobile phone applications

Decimation Filter Design Toolbox for Multi-Standard Wireless Transceivers using MATLAB.

The demand for new telecommunication services requiring higher capacities, data rates and different operating modes have motivated the development of new generation multi-standard wireless transceivers. A multi-standard design often involves extensive system level analysis and architectural partitioning, typically requiring extensive calculations. In this research, a decimation filter design tool for wireless communication standards consisting of GSM, WCDMA, WLANa, WLANb, WLANg and WiMAX is developed in MATLAB® using GUIDE environment for visual analysis. The user can select a required wireless communication standard, and obtain the corresponding multistage decimation filter implementation using this toolbox. The toolbox helps the user or design engineer to perform a quick design and analysis of decimation filter for multiple standards without doing extensive calculation of the underlying methods.

Single-carrier frequency domain equalisation for hammerstein communication systems using complex-valued neural networks

Single-carrier (SC) block transmission with frequency-domain equalisation (FDE) offers a viable transmission technology for combating the adverse effects of long dispersive channels encountered in high-rate broadband wireless communication systems. However, for high bandwidthefficiency and high power-efficiency systems, the channel can generally be modelled by the Hammerstein system that includes the nonlinear distortion effects of the high power amplifier (HPA) at transmitter. For such nonlinear Hammerstein channels, the standard SC-FDE scheme no longer works. This paper advocates a complex-valued (CV) B-spline neural network based nonlinear SC-FDE scheme for Hammerstein channels. Specifically, We model the nonlinear HPA, which represents the CV static nonlinearity of the Hammerstein channel, by a CV B-spline neural network, and we develop two efficient alternating least squares schemes for estimating the parameters of the Hammerstein channel, including both the channel impulse response coefficients and the parameters of the CV B-spline model. We also use another CV B-spline neural network to model the inversion of the nonlinear HPA, and the parameters of this inverting B-spline model can easily be estimated using the standard least squares algorithm based on the pseudo training data obtained as a natural byproduct of the Hammerstein channel identification. Equalisation of the SC Hammerstein channel can then be accomplished by the usual one-tap linear equalisation in frequency domain as well as the inverse B-spline neural network model obtained in time domain. Extensive simulation results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of our nonlinear SC-FDE scheme for Hammerstein channels.

Self-optimization of dense wireless sensor networks based on simulated annealing

Wireless sensor network (WSN) Is a technology that can be used to monitor and actuate on environments in a non-intrusive way. The main difference from WSN and traditional sensor networks is the low dependability of WSN nodes. In this way, WSN solutions are based on a huge number of cheap tiny nodes that can present faults in hardware, software and wireless communication. The deployment of hundreds of nodes can overcome the low dependability of individual nodes, however this strategy introduces a lot of challenges regarding network management, real-time requirements and self-optimization. In this paper we present a simulated annealing approach that self-optimize large scale WSN. Simulation results indicate that our approach can achieve self-optimization characteristics in a dynamic WSN. © 2012 IEEE.

Análise de desempenho de redes de comunicação wireless em aplicações de Smart Grid

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Towards Information-Centric Wireless Multi-hop Communication

Information-centric networking (ICN) addresses drawbacks of the Internet protocol, namely scalability and security. ICN is a promising approach for wireless communication because it enables seamless mobile communication, where intermediate or source nodes may change, as well as quick recovery from collisions. In this work, we study wireless multi-hop communication in Content-Centric Networking (CCN), which is a popular ICN architecture. We propose to use two broadcast faces that can be used in alternating order along the path to support multi-hop communication between any nodes in the network. By slightly modifying CCN, we can reduce the number of duplicate Interests by 93.4 % and the number of collisions by 61.4 %. Furthermore, we describe and evaluate different strategies for prefix registration based on overhearing. Strategies that configure prefixes only on one of the two faces can result in at least 27.3 % faster data transmissions.

Adaptive Interest Lifetimes for Information-Centric Wireless Multi-hop Communication

Information-centric networking (ICN) is a promising approach for wireless communication because users can exploit the broadcast nature of the wireless medium to quickly find desired content at nearby nodes. However, wireless multi-hop communication is prone to collisions and it is crucial to quickly detect and react to them to optimize transmission times and a void spurious retransmissions. Several adaptive retransmission timers have been used in related ICN literature but they have not been compared and evaluated in wireless multi-hop environments. In this work, we evaluate existing algorithms in wireless multi-hop communication. We find that existing algorithms are not optimized for wireless communication but slight modificati ons can result in considerably better performance without increasing the number of transmitted Interests.

WiMAX,Technology and Market.

Wireless communication is the transfer of information from one place to another without using wires. From the earliest times, humans have felt the need to develop techniques of remote communication. From this need arose the smoke signals, communication by sun reflection in mirrors and so on. But today the telecommunications electronic devices such as telephone, television, radio or computer. Radio and television are used for one-way communication. Telephone and computer are used for two-way communication. In wireless networks there is almost unlimited mobility, we can access the network almost anywhere or anytime. In wired networks we have the restriction of using the services in fixed area services. The demand of the wireless is increasing very fast; everybody wants broadband services anywhere anytime. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a broadband wireless technology based on IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005 that appears to solve this demand. WIMAX is a system that allows wireless data transmission in areas of up to 48 km of radius. It is designed as a wireless alternative to ADSL and a way to connect nodes in wireless metropolitan areas network. Unlike wireless systems that are limited in most cases, about 100 meter, providing greater coverage and more bandwidth. WIMAX promises to achieve high data transmission rates over large areas with a great amount of users. This alternative to the networks of broadband access common as DSL o Wi-Fi, can give broadband access to places quickly to rural areas and developing areas around the world. This paper is a study of WIMAX technology and market situation. First, the paper is responsible for explaining the technical aspects of WIMAX. For this gives an overview of WIMAX standards, physical layer, MAC layer and WiMAX, Technology and Market Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications 2 WIMAX network architecture. Second, the paper address the issue of market in which provides an overview of development and deployment of WIMAX to end the future development trend of WIMAX is addressed. RESUMEN: Por comunicaciones inalámbricas se entiende la transferencia de información desde un lugar a otro sin la necesidad de un soporte físico como es por ejemplo el cable. Por lo que remontándose a los principios de la existencia del ser humano, nos damos cuenta de que el ser humano siempre ha sentido la necesidad de desarrollar técnicas para lograr comunicarse a distancia con sus semejantes. De dicha necesidad, surgieron técnicas tan ancestrales como puede ser la comunicación mediante señales de humo o por reflexión de los rayos solares en espejos entre otras. La curiosidad del ser humano y la necesidad de comunicarse a distancia fue la que llevó a Alexander Graham Bell a inventar el teléfono en 1876. La aparición de un dispositivo que permitía comunicarse a distancia permitiendo escuchar la voz de aquella persona con la que se quería hablar, supuso una revolución no solo en el panorama tecnológico, si no también en el panorama social. Pues a parte de permitir comunicaciones a larga distancia, solventó el problema de la comunicación en “tiempo real”. A raíz de este invento, la tecnología en materia de comunicación ha ido avanzando significativamente, más concretamente en lo referido a las comunicaciones inalámbricas. En 1973 se realizó la primera llamada desde un terminal móvil aunque no fue hasta 1983 cuando se empezó a comercializar dicho terminal, lo que supuso un cambio de hábitos y costumbres para la sociedad. Desde la aparición del primer móvil el crecimiento del mercado ha sido exponencial, lo que ha repercutido en una demanda impensable de nuevas aplicaciones integradas en dichos dispositivos móviles que satisfagan las necesidades que día a día autogenera la sociedad. Tras conseguir realizar llamadas a larga distancia de forma inalámbrica, el siguiente paso fue la creación de los SMS (Short Message System) lo que supuso una nueva revolución además de abaratar costes al usuario a la hora de comunicarse. Pero el gran reto para la industria de las comunicaciones móviles surgió con la aparición de internet. Todo el mundo sentía la necesidad de poder conectarse a esa gran base de datos que es internet en cualquier parte y en cualquier momento. Las primeras conexiones a internet desde dispositivos móviles se realizaron a través de la tecnología WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) hasta la aparición de la tecnología GPRS que permitía la conexión mediante protocolo TCP/IP. A partir de estas conexiones han surgido otras tecnologías, como EDGE, HSDPA, etc., que permitían y permiten la conexión a internet desde dispositivos móviles. Hoy en día la demanda de servicios de red inalámbrica crece de forma rápida y exponencial, todo el mundo quiere servicios de banda ancha en cualquier lugar y en cualquier momento. En este documento se analiza la tecnología WiMAX ( Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) que es una tecnología de banda ancha basada en el estándar IEEE 802.16 creada para brindar servicios a la demanda emergente en la banda ancha desde un punto de vista tecnológico, donde se da una visión de la parte técnica de la tecnología; y desde el punto de vista del mercado, donde se analiza el despliegue y desarrollo de la tecnología desde el punto de vista de negocio. WiMAX es una tecnología que permite la transmisión inalámbrica de datos en áreas de hasta 48Km de radio y que está diseñada como alternativa inalámbrica para ADSL y para conectar nodos de red inalámbrica en áreas metropolitanas. A diferencia de los sistemas inalámbricos existentes que están limitados en su mayoría a unos cientos de metros, WiMAX ofrece una mayor cobertura y un mayor ancho de banda que permita dar soporte a nuevas aplicaciones, además de alcanzar altas tasas de transmisión de datos en grandes áreas con una gran cantidad de usuarios. Se trata de una alternativa a las redes de acceso de banda ancha como DSL o Wi-Fi, que puede dar acceso de banda ancha a lugares tales como zonas rurales o zonas en vías de desarrollo por todo el mundo con rapidez. Existen dos tecnologías de WiMAX, WiMAX fijo (basado en el estándar IEEE 802.16d-2004) y WiMAX móvil (basado en el estándar IEEE 802.16e-2005). La tecnología fija está diseñada para comunicaciones punto a multipunto, mientras que la fija lo está para comunicaciones multipunto a multipunto. WiMAX móvil se basa en la tecnología OFDM que ofrece ventajas en términos de latencia, eficiencia en el uso del espectro y soporte avanzado para antenas. La modulación OFDM es muy robusta frente al multitrayecto, que es muy habitual en los canales de radiodifusión, frente al desvanecimiento debido a las condiciones meteorológicas y frente a las interferencias de RF. Una vez creada la tecnología WiMAX, poseedora de las características idóneas para solventar la demanda del mercado, ha de darse el siguiente paso, hay que convencer a la industria de las telecomunicaciones de que dicha tecnología realmente es la solución para que apoyen su implantación en el mercado de la banda ancha para las redes inalámbricas. Es aquí donde entra en juego el estudio del mercado que se realiza en este documento. WiMAX se enfrenta a un mercado exigente en el que a parte de tener que dar soporte a la demanda técnica, ha de ofrecer una rentabilidad económica a la industria de las comunicaciones móviles y más concretamente a las operadoras móviles que son quienes dentro del sector de las telecomunicaciones finalmente han de confiar en la tecnología para dar soporte a sus usuarios ya que estos al fin y al cabo lo único que quieren es que su dispositivo móvil satisfaga sus necesidades independientemente de la tecnología que utilicen para tener acceso a la red inalámbrica de banda ancha. Quizás el mayor problema al que se ha enfrentado WiMAX haya sido la situación económica en la que se encuentra el mundo. WiMAX a comenzado su andadura en uno de los peores momentos, pero aun así se presenta como una tecnología capaz de ayudar al mundo a salir hacia delante en estos tiempos tan duros. Finalmente se analiza uno de los debates existentes hoy en día en el sector de las comunicaciones móviles, WiMAX vs. LTE. Como se puede observar en el documento realmente una tecnología no saldrá victoriosa frente a la otra, si no que ambas tecnologías podrán coexistir y trabajar de forma conjunta.

Open multi-technology building energy management system

Energy Efficiency is one of the goals of the Smart Building initiatives. This paper presents an Open Energy Management System which consists of an ontology-based multi-technology platform and a wireless transducer network using 6LoWPAN communication technology. The system allows the integration of several building automation protocols and eases the development of different kind of services to make use of them. The system has been implemented and tested in the Energy Efficiency Research Facility at CeDInt-UPM.

Spatial sampling methods for improved communication for wireless relay robots

Having reliable wireless communication in a network of mobile robots is an ongoing challenge, especially when the mobile robots are given tasks in hostile or harmful environments such as radiation environments in scientific facilities, tunnels with large metallic components and complicated geometries as found at CERN. In this paper, we propose a decentralised method for improving the wireless network throughput by optimizing the wireless relay robot position to receive the best wireless signal strength using implicit spatial diversity concepts and gradient-search algorithms. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solutions with a KUKA Youbot omni-directional mobile robot. The performance of the algorithms is compared under various scenarios in an underground scientific facility at CERN.

Cultural impact of wireless networks:emerging experiences in the healthcare sector

Culture defines collective behavior and interactions among people in groups. In organizations, it shapes group identity, work pattern, communication schemes, and interpersonal relations. Any change in organizational culture will lead to changes in these elements of organizational factors, and vice versa. From a managerial standpoint, how to cultivate an organizational culture that would enhance these aforementioned elements in organizational workplace should thus be taken into serious consideration. Based on cases studies in two hospitals, this paper investigates how organizational culture is shaped by a particular type of information and communication technology, wireless networks, a topic that is generally overlooked by the mainstream research community, and in turn implicates how such cultural changes in organizations renovate their competitiveness in the marketplace. Lessons learned from these cases provide valuable insights to emerging IT management and culture studies in general and in wireless network management in the healthcare sector in particular.

Using Coding to Improve Localization and Backscatter Communication Performance in Low-Power Sensor Networks

Backscatter communication is an emerging wireless technology that recently has gained an increase in attention from both academic and industry circles. The key innovation of the technology is the ability of ultra-low power devices to utilize nearby existing radio signals to communicate. As there is no need to generate their own energetic radio signal, the devices can benefit from a simple design, are very inexpensive and are extremely energy efficient compared with traditional wireless communication. These benefits have made backscatter communication a desirable candidate for distributed wireless sensor network applications with energy constraints.

The backscatter channel presents a unique set of challenges. Unlike a conventional one-way communication (in which the information source is also the energy source), the backscatter channel experiences strong self-interference and spread Doppler clutter that mask the information-bearing (modulated) signal scattered from the device. Both of these sources of interference arise from the scattering of the transmitted signal off of objects, both stationary and moving, in the environment. Additionally, the measurement of the location of the backscatter device is negatively affected by both the clutter and the modulation of the signal return.

This work proposes a channel coding framework for the backscatter channel consisting of a bi-static transmitter/receiver pair and a quasi-cooperative transponder. It proposes to use run-length limited coding to mitigate the background self-interference and spread-Doppler clutter with only a small decrease in communication rate. The proposed method applies to both binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme and provides an increase in rate by up to a factor of two compared with previous methods.

Additionally, this work analyzes the use of frequency modulation and bi-phase waveform coding for the transmitted (interrogating) waveform for high precision range estimation of the transponder location. Compared to previous methods, optimal lower range sidelobes are achieved. Moreover, since both the transmitted (interrogating) waveform coding and transponder communication coding result in instantaneous phase modulation of the signal, cross-interference between localization and communication tasks exists. Phase discriminating algorithm is proposed to make it possible to separate the waveform coding from the communication coding, upon reception, and achieve localization with increased signal energy by up to 3 dB compared with previous reported results.

The joint communication-localization framework also enables a low-complexity receiver design because the same radio is used both for localization and communication.

Simulations comparing the performance of different codes corroborate the theoretical results and offer possible trade-off between information rate and clutter mitigation as well as a trade-off between choice of waveform-channel coding pairs. Experimental results from a brass-board microwave system in an indoor environment are also presented and discussed.

Error correcting codes for visible light communication systems

Over the past few years, the number of wireless networks users has been increasing. Until now, Radio-Frequency (RF) used to be the dominant technology. However, the electromagnetic spectrum in these region is being saturated, demanding for alternative wireless technologies. Recently, with the growing market of LED lighting, the Visible Light Communications has been drawing attentions from the research community. First, it is an eficient device for illumination. Second, because of its easy modulation and high bandwidth. Finally, it can combine illumination and communication in the same device, in other words, it allows to implement highly eficient wireless communication systems. One of the most important aspects in a communication system is its reliability when working in noisy channels. In these scenarios, the received data can be afected by errors. In order to proper system working, it is usually employed a Channel Encoder in the system. Its function is to code the data to be transmitted in order to increase system performance. It commonly uses ECC, which appends redundant information to the original data. At the receiver side, the redundant information is used to recover the erroneous data. This dissertation presents the implementation steps of a Channel Encoder for VLC. It was consider several techniques such as Reed-Solomon and Convolutional codes, Block and Convolutional Interleaving, CRC and Puncturing. A detailed analysis of each technique characteristics was made in order to choose the most appropriate ones. Simulink models were created in order to simulate how diferent codes behave in diferent scenarios. Later, the models were implemented in a FPGA and simulations were performed. Hardware co-simulations were also implemented to faster simulation results. At the end, diferent techniques were combined to create a complete Channel Encoder capable of detect and correct random and burst errors, due to the usage of a RS(255,213) code with a Block Interleaver. Furthermore, after the decoding process, the proposed system can identify uncorrectable errors in the decoded data due to the CRC-32 algorithm.

Information and Technology Implementation Issues in AAL Solutions

With the population ageing effect, the technological developments, and pressure to reduce the cost with healthcare, are reunited the conditions for the development of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) solutions. This work is a revision of the current state of the art. Its aim is the characterization of the AAL solutions, within the AAL4ALL scope. Therefore, it is presented features, scenarios and projects, referring the limitations and the opportunities for the future developments of prototypes using high level information and technology in AAL environments. Moreover, it is presented guidelines of operation, exposing the conceptual approach, and the discussion and conclusion, which present recommendations and current AAL4ALL project positions in terms of concepts and technologies.