El paisaje vegetal durante la prehistoria reciente en la vertiente mediterránea de Euskal Herria

421 p. (Bibliogr.: 375-421

Marine Debris Survey Manual

Over the last several years, concern has increased about the amount of man-made materials lost or discarded at sea and the potential impacts to the environment. The scope of the problem depends on the amounts and types of debris. One problem in making a regional comparison of debris is the lack of a standard methodology. The objective of this manual is to discuss designs and methodologies for assessment studies of marine debris. This manual has been written for managers, researchers, and others who are just entering this area of study and who seek guidance in designing marine debris surveys. Active researchers will be able to use this manual along with applicable references herein as a source for design improvement. To this end, the authors have synthesized their work and reviewed survey techniques that have been used in the past for assessing marine debris, such as sighting surveys, beach surveys, and trawl surveys, and have considered new methods (e.g., aerial photography). All techniques have been put into a general survey planning framework to assist in developing different marine debris surveys. (PDF file contains 100 pages.)

Dating and characterizing late holocene earthquakes using paleomagnetics

In this thesis I apply paleomagnetic techniques to paleoseismological problems. I investigate the use of secular-variation magnetostratigraphy to date prehistoric earthquakes; I identify liquefaction remanent magnetization (LRM), and I quantify coseismic deformation within a fault zone by measuring the rotation of paleomagnetic vectors.

In Chapter 2 I construct a secular-variation reference curve for southern California. For this curve I measure three new well-constrained paleomagnetic directions: two from the Pallett Creek paleoseismological site at A.D. 1397-1480 and A.D. 1465-1495, and one from Panum Crater at A.D. 1325-1365. To these three directions I add the best nine data points from the Sternberg secular-variation curve, five data points from Champion, and one point from the A.D. 1480 eruption of Mt. St. Helens. I derive the error due to the non-dipole field that is added to these data by the geographical correction to southern California. Combining these yields a secular variation curve for southern California covering the period A.D. 670 to 1910, with the best coverage in the range A.D. 1064 to 1505.

In Chapter 3 I apply this curve to a problem in southern California. Two paleoseismological sites in the Salton trough of southern California have sediments deposited by prehistoric Lake Cahuilla. At the Salt Creek site I sampled sediments from three different lakes, and at the Indio site I sampled sediments from four different lakes. Based upon the coinciding paleomagnetic directions I correlate the oldest lake sampled at Salt Creek with the oldest lake sampled at Indio. Furthermore, the penultimate lake at Indio does not appear to be present at Salt Creek. Using the secular variation curve I can assign the lakes at Salt Creek to broad age ranges of A.D. 800 to 1100, A.D. 1100 to 1300, and A.D. 1300 to 1500. This example demonstrates the large uncertainties in the secular variation curve and the need to construct curves from a limited geographical area.

Chapter 4 demonstrates that seismically induced liquefaction can cause resetting of detrital remanent magnetization and acquisition of a liquefaction remanent magnetization (LRM). I sampled three different liquefaction features, a sandbody formed in the Elsinore fault zone, diapirs from sediments of Mono Lake, and a sandblow in these same sediments. In every case the liquefaction features showed stable magnetization despite substantial physical disruption. In addition, in the case of the sandblow and the sandbody, the intensity of the natural remanent magnetization increased by up to an order of magnitude.

In Chapter 5 I apply paleomagnetics to measuring the tectonic rotations in a 52 meter long transect across the San Andreas fault zone at the Pallett Creek paleoseismological site. This site has presented a significant problem because the brittle long-term average slip-rate across the fault is significantly less than the slip-rate from other nearby sites. I find sections adjacent to the fault with tectonic rotations of up to 30°. If interpreted as block rotations, the non-brittle offset was 14.0+2.8, -2.1 meters in the last three earthquakes and 8.5+1.0, -0.9 meters in the last two. Combined with the brittle offset in these events, the last three events all had about 6 meters of total fault offset, even though the intervals between them were markedly different.

In Appendix 1 I present a detailed description of my standard sampling and demagnetization procedure.

In Appendix 2 I present a detailed discussion of the study at Panum Crater that yielded the well-constrained paleomagnetic direction for use in developing secular variation curve in Chapter 2. In addition, from sampling two distinctly different clast types in a block-and-ash flow deposit from Panum Crater, I find that this flow had a complex emplacement and cooling history. Angular, glassy "lithic" blocks were emplaced at temperatures above 600° C. Some of these had cooled nearly completely, whereas others had cooled only to 450° C, when settling in the flow rotated the blocks slightly. The partially cooled blocks then finished cooling without further settling. Highly vesicular, breadcrusted pumiceous clasts had not yet cooled to 600° C at the time of these rotations, because they show a stable, well clustered, unidirectional magnetic vector.

Caracterización térmica de sistemas de cobertura vegetal para edificios

[ES]La caracterización térmica de una fachada vegetal es una tarea difícil que requiere un nivel de certeza y predicción realista de modelos en situaciones exteriores dinámicas. El estudio teórico de elementos constructivos complejos no asemeja la realidad, por lo que para obtener la correcta caracterización es necesario ensayar dichos elementos y analizar los datos obtenidos. Para ello se utilizan las células de ensayo PASLINK y el entorno informático LORD. A través de ellos, se obtiene la transmitancia térmica dinámica de la fachada vegetal ensayada en condiciones exteriores reales.

Hidrodinámica y Combustión de Biomasa Vegetal Residual en Spouted Bed Cónico

En este trabajo se ha analizado la fluidodinámica de diferentes biomasas en spouted bed ademas de la combustión de algunas de ellas. La fluidodínamica también se ha efectuado con diferentes dispositivos internos

Utilização de óleos de origem vegetal em substituição aos derivados de petróleo em composições de borracha natural (NR)

A partir da publicação, em 1994, de um relatório que afirmava que a presença de óleos aromáticos pesados, com altos teores de compostos policíclicos, em formulações de borrachas estaria relacionada ao desenvolvimento de doenças como o câncer, associado ao fato da crescente conscientização ambiental na fabricação de produtos elastoméricos, foi iniciado um estudo sobre a substituição do óleo aromático de origem do petróleo por óleos vegetais de menor risco. Nessa Dissertação de Mestrado foi proposta a substituição do óleo aromático derivado do petróleo por óleos vegetais como o de tungue, palma e linhaça, em composições de borracha natural (NR) contendo diferentes teores do copolímero de butadieno-estireno (0, 10 e 50 phr) e diferentes tipos de carga (negro de fumo N330 e negro de fumo N375). As composições obtidas foram avaliadas quanto a propriedades reométricas, mecânicas e fractográficas. Foi observado que não houve variação significativa na viscosidade Mooney, na resistência à tração, no alongamento na ruptura e na dureza Shore das composições de NR SBR1502 quando o óleo aromático foi substituído pelos óleos vegetais, quando diferentes negros de fumo foram utilizados como carga reforçante e quando foram utilizados teores crescentes de SBR1502. Por outro lado, a resistência ao rasgamento das composições de NR SBR1502 apresentaram melhores resultados quando o negro de fumo N375 foi utilizado. A adição de teores crescentes de SR 1502 levou à diminuição dos valores de rasgo. A natureza do óleo utilizado influenciou esse resultado e melhores valores foram obtidos com o óleo de tungue. Os resultados obtidos foram corroborados pela morfologia do material, avaliadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura

Estudio comparativo de eficiencia energética: Fachada ventilada frente a fachada vegetal

398 p. + anexos

Bomb radiocarbon and tag-recapture dating of sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus)

The sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) was the cornerstone species of western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico large coastal shark fisheries until 2008 when they were allocated to a research-only fishery. Despite decades of fishing on this species, important life history parameters, such as age and growth, have not been well known. Some validated age and growth information exists for sandbar shark, but more comprehensive life history information is needed. The complementary application of bomb radiocarbon and tag-recapture dating was used in this study to determine valid age-estimation criteria and longevity estimates for this species. These two methods indicated that current age interpretations based on counts of growth bands in vertebrae are accurate to 10 or 12 years. Beyond these years, we could not determine with certainty when such an underestimation of age begins; however, bomb radiocarbon and tag-recapture data indicated that large adult sharks were considerably older than the estimates derived from counts of growth bands. Three adult sandbar sharks were 20 to 26 years old based on bomb radiocarbon results and were a 5- to 11-year increase over the previous age estimates for these sharks. In support of these findings, the tag-recapture data provided results that were consistent with bomb radiocarbon dating and further supported a longevity that exceeds 30 years for this species.

Mapeamento digital do uso da terra da cobertura vegetal no Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (PESET) a partir de imagens orbitais de alta resolução.

No Brasil, entre as áreas protegidas e regulamentadas por lei estão às denominadas Unidades de Conservação (UC) e são definidas assim por possuírem características ambientais, estéticas, históricas ou culturais relevantes, importantes na manutenção dos ciclos naturais, demandando regimes especiais de preservação, conservação ou exploração racional dos seus recursos. O Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (PESET), criado pela Lei 1.901, de 29 de novembro de 1991 localizado entre os municípios de Niterói e Maricá no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, enquadra-se na categoria de UC de Proteção Integral abrigando uma extensa faixa de Mata Atlântica em seus limites. Para a presente pesquisa foi feita uma classificação de Uso da terra e cobertura vegetal, refinada por pesquisas feitas através do trabalho de campo, que subsidiou a elaboração da proposta de Zoneamento Ambiental para o parque. O processamento digital da imagem foi feito utilizando-se o sistema SPRING desenvolvido pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). A confecção dos mapas temáticos foi feita com apoio do sistema Arcgis desenvolvido pela ESRI. O Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) foi empregado para as modelagens ambientais. Nessa etapa foram consideradas, de forma integrada, a variabilidade taxonômica, a expressão territorial e as alterações temporais verificáveis em uma base de dados georreferenciada. A tecnologia SIG integra operações convencionais de bases de dados, relativas ao armazenamento, manipulação, análise, consulta e apresentação de dados, com possibilidades de seleção e busca de informações e suporte à análise geoestatística, conjuntamente com a possibilidade de visualização de mapas sofisticados e de análise espacial proporcionada pelos mapas. A opção por esta tecnologia busca potencializar a eficiência operacional e permitir planejamento estratégico e administração de problemas, tanto minimizando os custos operacionais como acelerando processos decisórios. O estudo feito através da modelagem computacional do PESET apresentará o emprego das técnicas amplamente utilizadas no monitoramento ambiental, sendo úteis aos profissionais destinados à gestão e aos tomadores de decisão no âmbito das políticas públicas relacionadas à gestão ambiental de Unidades de Conservação.

Assessment and monitoring of marine debris in Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary

Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS) is located 32.4 km offshore of Sapelo Island, Georgia. The ecological importance of this area is related to the transition between tropical and temperate waters, and the existence of a topographically complex system of ledges. Due to its central location, GRNMS can be used as a focal site to study the accumulation and impacts of marine debris on the Atlantic continental shelf offshore of the Southeast United States. Previously, researchers characterized marine debris in GRNMS and reported that incidence of the debris at the limited densely colonized ledge sites was significantly greater than at sand or sparsely colonized live bottom, and is further influenced by the level of boating activity and physiographic characteristics (e.g., ledge height). Information gleaned from the initial marine debris characterization was used to devise a strategy for prioritizing cleanup and monitoring efforts. However, a significant gap in knowledge was the rate of debris accumulation. The primary objective of this study was to select, mark, and perform initial marine debris surveys at permanent monitoring sites within GRNMS to quantify long-term trends in types, abundance, impacts, and accumulation rates of debris. Ledge sites were selected to compare types, abundance, and accumulation rates of marine debris between a) areas of high and low use and b) short and tall ledges. Nine permanent monitoring sites were marked and initially surveyed in 2007/2008. Surveys were conducted within a 50 x 4 m transect for a total survey area of 200 square meters. All debris was removed and detailed information was taken on the types of debris, quantity, and associations with benthic fauna. Information on associations with benthic fauna included degree of entanglement, type of organism with which it is entangled or resting on, degree of fouling, and visible impacts such as tissue abrasions. Sites were re-surveyed approximately one year later to quantify new accumulation. During the initial survey, a total of ten debris items, totaling 16.3 kg in weight, were removed from two monitoring stations, both “tall” sites within the area of high boat use. Year-one accumulation totaled five items and approximately 7 kg in weight. Similar to the initial survey, all debris was found at sites in the area of high boat use. However, in contrast to the initial survey, two of these items were found on medium-height ledges. Removed items included fishing line, leaders, rope, plastic, and fabric. Although items were often encrusted in benthic biota or entangled on the ledge, impacts such as abrasions or other injuries were not observed. During the 2009 monitoring efforts, volunteer divers were trained to conduct the survey. Monitoring protocols were documented for GRNMS staff and included as an appendix of this report to enable long-term monitoring of sites. Additionally, national reconnaissance data (e.g. satellite, radar, aerial surveys) and other information on known fishing locations were examined for patterns of resource use and correlations with debris occurrence patterns. A previous model predicting the density of marine debris based on ledge features and boat use was refined and the results were used to generate a map of predicted debris density for all ledges.

Lobster trap debris in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: distribution, abundance, density, and patterns of accumulation

The fishery for spiny lobster Panulirus argus in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary is well chronicled, but little information is available on the prevalence of lost or abandoned lobster traps. In 2007, towed-diver surveys were used to identify and count pieces of trap debris and any other marine debris encountered. Trap debris density (debris incidences/ha) in historic trap-use zones and in representative benthic habitats was estimated. Trap debris was not proportionally distributed with fishing effort. Coral habitats had the greatest density of trap debris despite trap fishers’ reported avoidance of coral reefs while fishing. The accumulation of trap debris on coral emphasizes the role of wind in redistributing traps and trap debris in the sanctuary. We estimated that 85,548 ± 23,387 (mean ± SD) ghost traps and 1,056,127 ± 124,919 nonfishing traps or remnants of traps were present in the study area. Given the large numbers of traps in the fishery and the lack of effective measures for managing and controlling the loss of gear, the generation of trap debris will likely continue in proportion to the number of traps deployed in the fishery. Focused removal of submerged trap debris from especially vulnerable habitats such as reefs and hardbottom, where trap debris density is high, would mitigate key habitat issues but would not address ghost fishing or the cost of lost gear.

La documentación del material vegetal incompleto o fragmentario en la investigación etnobotánica

Este artículo tiene por finalidad mostrar cómo un grupo de investigación dedicado a la etnobotánica resolvió el problema de conservar, ordenar y organizar una colección de material que no reúne las condiciones para ser incorporada en un herbario. Al mismo tiempo, se hace una breve revisión de varios tópicos y referencias sobre los distintos tipos de colecciones que realiza un etnobotánico y se sugieren ideas de cómo proceder con ellas. En apretada síntesis, el material documental que abarca la investigación etnobotánica compromete varios tipos de elementos, todos ellos habitualmente obtenidos in situ: a) material de herbario, b) órganos vegetales, trozos, fragmentos, material semielaborado (fibras, cordeles, etc.), c) material elaborado (artesanías, artefactos u objetos que conforman la cultura material), d) piezas complejas (tejidos, vestimentas, embarcaciones, mobiliario, adornos ceremoniales, etc. ), e) material de descarte o accesorio (tapones, tizones, envoltorios, parasoles, elementos de sostén o apoyo momentáneo, utensilios efímeros, etc.).