[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Musée des Etudes : femme à sa toilette, portée par deux personnages ailés] : [un motif : vase] : [dessin] / [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 249

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes, Etrusques : [un motif de vase] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 267

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes, Etrusques : [quatorze motifs : vases et divers détails] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 269

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes, Etrusques : [treize motifs : vases et divers détails] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 270

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes, Etrusques : [cinq motifs : trois vases et divers détails] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 271

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes, Etrusques : [dix motifs : six vases et détails] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 272

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes : [vase avec un satyre et des bacchantes] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 263

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Musée des Etudes : [trois motifs : table, bandeaux historiés] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 264

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Palazzuolo. Musée Biscari : [plusieurs détails ornementaux] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 72

Avoiding epigenetic variations in transgene expression with genetic insulators

Gene transfer that relies on integrating vectors often suffers from epigenetic or regulatory effects that influence the expression of the therapeutic gene and=or of cellular genes located near the vector integration site in the chromosome. Insulator elements act to block gene activation by enhancers, while chromatin domain boundary or barrier sequences prevent gene-silencing effects. At present, the modes of action of insulator and barriers are poorly understood, and their use in the context of gene therapies remains to be documented. Using combinations of reporter genes coding for indicator fluorescent proteins, we constructed assay systems that allow the quantification of the insulator or of the barrier activities of genetic elements in individual cells. This presentation will illustrate how these assay systems were used to identify short DNA elements that can insulate nearby genes from activation by viral vector enhancer elements, and=or that can block the propagation of a silent chromatin structure that leads to gene silencing. We will show that small elements of the order of 100-400 nucleotides can be designed to achieve both insulator and boundary function, as needed for safer integrating viral vectors.

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Musée du Vatican, détail d'une composition ornementale] : [un motif] : [dessin] / [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 619

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Bas-relief, cippe, deux urnes funéraires] au Musée du Vatican : [quatre motifs] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 618

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Cuve de bain en basalte, socle à motifs de griffons, motif de palmette] au Musée du Vatican : [trois motifs] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 617

[Turin. Musée]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 721

Sustained transgene expression using MAR elements.

Matrix attachment regions (MARs) are DNA sequences that may be involved in anchoring DNA/chromatin to the nuclear matrix and they have been described in both mammalian and plant species. MARs possess a number of features that facilitate the opening and maintenance of euchromatin. When incorporated into viral or non-viral vectors MARs can increase transgene expression and limit position-effects. They have been used extensively to improve transgene expression and recombinant protein production and promising studies on the potential use of MAR elements for mammalian gene therapy have appeared. These illustrate how MARs may be used to mediate sustained or higher levels of expression of therapeutic genes and/or to reduce the viral vector multiplicity of infection required to achieve consistent expression. More recently, the discovery of potent MAR elements and the development of improved vectors for transgene delivery, notably non-viral episomal vectors, has strengthened interest in their use to mediate expression of therapeutic transgenes. This article will describe the progress made in this field, and it will discuss future directions and issues to be addressed.