Biomarker and x-ray diffraction data from Site U1313 (MIS 16 - 9)

A reconstruction of Milankovitch to millennial-scale variability of sea-surface temperature (SST) and sea-surface productivity in the Pleistocene mid-latitude North Atlantic Ocean (MIS 16-9) and its relationship to ice sheet instability was carried out on sediments from IODP Site U1313. This reconstruction is based on alkenone and n-alkane concentrations, Uk37' index, total organic carbon (TOC) and carbonate contents, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) data, magnetic susceptibility, and accumulation rates. Increased input of ice-rafted debris (IRD) occurred during MIS 16, 12, and 10, characterized by high concentrations of dolomite, quartz, and feldspars and elevated accumulation rates of terrigenous matter. Minimum input values of terrigenous matter, on the other hand, were determined for MIS 13 and 11. Peak values of dolomite, coinciding with quartz, plagioclase, and kalifeldspar peaks and maxima in long-chain n-alkanes indicative for land plants, are interpreted as Heinrich-like Events related to sudden instability of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during early and late (deglacial) phases of the glacials. The coincidence of increased TOC values with elevated absolute concentrations of alkenones suggest increased glacial productivity, probably due to a more southern position of the Polar Front. Alkenone-based SST reached absolute maxima of about 19°C during MIS 11.3 and absolute minima of <10°C during MIS 12 and 10. Within MIS 11, prominent cooling events (MIS 11.22 and 11.24) occurred. The absolute SST minima recorded directly before and after the glacial maxima MIS 10.2 and 12.2, are related to Heinrich-like Event meltwater pulses, as supported by the coincidence of SST minima and maxima in C37:4 alkenones and dolomite. These sudden meltwater pulses - especially during Terminations IV and V - probably caused a collapse of phytoplankton productivity as indicated by the distinct drop in alkenone concentrations. Ice-sheet disintegration and subsequent surges and outbursts of icebergs and meltwater discharge may have been triggered by increased insolation in the Northern High Latitudes.

Coastal floods and decadal changes: the climate factor

Observation has widely shown for nearly all last century that the Spanish (Dynamic) Maritime Climate was following around 10 to 11 year cycles in its most significant figure, wind wave, despite it being better to register cycles of 20 to 22 years, in analogical way with the semi-diurnal and diurnal cycles of Cantabrian tides. Those cycles were soon linked to sun activity and, at the end of the century, the latter was related to the Solar System evolution. We know now that waves and storm surges are coupled and that (Dynamic) Maritime Climate forms part of a more complex “Thermal Machine” including Hydrological cycle. The analysis of coastal floods could so facilitate the extension of that experience. According to their immediate cause, simple flood are usually sorted out into flash, pluvial, fluvial, groundwater and coastal types, considering the last as caused by sea waters. But the fact is that most of coastal floods are the result of the concomitance of several former simple types. Actually, the several Southeastern Mediterranean coastal flood events show to be the result of the superposition within the coastal zone of flash, fluvial, pluvial and groundwater flood types under boundary condition imposed by the concomitant storm sea level rise. This work shall be regarded as an attempt to clarify that cyclic experience, through an in-depth review of a past flood events in Valencia (Turia and Júcar basins), as in Murcia (Segura’s) as well.

Metodología de análisis estadístico de roturas en redes de distribución de agua

La presente Tesis plantea una metodología de análisis estadístico de roturas de tubería en redes de distribución de agua, que analiza la relación entre las roturas y la presión de agua y que propone la implantación de una gestión de presiones que reduzca el número de roturas que se producen en dichas redes. Las redes de distribución de agua se deterioran y una de sus graves consecuencias es la aparición de roturas frecuentes en sus tuberías. Las roturas llevan asociados elevados costes sociales, económicos y medioambientales y es por ello por lo que las compañías gestoras del agua tratan de reducirlas en la medida de lo posible. Las redes de distribución de agua se pueden dividir en zonas o sectores que facilitan su control y que pueden ser independientes o aislarse mediante válvulas, como ocurre en las redes de países más desarrollados, o pueden estar intercomunicados hidráulicamente. La implantación de una gestión de presiones suele llevarse a cabo a través de las válvulas reductoras de presión (VPR), que se instalan en las cabeceras de estos sectores y que controlan la presión aguas abajo de la misma, aunque varíe su caudal de entrada. Los métodos más conocidos de la gestión de presiones son la reducción de presiones, que es el control más habitual, el mantenimiento de la presión, la prevención y/o alivio de los aumentos repentinos de presión y el establecimiento de un control por alturas. A partir del año 2005 se empezó a reconocer el efecto de la gestión de presiones sobre la disminución de las roturas. En esta Tesis, se sugiere una gestión de presiones que controle los rangos de los indicadores de la presión de cabecera que más influyan en la probabilidad de roturas de tubería. Así, la presión del agua se caracteriza a través de indicadores obtenidos de la presión registrada en la cabecera de los sectores, debido a que se asume que esta presión es representativa de la presión de operación de todas las tuberías porque las pérdidas de carga son relativamente bajas y las diferencias topográficas se tienen en cuenta en el diseño de los sectores. Y los indicadores de presión, que se pueden definir como el estadístico calculado a partir de las series de la presión de cabecera sobre una ventana de tiempo, pueden proveer la información necesaria para ayudar a la toma de decisiones a los gestores del agua con el fin de reducir las roturas de tubería en las redes de distribución de agua. La primera parte de la metodología que se propone en esta Tesis trata de encontrar los indicadores de presión que influyen más en la probabilidad de roturas de tuberías. Para conocer si un indicador es influyente en la probabilidad de las roturas se comparan las estimaciones de las funciones de distribución acumulada (FDAs) de los indicadores de presiones, considerando dos situaciones: cuando se condicionan a la ocurrencia de una rotura (suceso raro) y cuando se calculan en la situación normal de operación (normal operación). Por lo general, las compañías gestoras cuentan con registros de roturas de los años más recientes y al encontrarse las tuberías enterradas se complica el acceso a la información. Por ello, se propone el uso de funciones de probabilidad que permiten reducir la incertidumbre asociada a los datos registrados. De esta forma, se determinan las funciones de distribución acumuladas (FDAs) de los valores del indicador de la serie de presión (situación normal de operación) y las FDAs de los valores del indicador en el momento de ocurrencia de las roturas (condicionado a las roturas). Si las funciones de distribución provienen de la misma población, no se puede deducir que el indicador claramente influya en la probabilidad de roturas. Sin embargo, si se prueba estadísticamente que las funciones proceden de la misma población, se puede concluir que existe una relación entre el indicador analizado y la ocurrencia de las roturas. Debido a que el número de valores del indicador de la FDA condicionada a las roturas es mucho menor que el número de valores del indicador de la FDA incondicional a las roturas, se generan series aleatorias a partir de los valores de los indicadores con el mismo número de valores que roturas registradas hay. De esta forma, se comparan las FDAs de series aleatorias del indicador con la FDA condicionada a las roturas del mismo indicador y se deduce si el indicador es influyente en la probabilidad de las roturas. Los indicadores de presión pueden depender de unos parámetros. A través de un análisis de sensibilidad y aplicando un test estadístico robusto se determina la situación en la que estos parámetros dan lugar a que el indicador sea más influyente en la probabilidad de las roturas. Al mismo tiempo, los indicadores se pueden calcular en función de dos parámetros de cálculo que se denominan el tiempo de anticipación y el ancho de ventana. El tiempo de anticipación es el tiempo (en horas) entre el final del periodo de computación del indicador de presión y la rotura, y el ancho de ventana es el número de valores de presión que se requieren para calcular el indicador de presión y que es múltiplo de 24 horas debido al comportamiento cíclico diario de la presión. Un análisis de sensibilidad de los parámetros de cálculo explica cuándo los indicadores de presión influyen más en la probabilidad de roturas. En la segunda parte de la metodología se presenta un modelo de diagnóstico bayesiano. Este tipo de modelo forma parte de los modelos estadísticos de prevención de roturas, parten de los datos registrados para establecer patrones de fallo y utilizan el teorema de Bayes para determinar la probabilidad de fallo cuando se condiciona la red a unas determinadas características. Así, a través del teorema de Bayes se comparan la FDA genérica del indicador con la FDA condicionada a las roturas y se determina cuándo la probabilidad de roturas aumenta para ciertos rangos del indicador que se ha inferido como influyente en las roturas. Se determina un ratio de probabilidad (RP) que cuando es superior a la unidad permite distinguir cuándo la probabilidad de roturas incrementa para determinados intervalos del indicador. La primera parte de la metodología se aplica a la red de distribución de la Comunidad de Madrid (España) y a la red de distribución de Ciudad de Panamá (Panamá). Tras el filtrado de datos se deduce que se puede aplicar la metodología en 15 sectores en la Comunidad de Madrid y en dos sectores, llamados corregimientos, en Ciudad de Panamá. Los resultados demuestran que en las dos redes los indicadores más influyentes en la probabilidad de las roturas son el rango de la presión, que supone la diferencia entre la presión máxima y la presión mínima, y la variabilidad de la presión, que considera la propiedad estadística de la desviación típica. Se trata, por tanto, de indicadores que hacen referencia a la dispersión de los datos, a la persistencia de la variación de la presión y que se puede asimilar en resistencia de materiales a la fatiga. La segunda parte de la metodología se ha aplicado a los indicadores influyentes en la probabilidad de las roturas de la Comunidad de Madrid y se ha deducido que la probabilidad de roturas aumenta para valores extremos del indicador del rango de la presión y del indicador de la variabilidad de la presión. Finalmente, se recomienda una gestión de presiones que limite los intervalos de los indicadores influyentes en la probabilidad de roturas que incrementen dicha probabilidad. La metodología propuesta puede aplicarse a otras redes de distribución y puede ayudar a las compañías gestoras a reducir el número de fallos en el sistema a través de la gestión de presiones. This Thesis presents a methodology for the statistical analysis of pipe breaks in water distribution networks. The methodology studies the relationship between pipe breaks and water pressure, and proposes a pressure management procedure to reduce the number of breaks that occur in such networks. One of the manifestations of the deterioration of water supply systems is frequent pipe breaks. System failures are one of the major challenges faced by water utilities, due to their associated social, economic and environmental costs. For all these reasons, water utilities aim at reducing the problem of break occurrence to as great an extent as possible. Water distribution networks can be divided into areas or sectors, which facilitates the control of the network. These areas may be independent or isolated by valves, as it usually happens in developing countries. Alternatively, they can be hydraulically interconnected. The implementation of pressure management strategies is usually carried out through pressure-reducing valves (PRV). These valves are installed at the head of the sectors and, although the inflow may vary significantly, they control the downstream pressure. The most popular methods of pressure management consist of pressure reduction, which is the common form of control, pressure sustaining, prevention and/or alleviation of pressure surges or large variations in pressure, and level/altitude control. From 2005 onwards, the effects of pressure management on burst frequencies have become more widely recognized in the technical literature. This thesis suggests a pressure management that controls the pressure indicator ranges most influential on the probability of pipe breaks. Operating pressure in a sector is characterized by means of a pressure indicator at the head of the DMA, as head losses are relatively small and topographical differences were accounted for at the design stage. The pressure indicator, which may be defined as the calculated statistic from the time series of pressure head over a specific time window, may provide necessary information to help water utilities to make decisions to reduce pipe breaks in water distribution networks. The first part of the methodology presented in this Thesis provides the pressure indicators which have the greatest impact on the probability of pipe breaks to be determined. In order to know whether a pressure indicator influences the probability of pipe breaks, the proposed methodology compares estimates of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of a pressure indicator through consideration of two situations: when they are conditioned to the occurrence of a pipe break (a rare event), and when they are not (a normal operation). Water utilities usually have a history of failures limited to recent periods of time, and it is difficult to have access to precise information in an underground network. Therefore, the use of distribution functions to address such imprecision of recorded data is proposed. Cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) derived from the time series of pressure indicators (normal operation) and CDFs of indicator values at times coincident with a reported pipe break (conditioned to breaks) are compared. If all estimated CDFs are drawn from the same population, there is no reason to infer that the studied indicator clearly influences the probability of the rare event. However, when it is statistically proven that the estimated CDFs do not come from the same population, the analysed indicator may have an influence on the occurrence of pipe breaks. Due to the fact that the number of indicator values used to estimate the CDF conditioned to breaks is much lower in comparison with the number of indicator values to estimate the CDF of the unconditional pressure series, and that the obtained results depend on the size of the compared samples, CDFs from random sets of the same size sampled from the unconditional indicator values are estimated. Therefore, the comparison between the estimated CDFs of random sets of the indicator and the estimated CDF conditioned to breaks allows knowledge of if the indicator is influential on the probability of pipe breaks. Pressure indicators depend on various parameters. Sensitivity analysis and a robust statistical test allow determining the indicator for which these parameters result most influential on the probability of pipe breaks. At the same time, indicators can be calculated according to two model parameters, named as the anticipation time and the window width. The anticipation time refers to the time (hours) between the end of the period for the computation of the pressure indicator and the break. The window width is the number of instantaneous pressure values required to calculate the pressure indicator and is multiple of 24 hours, as water pressure has a cyclical behaviour which lasts one day. A sensitivity analysis of the model parameters explains when the pressure indicator is more influential on the probability of pipe breaks. The second part of the methodology presents a Bayesian diagnostic model. This kind of model belongs to the class of statistical predictive models, which are based on historical data, represent break behavior and patterns in water mains, and use the Bayes’ theorem to condition the probability of failure to specific system characteristics. The Bayes’ theorem allows comparing the break-conditioned FDA and the unconditional FDA of the indicators and determining when the probability of pipe breaks increases for certain pressure indicator ranges. A defined probability ratio provides a measure to establish whether the probability of breaks increases for certain ranges of the pressure indicator. The first part of the methodology is applied to the water distribution network of Madrid (Spain) and to the water distribution network of Panama City (Panama). The data filtering method suggests that the methodology can be applied to 15 sectors in Madrid and to two areas in Panama City. The results show that, in both systems, the most influential indicators on the probability of pipe breaks are the pressure range, which is the difference between the maximum pressure and the minimum pressure, and pressure variability, referred to the statistical property of the standard deviation. Therefore, they represent the dispersion of the data, the persistence of the variation in pressure and may be related to the fatigue in material resistance. The second part of the methodology has been applied to the influential indicators on the probability of pipe breaks in the water distribution network of Madrid. The main conclusion is that the probability of pipe breaks increases for the extreme values of the pressure range indicator and of the pressure variability indicator. Finally, a pressure management which limits the ranges of the pressure indicators influential on the probability of pipe breaks that increase such probability is recommended. The methodology presented here is general, may be applied to other water distribution networks, and could help water utilities reduce the number of system failures through pressure management.

Cyclically-arranged, storm-controlled, prograding lithosomes in Messinian terrigenous shelves (Bajo Segura Basin, western Mediterranean)

This work focuses on a Messinian shallow-marine terrigenous unit, termed the La Virgen Formation, which forms part of the sedimentary infill of the Bajo Segura Basin (Betic margin of the western Mediterranean). This formation was deposited during a high sea level phase prior to the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Stratigraphically, it comprises a prograding stack of sandstone lithosomes alternating with marly intervals (1st-order cyclicity). These lithosomes are characterized by a homoclinal geometry that tapers distally, and interfinger with pelagic sediments rich in planktonic and benthic microfauna (Torremendo Formation). An analysis of sedimentary facies of each lithosome reveals a repetitive succession of sandy storm beds (tempestites), occasionally amalgamated, which are separated by thin marly layers (2nd-order cyclicity). Each storm bed contains internal erosional surfaces (3rd-order cyclicity) that delimit sets of laminae. Two categories of storm beds have been differentiated. The first one includes layers formed below storm wave base (SWB), characterized by traction structures associated to unidirectional flows (scoured base, planar lamination, and parting lineation). The second category consists of layers deposited above the SWB which display typical high regime oscillatory flow structures (swaley and hummocky cross lamination). In both cases, the ichnological record is characterized by an oligotypic association of Ophiomorpha nodosa, which can be interpreted as the result of allochthonous tracemakers (crustaceans) transported during storm events together with the sediment. The benthic microfauna in the marly intervals that separate the sandstone lithosomes (1st-order cyclicity) indicates that the storm ebb surges were deposited at depths ranging from those of inner shelf settings (with Elphidium spp. and Cibicides lobatulus) to those of outer shelf (with Valvulineria complanata and Uvigerina cylindrica). At the distal end of the sandstone lithosomes, the planktonic microfauna is characterized by a high content of taxa indicative of warm-oligotrophic waters (Globigerinoides obliquus and Globigerinoides bulloideus). In contrast, in the marly intervals, the microfauna is dominated by species typical of cold-eutrophic waters (Globigerina and Neogloboquadrina). This alternation of planktic foraminiferal assemblages is interpreted as being the expression of climatic cycles, in which every episode of progradation of tempestite-dominated lithosomes corresponds to maximum insolation and warm waters, whereas episodes of marly deposition correspond to minimal insolation and cold waters. The 1st-order cyclicity recorded in the La Virgen Formation, in a context of terrigenous storm-dominated shelf, corresponds to sapropel/homogeneous marl cycles formed in a pelagic basin (Torremendo Fm). These cycles in pelagic sediments are commonplace throughout the Mediterranean during the Messinian and reflect precession orbital changes: repeated periods of maximum insolation – minimum precession (sapropels) and minimal insolation – maximum precession (homogeneous marls). The fact that the example of terrigenous unit studied herein is coetaneous with the well-developed reef complexes in the Mediterranean basins points out the importance of sediment supply in the formation of large-scale sandy lithosomes. This is a crucial aspect to understanding reservoir genesis as well as lateral stratigraphic relationships with potential seal and/or source rocks.

Cuidador familiar - Um parceiro na prevenção das úlceras por pressão

Relatório de Estágio apresentado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre na área de Enfermagem de Saúde Familiar

State of the Coast Report, San Diego Region : Coast of California Storm and Tidal Waves Study, Volume II-Appendices-Final.

Final report.

Evaluation of numerical storm surge models.

"December 1980."

Duration of extreme wave conditions /

Mode of access: Internet.

A user's guide to SHALWV, numerical model for simulation of shallow-water wave growth, propagation and decay.

"June 1987."

Shoreline change and storm-induced beach erosion modeling : a collection of seven papers /

Cover title.

Hurricane Gilbert storm surge data /

At head of title: Coastal Field Data Collection Program.

Acceleration and impact of structures moved by tsunamis or flash floods /

"February 1978."

Atlantic Coast hindcast : Phase II wave information : additional extremal estimates /

At head of title: "Wave Information Studies of U.S. Coastlines."

Hurricane hindcast methodology and wave statistics for Atlantic and Gulf hurricanes from 1956-1975 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Storm surge simulation in transformed coordinates /

"November 1976."