Aspectos reprodutivos e alimentares da piranha Serrasalmus gouldingi fink & machado-allison, 1992 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) em rios afogados da Amazônia Oriental

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a biologia reprodutiva, fator de condição e ecologia alimentar da piranha Serrasalmus gouldingi em relação a variações fluviométricas de rios afogados da região do baixo Rio Anapu, Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil. Foram analisados 275 exemplares coletados bimestralmente de julho 2010 a maio 2011. Após coletados, os indivíduos foram mensurados quanto ao comprimento total, massa total e eviscerados para obtenção da massa da gônada e do estômago. As gônadas foram verificadas histologicamente quanto ao sexo e estágio de maturação, e os estômagos avaliados através da identificação do conteúdo estomacal. Quanto aos aspectos reprodutivos, a proporção sexual observada não diferiu de 1:1 para o período estudado como um todo, enquanto que para os diferentes períodos amostrados, verificou-se o predomínio de fêmeas durante os períodos transicionais de enchente e vazante. A espécie apresentou uma desova do tipo parcelada com dois picos de atividade reprodutiva nos períodos que antecederam os principais aumentos na fluviometria local. O L50 foi estimado em 12,24cm para machos e 16,13cm para fêmeas. O crescimento da espécie mostrou-se do tipo alométrico positivo, com um maior incremento de peso em relação ao comprimento e um fator de condição que, quando analisado ao longo do período amostrado, apresentou um decréscimo principalmente durante o período de desova. A dieta de S. gouldingi foi composta de 32 itens, agrupados em 10 categorias alimentares. Baseado em sua composição os resultados indicaram uma dieta onívora com forte tendência à piscivoria com um predomínio no consumo da categoria fragmentos de peixe, seguida por frutos e sementes e artrópodes alóctones. Diferenças na composição da dieta foram verificadas entre diferentes períodos hidrológicos, contudo, não houve diferença entre o sexo e estágio de maturação. Para o índice de repleção, machos e fêmeas apresentaram um mesmo padrão de variação, mostrando uma alimentação mais intensa durante os períodos de aumento do nível dos rios, e uma atividade menos intensa durante os períodos transicionais de vazante e enchente. A espécie também demonstrou variação em sua especificidade alimentar com uma dieta mais especialista durante o período de cheia, atribuída ao consumo quase que exclusivo de frutos e sementes.

Aspectos ecológicos do bacu-pedra Lithodoras dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1840) (Siluriformes: Doradidae) na foz amazônica, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar aspectos alimentares do bacu-pedra Lithodoras dorsalis (Siluriformes: Doradidae) na região da foz Amazônica e seu possível papel como dispersor de sementes. As coletas dos espécimes de L. dorsalis foram realizadas mensalmente de julho de 2010 a junho de 2011, totalizando 371 espécimes capturados. Por meio da análise das gônadas constatou-se que todos os espécimes coletados encontravam-se imaturos, caracterizando-os como jovens. O comprimento padrão médio foi igual a 15,40cm (DP ± 4,87cm) e a massa total média igual a 94g (DP ± 149,45g). A dieta da espécie foi composta por 28 itens alimentares, dos quais 16 foram de origem alóctone e 12 de origem autóctone, o que define a espécie como herbívora, com forte tendência à frugivoria devido aos altos valores de importância de frutos e sementes presente em sua dieta. Houve diferença entre os períodos pluviométricos com relação a sazonalidade alimentar, sendo o final do período de transição entre chuva estiagem e o início da estiagem os períodos de menor e maior atividade alimentar, respectivamente. Porém, a importância dos itens consumidos entre os períodos pluviométricos não apresentou diferença, sendo que a dieta da espécie foi similar durante todo o período de coleta. Quanto à ictiocoria, dos 371 espécimes de Lithodoras dorsalis coligidos, 268 (74,93%) apresentaram frutos e sementes em seus estômagos (principalmente açaí Euterpe oleracea Mart., aninga Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott e buriti Mauritia flexuosa Mart). Para as análises de germinação foram utilizadas sementes do açaí Euterpe oleracea Mart. e da aninga Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott por atingirem quantidade suficiente de amostras. A partir da análise do trato digestivo do bacu-pedra constatou-se que todas as sementes de Euterpe oleracea Mart. apresentavam-se intactas, havendo um aumento no desempenho germinativo, porém o mesmo não ocorreu para as estruturas germinativas de aninga Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott, algumas das quais apresentaram-se destruídas devido ao processo digestivo. Concluiu-se que Lithodoras dorsalis é um potencial dispersor do açaí Euterpe oleracea Mart. na Foz Amazônica, uma vez que há um aumento do desempenho germinativo das sementes. Foi constatado um acréscimo na quantidade de frutos e sementes consumidos à medida que os indivíduos aumentam o tamanho corporal. Por fim, tendo em vista o alto consumo de material de origem alóctone por Lithodoras dorsalis, destaca-se a importância da vegetação ripária por fornecer itens como frutos essenciais na dieta desta e de outras espécies de peixes neotropicais. Além disso, Lithodoras dorsalis parece fazer parte do mecanismo de algumas espécies de plantas para a colonização de novas áreas (ictiocoria), como no caso do açaí Euterpe oleracea Mart.

Estudo comparativo das espécies de Saimiri voigt, 1831 (Primates, Cebidae) na reserva Mamirauá, Amazonas

Uma das dez espécies de primatas presentes na Reserva Mamirauá (RDSM), Saimiri vanzolinii, possui alguns limites de sua distribuição ainda indefinidos. Considera-se sua área de distribuição como uma das menores dentre os primatas neotropicais, com cerca de 950 Km². Duas outras formas presentes do gênero Saimiri ainda não têm a sua taxonomia esclarecida. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar características ecológicas e comportamentais que possam atuar como mecanismos de isolamento reprodutivo entre as formas de Saimiri na área da RDSM. Foram amostradas diversas áreas na RDSM, próximas às margens de rios e canais, coincidindo com as bordas da distribuição de S. vanzolinii. Ao longo do trajeto foram marcadas coordenadas geográficas no GPS. Em todos os pontos com presença de unidades sociais de Saimiri foram identificados a localidade, a forma de Saimiri, o número de indivíduos, hábitat, marca d’água e primatas associados. As vocalizações do tipo “cackle” foram gravadas oportunamente. Foram percorridos 218 Km, registrando-se 328 unidades sociais do gênero: 41% de Saimiri vanzolinii, 30% de Saimiri sp.1 e 29% de Saimiri sp.2. Um dos animais. Áreas de simpatria e sintopia também foram localizadas. Saimiri vanzolinii ocupa uma área com 106 Km² a menos do que o conhecido, abrangendo apenas 870 Km², o que confirma a menor área de distribuição de um primata neotropical. Dentre os resultados mais relevantes que podem determinar o isolamento reprodutivo entre as social, uso do estrato vertical e freqüências máximas da vocalização “cackle”. Saimiri tamanho médio de unidade social de Saimiri sp.2, na estação da seca, foi menor que para as outras formas. Quanto ao uso do estrato vertical, Saimiri vanzolinii ocupou níveis mais baixos, na estação da seca, do que Saimiri sp.1. Todas as formas ocuparam estratos mais baixos na estação da cheia. As freqüências máximas da vocalização “cackle” apresentaram diferenças entre as três formas, sendo Saimiri vanzolinii

Comportamento e dieta de Chiropotes albinasus (I. Geoffroy & Deville, 1848) - cuxiú-de-nariz-vermelho

Os cuxiús-de-nariz-vermelho são primatas neotropicais pouco conhecidos e encontramse na Lista de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN na categoria “Ameaçada de Extinção”. Este estudo foi desenvolvido com um grupo desta espécie de primatas na RPPN Cristalino, MT. Foi estudado o orçamento de atividades, uso de espaço e a ecologia alimentar do grupo, através do método de “Varredura Instantânea”. O grupo foi acompanhado durante 6 meses, incluindo 2 meses na estação chuvosa e 4 meses na estação seca. As categorias comportamentais Deslocamento, Alimentação e Parado foram responsáveis por 81,17% dos registros gerais de atividades. Os animais utilizaram com maior intensidade o estrato intermediário da floresta (entre 16 e 20 metros). A dieta do grupo foi preferencialmente frugívora (82,52%), mas também se alimentaram de invertebrados. Cerca de 18 famílias botânicas foram consumidas. Sendo os taxons Arrabidaea sp. e Brosimum latescens os mais comuns. Nos meses de seca houve um maior acréscimo de outros itens alimentares, como flores e invertebrados na dieta dos cuxiús. O tamanho do grupo variou entre 1 e 19 indivíduos ao longo do estudo, assim como a estrutura sexual que também variou bastante. Foi observado o cuidado parental por parte dos machos, além de interações agonísticas interespecíficas entre Ateles marginatus e Sapajus apella.

Avaliação de características morfológicas e morfométricas dos pêlos de roedores da Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Ecologia alimentar de Tatu-Peba, Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758), na Fazenda Nhumirim, Pantanal da Nhecolância, MS

Studies on feeding ecology are important tools for the understanding of feeding strategies and niche dynamics. Information on the type of food consumed, how, and where it is acquired, enable the elucidation of species behavioral, evolutionary and ecological aspects. The diet study based on fecal material enables a low-cost, informative research and avoids the sacrifice of animals. The general aim of this study is to characterize the diet of Euphractus sexcinctus, the yellow-armadillo, based on fecal samples, to contribute with additional information on their feeding habits. The study was undertaken at the Nhumirim ranch, Pantanal da Nhecolândia, MS, during the months of February and March, 2014. The fecal material was collected during the manual capture of the animals and oven dried at 60°C. The food items found in the feces were sorted using a magnifying glass and separated in the following categories: plant matter, invertebrates and soil. Invertebrates were identified to the order level and the plant matter to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Aiming to evaluate the invertebrate availability in the soil, pitfall traps were installed next to the location where individuals were captured, during the months of April and May. We were able to estimate the frequency with which item was consumed during the studied period, and if there is a relationship between the frequency of consumed invertebrates and their availability environment. Among the analyzed samples, we could observe the frequency of occurrence (FO) of plant matter, invertebrates and soil in all the samples. The main invertebrate orders found in the samples were: Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera, with FO of 100%, 100% and 87,5%, respectively. Seeds were found in 100% of the samples. The FO of the Byrsonima orbignyana was high (62,5%), and evidences the potential of the yellow-armadillos as seed dispersers. The use of other techniques, such as the micro-histological...

SEASONAL, HABITAT AND SEX-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF FOOD UTILIZATION BY RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS (Agelaius phoeniceous) IN EASTERN ONTARIO AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

Crop depredation by red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) causes serious economic losses to agricultural crops each year in both Canada and the United States. The concentration of vulnerable, monocultural crops, particularly corn, during periods when large flocks of blackbirds congregate in roosting areas prior to migration has invariably led to heavy feeding pressure (Stone et al., 1972; Wiens and Dyer, 1975; Tyler et al., 1978). Efforts to reduce damage levels by mechanical and chemical dispersal agents have been largely unsuccessful, at least in terms of a long-term solution to the problem. Recently, the lethal control of blackbird populations using surfactants has been proposed. However, the potential repercussions of the removal of substantial numbers of birds from northern breeding areas are virtually unknown (Robertson et al., 1978). Much of the research dealing with the feeding ecology of red-winged blackbirds has been limited to fall and winter periods when large aggregations of birds are actively involved in crop depredation (Goddad, 1969; Williams, 1976; Dolbeer et al., 1978) or pose a potential health hazard (Monroe and Cronholm, 1976). However, what is not known is the degree to which the removal of deleterious weed seed and insect pests cited in several studies (Bird and Smith, 1964; Mott et al., 1972; Robertson et al., 1978) might be of potential value to agriculture. The issue of whether the benefits derived from redwing foraging compensate for the negative aspects associated with crop depredation and health hazards remains largely unresolved. The present study attempted to evaluate the pest status of this species using diet information derived from food habits analysis conducted during the residency of red- winged blackbirds in a northern breeding area. By determining how the feeding ecology of red-winged blackbirds varies on a seasonal basis, among different breeding habitats and between sexes, we hoped to determine more realistically which segments of the population might be responsible for the greatest benefits or detriments and, thereby, more accurately evaluate the economic impact of the species as a whole. To achieve this aim, the study provides an accurate description of the common insects and weed pests utilized by redwings. By determining the relative proportions of those items known to be detrimental, we hoped to illustrate, at least qualitatively, the degree to which redwing foraging is comprised of both beneficial and harmful components.

Ecologia alimentar de Tatu-Peba, Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758), na Fazenda Nhumirim, Pantanal da Nhecolância, MS

Studies on feeding ecology are important tools for the understanding of feeding strategies and niche dynamics. Information on the type of food consumed, how, and where it is acquired, enable the elucidation of species behavioral, evolutionary and ecological aspects. The diet study based on fecal material enables a low-cost, informative research and avoids the sacrifice of animals. The general aim of this study is to characterize the diet of Euphractus sexcinctus, the yellow-armadillo, based on fecal samples, to contribute with additional information on their feeding habits. The study was undertaken at the Nhumirim ranch, Pantanal da Nhecolândia, MS, during the months of February and March, 2014. The fecal material was collected during the manual capture of the animals and oven dried at 60°C. The food items found in the feces were sorted using a magnifying glass and separated in the following categories: plant matter, invertebrates and soil. Invertebrates were identified to the order level and the plant matter to the lowest taxonomic level possible. Aiming to evaluate the invertebrate availability in the soil, pitfall traps were installed next to the location where individuals were captured, during the months of April and May. We were able to estimate the frequency with which item was consumed during the studied period, and if there is a relationship between the frequency of consumed invertebrates and their availability environment. Among the analyzed samples, we could observe the frequency of occurrence (FO) of plant matter, invertebrates and soil in all the samples. The main invertebrate orders found in the samples were: Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera, with FO of 100%, 100% and 87,5%, respectively. Seeds were found in 100% of the samples. The FO of the Byrsonima orbignyana was high (62,5%), and evidences the potential of the yellow-armadillos as seed dispersers. The use of other techniques, such as the micro-histological...

Seasonal contrasts in abundance and reproductive parameters of Penilia avirostris (Cladocera, Ctenopoda) in a coastal subtropical area

We studied the population dynamics and the reproductive biology of Penilia avirostris during three consecutive years on the inner shelf off Ubatuba, Brazil. Penilia avirostris individuals and its eggs and embryos were counted, measured, and classified into stages. The species occurred throughout the studied period, in a wide temperature range (14.8-28.2A degrees C). Cladoceran densities were usually higher (> 2,000 ind m(-3)) in warm seasons, when the water column was stratified as a consequence of bottom intrusions of the cold- and nutrient-rich South Atlantic Central Water. Juveniles, non-reproducing females, and parthenogenic females were the dominant developmental stages. Males and gamogenic females were rare and only occurred when females reached peak abundances. This suggests that in tropical and subtropical coastal seas gamogenesis in P. avirostris is not as common as in temperate seas, but may play a significant role in the density-dependent control of the population preceding unfavourable periods.

Spatio-temporal variations in the diet and stable isotope composition of the Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933 of the continental shelf of southeastern Brazil

The feeding ecology of Merluccius hubbsi was investigated in 2 regions of SE Brazil. The major food sources for the hakes were fish, crustaceans, and squid. In the upwelling system of Cabo Frio, the diet was very similar in the summers of 2001/2002 and spring 2002; fish were the most important prey followed by crustaceans. In Ubatuba, euphausiids were an important prey during the winter 2001 (100 m), while in the summer 2002, fish and amphipods predominated in the diet in the shallower site (40 m) and squid in the deeper site (100 m). The hakes showed temporal differences in stable isotope signatures in both regions, while C:N ratios varied only in Cabo Frio. delta(15)N and delta(13)C (bulk and corrected for lipid content) increased with fish length, which seems to be related to the increasing importance of fish and decreasing importance of euphausiids and amphipods in the diet of larger hakes. The mean trophic level of 3.7 for M. hubbsi was estimated using delta(15)N of bivalves as baseline and the fractionation of 3.4aEuro degrees between trophic levels.

Using occupancy models to investigate space partitioning between two sympatric large predators, the jaguar and puma in central Brazil

Coexistence of sympatric species is mediated by resource partitioning. Pumas occur sympatrically with jaguars throughout most of the jaguar's range but few studies have investigated space partitioning between both species. Here, camera trapping and occupancy models accounting for imperfect detection were employed in a Bayesian framework to investigate space partitioning between the jaguar and puma in Emas National Park (ENP), central Brazil. Jaguars were estimated to occupy 54.1% and pumas 39.3% of the sample sites. Jaguar occupancy was negatively correlated with distance to water and positively correlated with the amount of dense habitat surrounding the camera trap. Puma occupancy only showed a weak negative correlation with distance to water and with jaguar presence. Both species were less often present at the same site than expected under independent distributions. Jaguars had a significantly higher detection probability at cameras on roads than at off-road locations. For pumas, detection was similar on and off-road. Results indicate that both differences in habitat use and active avoidance shape space partitioning between jaguars and pumas in ENP. Considering its size, the jaguar is likely the competitively dominant of the two species. Owing to its habitat preferences, suitable jaguar habitat outside the park is probably sparse. Consequently, the jaguar population is likely largely confined to the park, while the puma population is known to extend into ENP's surroundings. (C) 2011 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Saugetierkunde. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Diet of Astyanax paranae (Characidae) in streams with different riparian land covers in the Passa-Cinco River basin, southeastern Brazil

An analysis of the diet of Astyanax paranae Eigenmann, 1914 in nine streams located in the Passa-Cinco River basin (upper Parana River system) was performed to investigate the feeding habits of this species, check for possible spatial variations in diet and to investigate the influence of riparian vegetation in the composition of the diet. Stomach contents of 243 specimens were analyzed by the methods of relative frequency of occurrence and volume, and the diet was characterized by the alimentary index (AI(i)). The species showed insectivorous feeding habits, with a predominance of terrestrial and aquatic insects in the diet, varying by location. In most streams, resources of allochthonous origin were the most consumed. The participation of aquatic insects and terrestrial plants were high in most streams, while terrestrial insects and invertebrates were highest in streams with a greater presence of riparian forest. The two streams located draining pasture fields were the only places were A. paranae consumed algae and macrophyte fragments. These results were corroborated by the analysis of similarity (ANOSIM): the descriptor "percentage of riparian forest" was the highest environmental influence on the diet of A. paranae. The study shows that riparian forest percentage on the stream reach determines the species diet composition, but A. paranae is also able to gather enough food resources in a variety of severely degraded environments.

Migración y ecología trófica de peces migradores verticales dominantes del Atlántico nordeste subtropical: implicaciones en el flujo activo de carbono

[EN]Diel vertical migrants (DVMs) are mainly zooplankton and micronekton that migrate upward from 400-700 m depth every night to feed in the productive epipelagic zone and come back at dawn to the mesopelagic zone, where they release the ingested carbon. DVMs should contribute to the biological pump in the ocean and, accordingly, to thevglobal CO2 balance. A large portion of the DVMs biomass are the lanternfishes (myctophidae), which might represent a pathway accounting for a substantial export of organic carbon to the deep ocean. Nevertheless, the magnitude of this transport is still poorly known. The combined study of migration and feeding ecology is a good approach to improve our knowledge of the DVMs role in this active carbon flux. Two dominant myctophids in the Subtropical Eastern North Atlantic Ocean (Hygophum hygomii (Lütken, 1892) and (Lobianchia dofleini (Zugmayer, 1911)) were studied from several surveys carried out around the Canary Islands during the last decade. Our results showed a marked diel vertical migration and a prevailing nocturnal feeding with predation mainly on copepods and euphausiids. The digestion state of prey suggested a slow stomach evacuation rate and that most of the ingested carbon in the epipelagic is efficiently transported to the mesopelagic zone.

Bryozoan stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes: relationships between the isotopic composition of zooids, statoblasts and lake water

We explored the extent to which δ13C and δD values of freshwater bryozoan statoblasts can provide information about the isotopic composition of zooids, bryozoan food and surrounding water. Bryozoan samples were collected from 23 sites and encompassed ranges of nearly 30‰ for δ13C and 100‰ for δD values. δ13C offsets between zooids and statoblasts generally ranged from −3 to +4.5‰, with larger offsets observed in four samples. However, a laboratory study with Plumatella emarginata and Lophopus crystallinus demonstrated that, in controlled settings, zooids had only 0–1.2‰ higher δ13C values than statoblasts, and 1.7‰ higher values than their food. At our field sites, we observed a strong positive correlation between median δ13C values of zooids and median δ13C values of corresponding statoblasts. We also observed a positive correlation between median δD values of zooids and statoblasts for Plumatella, and a positive correlation between median δD values of statoblasts and δD values of lake water for Plumatella and when all bryozoan taxa were examined together. Our results suggest that isotope measurements on statoblasts collected from flotsam or sediment samples can provide information on the feeding ecology of bryozoans and the H isotopic composition of lake water.

Water chemistry, and biological traits and mercury content of Salvelinus alpinus and S. namaycush in Laflamme and Pingualuit lake

Pingualuk Lake fills a deep crater in the Parc National des Pingualuit on the Ungava Peninsula (Nunavik, Canada) and is isolated from nearby surface waters. The main objectives of this study were to determine and compare the concentrations of two atmospherically derived contaminants, mercury and perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), in the lake water column and fish of Pingualuk Lake and to assess the physical and biological factors influencing contaminant concentrations. Mercury concentrations in arctic char muscle tissue were comparable to those of char in other Arctic lakes, while the total amount of PFCs was below reported levels for remote lakes in the Arctic and elsewhere. Stable isotope and stomach content analyses were made to investigate the feeding ecology of the Pingualuk Lake arctic char population and indicated the possibility of multiple feeding groups. Genetics characteristics (MH and mtDNA) of fish from Pingualuk Lake revealed that this population is likely distinct from that of nearby Laflamme Lake. However, both arctic char populations exhibit differential variation of their allele families. Physical characteristics determined for Lake Pingualuk revealed that the water column was inversely stratified beneath the ice and extremely transparent to visible and ultraviolet radiation. The highest mercury concentrations (3- 6 pg/mL THg) occurred just beneath the ice surface in each lake. Pingualuk Lake, given its near pristine state and exceptional limnological features, may serve as a most valuable reference ecosystem for monitoring environmental stressors, such as contaminants, in the Arctic.