Amperometric quantification of polar organic solvents based on a tyrosinase biosensor

A novel amperometric biosensor for quantification of the electrochemically inert polar organic solvents based on tyrosinase electrode was preliminarily reported. The biosensor was fabricated by simply syringing an aqueous solution of tyrosinase/PVAVP (PVAVP: copolymer of poly(vinyl alcohol) grafting with 4-vinylpyridine) onto glassy carbon electrode surface followed by drying the modified electrode at +4 degrees C in a refrigerator. The current generated from electrochemical reduction of quinone is a probe signal. The biosensor can be used for quantification of polar organic solvents, and its mechanism was characterized with in situ steady-state amperometry-quartz crystal microbalance experiments. The detection limit, sensitivity, and dynamic range for certain organic solvents are dependent on the kind and concentration of the substrate probe and the hydrophobicity of the immobilization matrix. The response time for all the tested organic solvents is less than 2 min.

Studies on blends of LLDPE and polar polymers compatibilized by a random copolymer

Compatibilization of blends of Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and LLDPE-copolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 4-vinylpyridine (poly(MMA-co-4VP) with poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) have been studied. Mechanical properties of the LLDPE-PMMA blends increase upon addition of EMAA. In order to further improve interfacial adhesion of LLDPE and PMMA, 4-vinyl pyridine units are introduced into PMMA chains, or poly(MMA-co-4VP) is used as the polar polymer. In LLDPE-poly(MMA-co-4VP)-EMAA blends, interaction of MAA in EMAA with 4VP of poly(MMA-co-4VP) causes a band shift in the infrared (IR) spectra. Chemical shifts of N-1s binding energy in X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS) experiments indicate a transfer of proton from MAA to 4VP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures show that the morphology of the blends were improved upon addition of EMAA. Nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) fluorescence results attest that there exists interdiffusion of chromophore-labeled LLDPE chains and chromophore-labeled poly(MMA-co-4VP) chains in the interface. Based on experimental results, the mechanism of compatibilization is studied in detail. Compatibilization is realized through the interaction between MAA in EMAA with 4VP in poly(MMA-co-4VP). (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Synthesis of lanthanide-alkylaluminium bimetallic complexes and studies on their catalytic activities for polymerization of some polar monomers

Three new lanthanide (Ln)-alkylaluminium (Al) bimetallic complexes with the formula [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Ln(mu-CF3CHO2)AIR(2) . 2THF](2) (Ln = Nd, Y, R=i-C4H9 (i-Bu); Ln=Eu, R=C2H5(Et); THF=tetrahydrofuran) were synthesized by the reaction of Ln(CF,CO,), (Ln=Nd, Y) with HAI (i-Bu)(2) and of Eu(CF3CO2)(3) with AlEt(3), respectively. Their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction at 233 K. [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Nd (mu-CF3CHO2)Al(i-Bu)(2) . 2THF](2) (Nd-Al) and [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Y(mu-CF3CHO2)Al(i-Bu)(2) . 2THF](2) (Y-Al) are isomorphous and crystallize in space group with a=12.441(3) Angstrom [12.347(5) Angstrom for Y-Al], b=12.832(3) Angstrom [12.832(4) Angstrom], c=11.334(3) Angstrom [11.292(8) Angstrom], alpha=104.93 (2)degrees [104.45(4)degrees], beta=98.47(2)degrees [98.81(4)degrees], gamma=64.60(2)degrees [64.30(3)degrees], R=0.519 [0.113], R(w)=0.0532 [0.110], Z=1 and [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Eu(CF3CHO2)AlEt(2) . 2THF](2)(Eu-Al) in space group P2(1)/n with a=11.913(6) Angstrom, b=14.051(9) Angstrom, c=17.920(9) Angstrom, alpha=101.88(11)degrees, beta=gamma=90 degrees, R=0.0509, R(w)=0.0471 and Z=2. The six CF3CO2- (including CF3CHO2-) of each complex, among which pairs are equivalent, coordinated to Ln and Al in three patterns: (A) the two oxygen atoms in one of the three CF3CO2- type coordinated to two different Ln; (B) the two oxygen atoms in the second of CF3CO2- type coordinated to Ln and Al, respectively; (C) one of the two oxygen atoms in the third CF3CO2- type bidentately coordinated to two Ln and another oxygen coordinated to Al and one of the two Ln, respectively. Unlike types A and B, in type C the carboxyl carbon with a hydrogen atom bonded to it was found to appear as an sp(3)-hybridized configuration rather than an sp(2)-one. 1D and 2D NMR results further confirmed the existence of such a disproportionated CF3CHO2- ligand. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH) could be polymerized by Y-Al or Eu-Al as a single-component catalyst and highly syndiotactic poly(MMA) was obtained. THF could also be polymerized by Y-Al in the presence of a small amount of ECH.

SYNTHESES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF [(MU-CF3CO2)(2)LN(MU-CF3CHO2)ALR(2)CENTER-DOT-2THF](2) AND THEIR CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES FOR POLYMERIZATION OF SOME POLAR MONOMERS

Three new bimetallic complexes were synthesized and crystalized by reactions of (CF3CO2)(3)Ln With R(1) AlR(2)(Ln=Nd and Y, R(1)=H, R=i-C4H9; Ln=Eu, R=R(1)=C2H5) in tetrahydrofuran solution, and their crystal structures were determined using a X-ray diffraction method. The structures and the questions on valence state and noncoplanarity in the structures were confirmed and cracked by means of H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR spectra, especially by C-13-H-1 COSY 2D NMR technique. A general formula of molecules of the three rare earth complexes was defined as follows: [(mu-CF3CO2)(2)Ln(mu-CF3CHO2)AlR(2) . 2THF](2) A mechanism on the formation of the new complexes was also proposed through the following five steps: alkylating, beta-elimination (or hydrogenation), hydrogen transfer, linkage and association. Both Y-Al and Eu-Al complexes function as a catalyst in polymerization of MMA and ECH. The polymer obtained from the first monomer is mainly syndiotactic chain structure and the polymerization of the last monomer shows higher catalytic activity. The Y-Al complex also capable of ring-opening polymerization of THF in case of adding-vary small amount of ECH and a oxonium ion mechanism of THF polymerization was suggested from the analysis of THF polymer terminal.

EFFECTS OF METAL-IONS ON THE CONFORMATION OF POLAR HEADGROUP OF SPHINGOMYELIN BILAYER

With the wide application of rare earth in agriculture, medicament, especially the application of Gd-DTPA as nuclear magnetic resonance image reagent in clinical practice([1]), the studies on the toxicology in biological body, as well as the study on the use as informative probes instead of divalent calcium ion in biological and biochemical research have attracted intensive concern([2]). Phospholipids bilayers have served as a model of biomembrane in the last two decades. The effects of metal ions on the conformation of polar headgroup of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers have been reported([3]). Sphingomyelin is major component of several biological tissues such as brain and nerve cells and has identical polar headgroup to DPPC. The interaction of metal ions with sphingomyelin bilayer remains nonrevealed. This note presents the results of the study on this aspect.

MOLECULAR-STATE OF GRAFT-COPOLYMERS IN THE INTERFACIAL AREA OF POLYOLEFIN AND POLAR POLYMER

In order to characterize the interface in polymer blends, a new method is suggested, in which the interface is exposed by selectively dissolving in solvent. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, we studied the molecular state in the interfacial ar

Triploid and tetraploid Zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri Jones et Preston, produced by inhibiting polar body I

Triploid scallops are valuable for aquaculture because of their enlarged adductor muscle, and tetraploids are important for the commercial production of triploids. We tested tetraploid induction in the zhikong scallop by inhibiting polar body I in newly fertilized eggs. The ploidy of resultant embryos was determined by chromosome counting at 2- to 4-cell stage and by flow cytometry thereafter. Embryos from the control groups were mostly diploids (79%), along with some aneuploids. Embryos from the treated groups were 13% diploids, 18% triploids, 26% tetraploids, 13% pentaploids, and 36% aneuploids. Tetraploids, pentaploids, and most aneuploids suffered heavy mortality during the first week and became undetectable among the larvae at day 14. Five tetraploids (2%) were found among a sample of 267 spat from one of the replicates, and none was detected at day 450. The adductor muscle of triploid scallops was 44% heavier (P < .01) than that of diploids, confirming the value of the triploid technology in this species.

Chromosome segregation in fertilized eggs from triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), following inhibition of polar body 1

Chromosome segregation in fertilized eggs from triploid Pacific oysters, following inhibition of the first polar body (PB1), was studied with acetic orcein staining techniques. To block the release of PB1, fertilized eggs were treated with 0.5 mg/l of cytochalasin B (CB). Four types of segregation were observed, namely, ''tripolar segregation'' (54.5%), ''united bipolar segregation'' (12%), ''separated bipolar segregation'' (2.5%), and ''incomplete united bipolar segregation'' (4%). The remaining 23% could not be classified because of chromosome disorganization, but appeared to be variants of the above. It seemed clear that the predominant pattern that gave rise to tetraploids was united bipolar segregation, although certain separated bipolar segregations might also lead to the formation of tetraploids. The sequential events of meioses observed in CB-treated eggs are described. The asynchrony of meiotic events and possible mechanisms for the various types of chromosome segregation are discussed.

RP-HPLC测定几种花类药材黄酮含量

目的：为充分利用花类药材，建立马蔺花、桃花、月季等15种花类药材中黄酮含量测定的RP—HPLC方法，并比较它们的含量。方法：花类药材用甲醇提取，反相高效液相色谱法分析药材中槲皮素、山柰酚、异鼠李素3种黄酮苷元。结果：采用KromasilC_18柱（4．6mm×250／mm，5μm），以甲醇-0．1％磷酸（50：50）为流动相，可使3种黄酮苷元达到基线分离，其中马蔺花含槲皮素1．536％，桃花含山柰酚0．572％，茶花含异鼠李素0．029％，皆为听测样品中最高。结论：本实验首次采用RP—HPLC法测定这15种花类药材的总黄酮含量，本方法操作简便，快速，准确，可作为黄酮的定量分析方法。

藏药短管兔耳草中松果菊苷和麦角甾苷的RP-HPLC分析

建立了藏药短管兔耳草中松果菊苷和麦角甾苷含量的高效液相色谱分析法.采用Waters XTerra RP18色谱柱(150mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-1%冰醋酸溶液(28:72,V:V)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长330 nm,柱温30℃,在20 min内分离检测了该两种化合物.松果菊苷和麦角甾苷进样量分别在0.077～4.950μg(r=0.999 9)和0.085～5.450μg(r=0.999 9)内呈良好线性,平均加样回收率分别为98.35%和92.50%,RSD分别为2.35%和2.86%.所建立的方法简便、快捷、结果准确可靠,重现性好,可用于藏药短管兔耳草的质量控制,并为兔耳草属植物中苯丙素苷类化合物的分离分析提供一定的参考.

藏药独一味RP-HPLC色谱指纹图谱的建立及其质量评价

[目的]建立独一味药材HPLC指纹图谱，研究不同地区独一味药材的质量，为其质量控制提供有效的方法。[方法]采用RP-HPLC方法梯度洗脱，测定10批不同地区的独一味样品。[色谱备件]Kromasil C18柱（250mm×4．60mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-0．4％的磷酸水溶液（55：45），梯度洗脱程序为0～70min，甲醇的体积分数由1％线性增加至15％；70～100min内，甲醇由15％线性增加至17％；100～130min内，甲醇由17％线性增加至20％；130～150min，甲醇由20％线性增加至100％；流速为1ml/min，检测波长为254n／n，柱温为30℃。[结果]确定了独一味药材中的7个共有峰。根据聚类分析结果，将独一味药材分为3类。[结论]该研究建立的方法重复性好，可用于不同地区独一味药材的质量评价，结合含量测定可用于独一味药材的质量的全面控制。

RP-HPLC测定藏木香中土木香内酯和异土木香内酯含量

目的 建立了反相高效液相色谱法同时测定藏木香中土木香内酯和异土木香内酯的方法.方法 采用Phenomenex Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5.0μm);流动相为乙腈-0.04%磷酸溶液(50:50);检测波长:194 nm;流速:1.0 mL•min~(-1).结果 异构体土木香内酯和异土木香内酯达到基线分离,含量测定的线性良好,线性范围和相关系数分别为0.07～4.80μg•L~(-1) (r=0.999 8),0.07～4.85μg•L~(-1) (r=0.999 8);回收率分别为97.5%和102.1%;方法精密度良好,RSD分别为1.56%和1.87%(n=5);方法重现性良好,RSD分别为1.67%和0.92%(n=5).结论 所建立的方法简便、快捷、准确,重现性好,可用于藏木香药材及其制剂的质量控制.

CAD/RP系统间数据模型的转换方法与发展

分析了当前 CAD和 RP系统间数据模型的各种转换方法，并指明了进一步的发展方向。 STL交换标准的局限和不足已日趋明显，由 CAD模型直接分层得到的 CLI格式将成为与 STL文件并存的一种接口格式。