Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of glycogen-accumulating organisms selected with propionate as the sole carbon source

In the microbial competition observed in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems, an undesirable group of micro-organisms known as glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) compete for carbon in the anaerobic period with the desired polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs). Some studies have suggested that a propionate carbon source provides PAOs with a competitive advantage over GAOs in EBPR systems; however, the metabolism of GAOs with this carbon source has not been previously investigated. In this study, GAOs were enriched in a laboratory-scale bioreactor with propionate as the sole carbon source, in an effort to better understand their biochemical processes. Based on comprehensive solid-, liquid- and gas-phase chemical analytical data from the bioreactor, a metabolic model was proposed for the metabolism of propionate by GAOs. The model adequately described the anaerobic stoichiometry observed through chemical analysis, and can be a valuable tool for further investigation of the competition between PAOs and GAOs, and for the optimization of the EBPR process. A group of Alphaproteobacteria dominated the biomass (96% of Bacteria) from this bioreactor, while post-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) chemical staining confirmed that these Alphaproteobacteria produced poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) anaerobically and utilized them aerobically, demonstrating that they were putative GAOs. Some of the Alphaproteobacteria were related to Defluvicoccus vanus (16% of Bacteria), but the specific identity of many could not be determined by FISH. Further investigation into the identity of other GAOs is necessary.

Sole, Rookery Branch

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation through the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under Cooperative Agreements #DBI-0620409 and #DEB-9910514. This image is made available for non-commercial or educational use only.

Vitamin A supplementation enhances Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) early juvenile’s immunocompetence: new insights on potential underlying pathways

Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) has been considered since the 1990´s to be a promising flatfish species for diversifying European marine aquaculture. However, pathogen outbreaks leading to high mortality rates can impair Senegalese sole commercial production at the weaning phase. Different approaches have been shown to improve fish immunocompetence; with this in mind the objective of the work described herein was to determine whether increased levels of dietary vitamin A (VA) improve the immune response in early juveniles of Senegalese sole. For this purpose, Senegalese sole were reared and fed with Artemia metanauplii containing increased levels of VA (37,000; 44,666; 82,666 and 203,000 total VA IU Kg-1) from 6 to 60 days post-hatch (early juvenile stage). After an induced bacterial infection with a 50 % lethal dose of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, survival rate, as well as underlying gene expression of specific immune markers (C1inh, C3, C9, Lgals1, Hamp, LysC, Prdx1, Steap4 and Transf) were evaluated. Results showed that fish fed higher doses of dietary VA were more resistant to the bacterial challenge. The lower mortality was found to be related with differential expression of genes involved in the complement system and iron availability. We suggest that feeding metamorphosed Senegalese sole with 203,000 total VA IU Kg-1 might be an effective, inexpensive and environmentally friendly method to improve Senegalese sole immunocompetence, thereby improving survival of juveniles and reducing economic losses.

Age estimation in common sole Solea solea larvae: validation of daily increments and evaluation of a pattern recognition technique

Close similarities have been found between the otoliths of sea-caught and laboratory-reared larvae of the common sole Solea solea (L.), given appropriate temperatures and nourishment of the latter. But from hatching to mouth formation. and during metamorphosis, sole otoliths have proven difficult to read because the increments may be less regular and low contrast. In this study, the growth increments in otoliths of larvae reared at 12 degrees C were counted by light microscopy to test the hypothesis of daily deposition, with some results verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and by image analysis in order to compare the reliability of the 2 methods in age estimation. Age was first estimated (in days posthatch) from light micrographs of whole mounted otoliths. Counts were initiated from the increment formed at the time of month opening (Day 4). The average incremental deposition rate was consistent with the daily hypothesis. However, the light-micrograph readings tended to underestimate the mean ages of the larvae. Errors were probably associated with the low-contrast increments: those deposited after the mouth formation during the transition to first feeding, and those deposited from the onset of eye migration (about 20 d posthatch) during metamorphosis. SEM failed to resolve these low-contrast areas accurately because of poor etching. A method using image analysis was applied to a subsample of micrograph-counted otoliths. The image analysis was supported by an algorithm of pattern recognition (Growth Demodulation Algorithm, GDA). On each otolith, the GDA method integrated the growth pattern of these larval otoliths to averaged data from different radial profiles, in order to demodulate the exponential trend of the signal before spectral analysis (Fast Fourier Transformation, FFT). This second method both allowed more precise designation of increments, particularly for low-contrast areas, and more accurate readings but increased error in mean age estimation. The variability is probably due to a still rough perception of otolith increments by the GDA method, counting being achieved through a theoretical exponential pattern and mean estimates being given by FFT. Although this error variability was greater than expected, the method provides for improvement in both speed and accuracy in otolith readings.

Effect of high densities on growth, stress response and plasma amino acid levels in senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858)

Dissertação de mest. em Aquacultura e Pescas, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Univ. do Algarve, 2006

Diets of the sole Solea vulgaris Quensel, 1806 and Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 in the lower estuary of the Guadiana River (Algarve, southern Portugal): Preliminary results

The feeding habits of two major species of sole, the common sole Solea vulgaris Quensel, 1806 and the Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 were studied in the lower estuary of the Guadiana River (Algarve, southern Portugal). An evaluation of the number, weight, and feeding coefficient of prey types showed that S. vulgaris feed on a limited variety of prey (only Polychaeta and Tanaidacea) and present low-intensity feeding activity, with small differences in diet between seasons. S. senegalensis also have a low-diversity diet (with only one more taxa, Amphipoda), but exhibit more intense feeding activity which varies seasonally, although with little seasonal variation in the relative importance of the main preys. The diet composition of these two species suggests feeding specialization.

Evaluation and management of demersal stocks in the Adriatic: the case of common sole (Solea solea, L.) in the northern and central Adriatic Sea

This PhD thesis aimed to assess the status of common sole, one of the main commercial stocks in the Adriatic Sea, using a mix of conventional and innovative techniques to provide more reliable estimates of stock status compared to past advice. First, a meta-analysis was carried out using data-poor assessment model to analyze the whole catch assemblage of rapido fishery. The outcomes were used to estimate rebuilding time and forecast catches under different harvest control rule scenarios, with a reduction of 20% of fishing effort being suggested as a way to allow most of the species to recover to sustainable levels. Secondly, an ensemble of data-rich assessment models was developed to better incorporate uncertainty by using alternative hypotheses of main parameters. This was the first time an ensemble of models has been used in the Mediterranean to provide management advice. Consistent with data-poor analysis results, the ensemble outcomes indicated that the common sole stock was showing a recovering trend probably due to the effective management actions underway in the area rather than the moderate effort reduction according to the actual management plan. Moreover, back-calculation measurements were used to fit and compare monophasic and biphasic growth curves through the use of non-linear mixed effects models. The analyses revealed that the fitting of the biphasic curve was superior, confirming the theory that growth in size would decrease as a consequence of reproductive effort. A stock assessment simulation showed how the use of the monophasic pattern would result in a critical overestimation of biomass that could lead to a greater risk of overfishing. As a final step, a simulation-testing procedure was applied to determine the best performing reference points using stock-specific characteristic. The procedure could be routinely adopted to increase transparency in reference points calculation enhancing the credibility of scientific advice.

ALBARUS. Il recupero di un nucleo rurale abbandonato all'interno di un programma di riqualificazione e valorizzazione del Parco Storico di Monte Sole.

La tesi si incentra sulla grande varietà di tipologie edilizie dell’insediamento appenninico che in passato non sono state coinvolte nelle dinamiche e nelle strategie politiche di sviluppo ma sono state protagoniste di avvenimenti bellici e di stragi che le hanno trasformate in veri e propri luoghi di memoria. Tale riflessione prende in considerazione il Parco Storico di Monte Sole, cuore dell’Appennino bolognese. Infatti, i manufatti edilizi di queste aree sono testimonianze che l’epoca ha tramandato senza interrogarsi sulla loro utilizzazione futura e che, ad oggi, risultano avulse dal loro valore originario. La tesi propone di rivitalizzare e rifunzionalizzare questi luoghi, per trasformali in nuovi poli attrattori del territorio. Dopo una prima parte di introduzione e di analisi sull’area del Parco, per contribuire a far crescere una più matura consapevolezza del valore culturale degli antichi edifici, viene realizzato un abaco di tutti i beni culturali presenti all’interno dell’area di studio. Nella parte di progetto, sono state individuate alcune priorità progettuali suddivise in maniera tematica, in relazione alle modalità di intervento per la gestione del territorio e la sua tutela. Questi lineamenti strategici sono stati poi applicati ad un ambito di intervento che ha favorito la comprensione della direzione verso cui è necessario impostare la pianificazione operativa. Viene poi preso in considerazione come caso studio specifico il nucleo rurale di Albereda, un insediamento abbandonato caratterizzato da un’antica casa-torre, che viene approfondito con un’ipotesi progettuale volta alla sua riqualificazione e valorizzazione, attraverso l’inserimento e l’innesto di nuovi volumi. Tenendo conto dell’ambito fluviale in cui si inserisce, viene inoltre pianificato un ponte ciclopedonale per mettere in collegamento le sponde opposte del fiume Reno. La rappresentazione è affidata a piante architettoniche, sezioni, viste assonometriche e viste prospettiche.

I ruderi dell'antico borgo di Caprara. Il recupero di un nucleo rurale abbandonato all'interno di un programma di riqualificazione e valorizzazione del Parco Storico di Monte Sole.

La tesi prende in considerazione un grande patrimonio edilizio spesso, a torto, considerato “minore”, ovvero quello rappresentato dalle abitazioni rurali del territorio collinare e montano della provincia di Bologna. Nella vastità dell’edificato montano la riflessione concerne un territorio rappresentativo della natura e della memoria: il Parco Storico di Monte Sole. Quest’area appenninica fu teatro d’orrore durante la Seconda Guerra che ha determinato un pressoché totale abbandono della zona, ad oggi, disseminata di antichi edifici rurali fatiscenti. La tesi propone una valorizzazione delle preesistenze architettoniche e della viabilità tramite una loro rifunzionalizzazione e messa a sistema, attraverso un confronto che non vuole occultare il passato, operando una frattura con esso, ma che possa evidenziare l’entità di questo luogo simbolico, emblematico di un paesaggio storico eccezionale. Dopo una prima parte di ricerca e analisi, viene proposta una catalogazione di tutte le tipologie edilizie, all’interno del Parco Storico di Monte Sole, con interesse storico-testimoniale. Segue la definizione di lineamenti strategici (relativi al: sistema vegetale e agricolo, viario ed escursionistico, contesto architettonico e sistema insediativo) applicabili sull’intera estensione del territorio e la loro relativa applicazione su un ambito di intervento più circoscritto al fine di poterne evidenziare in modo chiaro e funzionale gli aspetti progettuali. Successivamente, viene preso in considerazione come caso studio l’antico borgo di Caprara, ad oggi, un complesso di ruderi relativo al contesto montano che sarà approfondito con un’ipotesi progettuale volta alla sua riqualificazione e valorizzazione. E’ all’innesto che viene affidato il compito di dialogare con le rovine attraverso una molteplicità di linguaggi e relazioni. Questa situazione puntuale viene rappresentata tramite l’utilizzo di piante, sezioni, viste assonometriche e viste prospettiche renderizzate.

Progettazione di un sistema per la movimentazione del simulatore di Sole di un banco di prova per la determinazione e il controllo d'assetto di nanosatelliti

Nel presente documento si discute la progettazione di una guida lineare curva allo scopo di permettere la movimentazione di un simulatore di Sole per nanosatelliti. Vengono presentati i nanosatelliti e vengono introdotti alcuni metodi di rappresentazione d’assetto, per proseguire con una descrizione dei sensori di Sole per la determinazione d’assetto. Si descrive, poi, il banco di prova per il controllo e la determinazione d’assetto presente nel Laboratorio di Microsatelliti e Microsistemi Spaziali e, di seguito, il progetto delle guide con il confronto tra le opzioni commerciali disponibili. Infine, si descrive la progettazione degli elementi di collegamento tra il simulatore e i cursori.

Cota racial e estado: abolição do racismo ou direitos de raça?

The objective of this article is to examine the current government proposal of racialization in the Brazilian population, in order to offer support to affirmative action programs that meet the specific needs of those who classify themselves as black. Firstly we focused on the revival of the notion of race among scholars, politicians, and anti-racism activists, as well as on the difficulty in determining who is black in Brazil. Next we examined the racial quota system in the United States and its proclaimed success. Finally, we assessed the extent to which the introduction of racial quota in employment and university enrollment should be imposed as the sole political option for those intending to eliminate racism in Brazilian society.

Consumo, desempenho e parâmetros econômicos de novilhos Nelore e F1 Brangus x Nelore terminados em pastagens, suplementados com mistura mineral e sal nitrogenado com uréia ou amiréia

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação protéica (40% PB) com amiréia ou uréia sobre o consumo de suplemento, desempenho e características econômicas de novilhos terminados em pastagens. Foram utilizados 120 novilhos com 19 meses de idade e 358kg, sendo 60 Nelore e 60 F1 Brangus x Nelore, divididos em três tratamentos com 20 animais, alojados em piquetes de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu de 10 hectares cada, totalizando 120 hectares, sendo dois piquetes por grupo genético e tratamento, pastejados alternadamente a cada pesagem (42 dias). Os tratamentos consistiram em mistura mineral com amiréia-150S (AM), mistura mineral com uréia+milho+enxofre (UR) e mistura mineral (MM). As médias de consumo de suplemento dos animais F1 foram de 206,1; 145,9 e 73,1g/dia, e as dos animais Nelore, 236,0; 205,1 e 94,3g/dia para os tratamentos AM, UR e MM, respectivamente. Para os novilhos Nelore, houve efeito (P<0,05) do suplemento sobre o peso de abate (PA), sendo a média do tratamento UR, 518,85kg, mais alta que a dos demais, 491,89 e 485,20kg, respectivamente, para AM e MM. Para os novilhos F1, foi significativo o efeito da suplementação protéica (P<0,05), com médias de 515,90 e 520,15kg, respectivamente, para os tratamentos UR e AM. A suplementação protéica proporcionou bom desempenho em animais F1 durante períodos de abundância de forragem. O uso de uréia apresentou melhor viabilidade econômica.

Teoria para o trabalho de expansão aplicada às brisas do nordeste Brasileiro

Neste artigo investiga-se numericamente a interação entre brisas marítima-terrestre e de vale-montanha, que ocorrem no nordeste brasileiro devido à presença do Planalto da Borborema, aplicando o trabalho de expansão associado ao ramo inferior das circulações. Resultados da teoria da máquina térmica são comparados aos resultados 3D, obtidos com a versão brasileira do modelo RAMS. Os resultados indicaram que o efeito do contraste de temperatura no trabalho ligado às circulações (Wa), isoladamente, contribui para a formação de brisas marítimas mais intensas e de brisas terrestres menos intensas. Na realidade, o que se observa são brisas terrestres com intensidades iguais ou até maiores que das brisas marítimas. Assim, a contribuição da montanha para a intensidade das circulações de brisa no período noturno mostra-se extremamente não-linear. O trabalho de expansão que realmente está ligado às circulações, contribui em apenas 7% para o trabalho total. Dessa forma, a maior parte do trabalho total está associada ao trabalho de compressão que a atmosfera realiza para compensar a perda por resfriamento radiativo, e muito da energia disponibilizada para as circulações é gasta para vencer os processos dissipativos.