Aplicação de nanopartículas de quitosana com potencial de adjuvante na produção de soro contra o venneno do escorpião Tityus serrulatus

In Brazil, several species of scorpions are known to cause accidents which can lead to death, which are mainly belonging to the genus Tityus. The scorpion Tityus serrulatus is the main responsible for more severe cases. Anti-scorpion serums are routinely produced by various institutions, despite their effectiveness, quality and action depends on how quickly treatment is started. Studies have been developed in the search for appropriate technologies to encapsulate and release recombinant or natives proteins capable of inducing antibody production. In this context, chitosan copolymer which can be obtained from the partial deacetylation of chitin or in some microorganisms and it is biocompatible and biodegradable has been widely used for this purpose. This study aimed to search for a system release from chitosan nanoparticles for peptide / protein of the venom of the scorpion T. serrulatus, able to provide a new model of immunization in animals, in order to obtain a potential novel polyclonal serum, anti-venom T. serrulatus. The chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation with polyanion tripolyphosphate (TPP). After standardizing the concentrations of TPP and chitosan was evaluated the efficiency of incorporation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and scorpion venom, showed particle size compatible with the intended purpose. The particles showed adequate size around 200nm. The crosslinking was confirmed by absorption spectroscopy in the infrared. After verified the high encapsulation efficiency (EE) for acid bicinconínico method (BCA) protein assay and the particle size distribution, the success of the technique was proven and the potential for in vivo application of nanoparticles. The experimental animals were vaccinated and the antibodies measured by ELISA

Tropical dermatology: Venomous arthropods and human skin Part II. Diplopoda, Chilopoda, and Arachnida

Members of arthropod classes Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), and Arachnida (spiders and scorpions) cause tissue injury via bites, stings, and/or a release of toxins. A few members of the Acari subclass of Arachnida (mites and ticks) can transmit a variety of infectious diseases, but this review will cover the noninfectious manifestations of these vectors. Dermatologists should be familiar with the injuries caused by these arthropods in order to initiate proper treatment and recommend effective preventative measures. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:347.e1-9.)

A new class of neurotoxin from wasp venom slows inactivation of sodium current

The effects of alpha-pompilidotoxin (alpha-PMTX), a new neurotoxin isolated from the venom of a solitary wasp, were studied on the neuromuscular synapses in lobster walking leg and the rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. Paired intracellular recordings from the presynaptic axon terminals and the innervating lobster leg muscles revealed that alpha-PMTX induced long bursts of action potentials in the presynaptic axon, which resulted in facilitated excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. The action or alpha-PMTX was distinct from that of other known facilitatory presynaptic toxins, including sea anemone toxins and alpha-scorpion toxins, which modify the fast inactivation of Na+ current. We further characterized the action of alpha-PMTX on Na+ channels by whole-cell recordings from rat trigeminal neurons. We found that alpha-PMTX stowed the Na+ channels inactivation process without changing the peak current-voltage relationship or the activation time course of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive Na+ currents, and that alpha-PMTX had voltage-dependent effects on the rate of recovery from Na+ current inactivation and deactivating tail currents. The results suggest that alpha-PMTX slows or blocks conformational changes required for fast inactivation of the Na+ channels on the extracellular surface. The simple structure of alpha-PMTX, consisting of 13 amino acids, would be advantageous for understanding the functional architecture of Na+ channel protein.

Programa de controle de surto de escorpião Tityus serrulatus, Lutz e Mello 1922, no município de Aparecida, SP (Scorpiones, Buthidae).

A scorpion control program was proposed for the town of Aparecida (SP), an endemic region of Tityus serrulatus. Clusters of scorpions in urban and rural areas, environmental degradation of the town's outskirts and new scorpion procreation and dispersal habitats were studied. In addition, infrastructure problems such as the disposal and collection of residential and municipal refuse, sanitation (sewage and storm sewer), condition of vacant lots and constructions in the urban area were evaluated. After an epidemiological study, educational measures such as the distribution of pamphlets, cleaning group work, visits to residences and cooperation from High School teachers and students were also suggested. Chemical control was indicated in high-risk sites, especially those of near-school buildings. Furthermore, the use of natural predators was also mentioned within the present sanitation regulations for urban areas. The authors assert that these procedures must be integrated and continued uninterruptedly for several years. They also suggest a collaborative work with those responsible for the dengue eradication program, as well as the institution of the scorpion study week, which would greatly contribute to the education of the population, to preventive programs and to scorpion control.

Dermatoses provocadas por animais venenosos

The venomous brazilian animals can cause accidents in human beings with great frequency. By means of this revision, the authors talk about the species and the accidentes more commons and more serious in our country. The function of the dermatologist in diagnostic, treatment and prevention of the accidents is enphatized.

High chromosome variability and the presence of multivalent associations in buthid scorpions

In this study, we investigated the mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of 11 Buthidae scorpion species, belonging to three genera (Ananteris, Rhopalurus and Tityus), to obtain detailed knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying the intraspecific and/or interspecific diversity of chromosome number and the origin of the complex chromosome associations observed during meiosis. The chromosomes of all species did not exhibit a localised centromere region and presented synaptic and achiasmatic behaviour during meiosis I. Spermatogonial and/or oogonial metaphase cells of these buthids showed diploid numbers range from 2n = 6 to 2n = 28. In most species, multivalent chromosome associations were observed in pachytene and postpachytene nuclei. Moreover, intraspecific variability associated with the presence or absence of chromosome chains and the number of chromosomes in the complex meiotic configurations was observed in some species of these three genera. Silver-impregnated cells revealed that the number and location of nucleolar organiser regions (NORs) remained unchanged despite extensive chromosome variation; notably, two NORs located on the terminal or subterminal chromosome regions were commonly observed for all species. C-banded and fluorochrome-stained cells showed that species with conspicuous blocks of heterochromatin exhibited the lowest rate of chromosomal rearrangement. Based on the investigation of mitotic and meiotic cells, we determined that the intraspecific variability occurred as a consequence of fission/fusion-type chromosomal rearrangements in Ananteris and Tityus species and reciprocal translocation in Rhopalurus species. Furthermore, we verified that individuals presenting the same diploid number differ in structural chromosome organisation, giving rise to intraspecific differences of chromosome association in meiotic cells (bivalent-like elements or chromosome chains). © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Uma abordagem peptidômica do venedo do escorpião Tityus serrulatus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Alterações clínicas e cardiopulmonares produzidas pelo envenenamento escorpiônico em cães

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Determinação da deriva da mistura 2,4-D e glyphosate com diferentes pontas de pulverização e adjuvantes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Biologia reprodutiva e crescimento do muçuã Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1776) em cativeiro

No presente estudo, foram obtidos dados a partir de pesquisa realizada nas dependências do Parque Zoobotânico do Museu Paraense Emí1io Goeldi durante os anos de 1992 a 1997 que tiveram como objetivo o estudo da biologia reprodutiva e do crescimento do muçuã em cativeiro. Foram verificadas as relações biométricas e o dimorfismo sexual entre machos e fêmeas adultas, o tipo de reprodução, o número de ovos por postura, o período de incubação e o percentual de eclosão, a relação entre a biometria dos ovos e dos filhotes ao nascer, a relação entre o tamanho da fêmea e seus ovos e filhotes, o crescimento biométrico e ponderal da espécie, a idade em que ocorre o dimorfismo sexual nos filhotes e a idade da primeira postura. Foram utilizados animais adultos do plantei do Parque e um grupo composto por 70 recém-nascidos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os machos adultos (n= 75) possuíam a cauda longa e a cabeça pigmentada de negro e apresentaram em média 314,05 g de peso, 14,79 em de comprimento de carapaça, 9,79 cm de largura de carapaça, 12,3 cm de comprimento de plastrão, 7,46 cm de largura de plastrão e 4,5 cm de altura. As fêmeas adultas (n= 176) tinham a cauda curta e a cabeça amarela, apresentaram em média 430,08 g de peso, 15,26 cm de comprimento de carapaça, 11,31 cm de largura de carapaça, 13,35 cm de comprimento de plastrão, 8,01 cm de largura de plastrão e 5,51 cm de altura, para todas as variáveis estudadas houve diferenças significativas, sendo as fêmeas adultas maiores que os machos adultos. O período de acasalamento abrangeu os meses de abril a agosto, caracterizando uma reprodução sazonal. A nidificação ocorreu entre os meses de maio a setembro e dividiu-se nas fases de deambulação, abertura da cova, postura dos ovos, fechamento da cova e abandono do ninho. Não houve variação no número de ovos entre posturas de fêmeas jovens e adultas. Em média a postura de fêmeas adultas foi de 2,45 ovos com variação de 01 a 07 ovos, e de 2,7 ovos para fêmeas jovens, com variação de 02 a 07 ovos por postura. Porém, as fêmeas adultas realizaram posturas de ovos com maior peso, comprimento e largura do que as de fêmeas jovens. Os ovos tinham o formato alongado, de cor rosa com uma mancha branca no centro, e a casca era dura e lisa (n=701). Em média, apresentaram 9,6 g de peso, 3,8 cm de comprimento e 2,0 cm de largura. O período de incubação foi em média de 136 dias, com variação de 111 a 164 (n= 426) com média de eclosão de 86,61 %. O peso, a largura da carapaça e a largura do plastrão da fêmea foram determinantes do peso e largura do ovo, assim como o peso e a largura do ovo foram determinantes do peso, comprimento de carapaça e plastrão e largura do plastrão do recém-nascido. Os filhotes (n= 887) nasceram com peso médio de 6,5 g, 3,1 cm de comprimento da carapaça, 2,2 cm de largura da carapaça, 2,7 cm de comprimento do plastrão, 1,8 cm de largura do plastrão e 1,6 cm de altura da carapaça. O peso, largura da carapaça, o comprimento do plastrão, largura do plastrão e a altura do casco da fêmea foram determinantes do peso, da largura da carapaça e da altura do casco do recém-nascido. Aos 22,49 meses de idade apareceram os primeiros sinais de dimorfismo sexual A espécie apresentou uma correlação positiva entre o peso vivo com as mensurações biométricas de comprimento, largura e altura até os 37,95 meses de idade, após esta idade o peso vivo continuou aumentando enquanto que a taxa de aumento no comprimento foi bem mais suave. Aos 37,94 meses o desvio padrão do peso vivo foi o maior observado em todas as idades, provavelmente como resultado do dimorfismo sexual já presente nesta idade. Nessa idade foi observada a Ia postura do grupo que apresentava em média 11,84 cm de comprimento de carapaça. Aos 47,02 meses o grupo apresentou em média 410,9 g de peso e 14,15 cm de comprimento de carapaça, valores semelhantes aos encontrados nos animais adultos estudados.

Aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos do escorpionismo na região de Santarém, Estado do Pará, Brasil

Este trabalho é um estudo prospectivo e descritivo dos aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos de 72 envenenamentos por escorpiões admitidos no Hospital Municipal de Santarém, Estado do Pará, Brasil, entre fevereiro de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001. Trouxeram o animal 8,3% das vítimas, os quais foram identificados como T. cambridgei. O sexo masculino foi acometido em 83,3%. A idade das vítimas e o tempo para o socorro médico foram respectivamente de 33,6±18,3 anos e 4,6±3,2 horas em média. Os membros superiores foram acometidos em 51,5% dos casos. As manifestações locais estiveram presentes em 91,7% e as sistêmicas em 98,6% dos envenenamentos. Entre os sintomas locais encontramos: parestesia em 79,2%, dor em 52,8%, e edema em 26,4% dos casos. Nas manifestações sistêmicas predominou as queixas neurológicas em 97,2% das vítimas, sendo o sintoma de sensação de "choque elétrico" pelo corpo (88,9%) o mais freqüente. No exame neurológico os sinais mais encontrados foram: mioclonias (93,0%), dismetria (86,1%), disartria (80,6%) e ataxia de marcha (70,8%). Classificou-se como moderados 76,4% dos envenenamentos, sem nenhum caso grave. Deixaram de realizar a soroterapia 32,7% dos casos moderados, por ausência de soro específico no momento do atendimento. O escorpionismo da região de Santarém mostra um comportamento clínico regional diferente daqueles descritos no Brasil e de outros locais da Amazônia e, apresenta uma clínica predominantemente neurológica, ainda não descrita na literatura brasileira.

Acidentes por centopéia notificados pelo "Centro de Informações Toxicológicas de Belém", num período de dois anos

Centopéias são animais invertebrados do filo dos artrópodes e da classe Chilopoda . Este trabalho objetiva estudar o perfil dos acidentes por centopéias notificados pelo "Centro de Informações Toxicológicas de Belém" (CIT-Belém). Foram estudados 76 protocolos registrados no período de março de 1998 a março de 2000. Corresponderam a 16,7% dos acidentes por animais peçonhentos, superados apenas pelo ofidismo (44,4%) e escorpionismo (20,5%). O local do acidente foi a residência em 86,8% dos casos. A faixa etária 20 - 49 anos foi a mais acometida (64,4 %) e 61,8 % dos casos registrados pertenciam ao sexo feminino. Membros superiores foram a parte do corpo mais acidentada (47,4%). Dor local ocorreu em 95,8 % dos pacientes e edema local leve em 52,1%. O tratamento foi predominantemente sintomático; 94,7% evoluíram para a cura e ignora-se a evolução nos outros 5,3 %. Sugere-se que o acidente por centopéia é benigno e doméstico e que tratamentos analgésicos são suficientes.

Clinical aspects of envenomation caused by Tityus obscurus (Gervais, 1843) in two distinct regions of Para state, Brazilian Amazon basin: a prospective case series

Background: Scorpion envenomations are a major public health problem in Brazil, whose most dangerous cases are attributable to the genus Tityus. This study was designed to compare the clinical and demographic features of envenomations by Tityus obscurus in two areas of the state of Para located in the Amazon basin. Were compared demographic findings, local and systemic signs and symptoms of human envenomations caused by T. obscurus that occurred in western and eastern areas of the state.Results: Forty-eight patients with confirmed envenomation by T. obscurus were evaluated from January 2008 to July 2011. Most of them came from the eastern region, where male and female patients were present in similar numbers, while males predominated in the west. Median age groups were also similar in both areas. Most scorpion stings took place during the day and occurred significantly more frequently on the upper limbs. The time between the sting and admission to the health center was less than three hours in both areas. Most eastern patients had local manifestations while in the west, systemic manifestations predominated. Local symptoms were similar in both areas, but systemic signs and symptoms were more common in the west. Symptoms frequently observed at the sting site were local and radiating pain, paresthesia, edema, erythema, sweating, piloerection and burning. The systemic manifestations were significantly higher in patients from the west. Futhermore, neurological symptoms such as general paresthesia, ataxia, dysarthria, myoclonus, dysmetria, and electric shock-like sensations throughout the body were reported only by patients from the west.Conclusion: The present study shows that two regions of Para state differ in the clinical manifestations and severity of confirmed envenomation by T. obscurus which suggests a toxicity variation resulting from the diversity of T. obscurus venom in different areas of the Brazilian Amazon basin, and that T. serrulatus antivenom can be successfully used against T. obscurus.

Agressividade relacionada ao contexto alimentar em escorpião-amarelo Tityus Serrulatus (Lutz & Mello, 1922)(Scorpiones, Buthidae)

Scorpions are among the oldest living groups of animals, and are present in almost every continent. Although many studies are made about the toxins present in their venom, little is known about their behavior. The aim of this paper is to investigate the expression of agressiveness in the brazilian yellow scorpion Tityus serrulatus, specifically the relation between agressiveness, motor activity and feeding condition. The study was divided in two parts. First, we used 16 adult individuals, placed in two terrarium, to establish an ethogram. Each group was observed for 36h, and the behaviors displayed were described and categorized as agonistic or non-agonistic. In the second part of the experiment, we used 32 adult animals in three different nutritional states: Feeding (still ingesting food), Sated (1 to 4 days since last meal) and Deprived (14 to 25 days since last meal). The individuals were paired, each pair placed in a terrarium and observed for 30min. Behaviors displayed were timed in seconds. Our results show that only Feeding individuals displayed agonism towards others, and no relation was observed between motor activity and feeding conditions

Síntese e caracterização de pequenos peptídeos lineares do veneno de Tityus serrulatus (Buthidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)