Tackling ionospheric scintillation threat to GNSS in Latin America

Scintillations are rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of transionospheric radio signals which are caused by small-scale plasma density irregularities in the ionosphere. In the case of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, scintillation can cause cycle slips, degrade the positioning accuracy and, when severe enough, can even lead to a complete loss of signal lock. Thus, the required levels of availability, accuracy, integrity and reliability for the GNSS applications may not be met during scintillation occurrence; this poses a major threat to a large number of modern-day GNSS-based applications. The whole of Latin America, Brazil in particular, is located in one of the regions most affected by scintillations. These effects will be exacerbated during solar maxima, the next predicted for 2013. This paper presents initial results from a research work aimed to tackle ionospheric scintillation effects for GNSS users in Latin America. This research is a part of the CIGALA (Concept for Ionospheric Scintillation Mitigation for Professional GNSS in Latin America) project, co-funded by the EC Seventh Framework Program and supervised by the GNSS Supervisory Authority (GSA), which aims to develop and test ionospheric scintillation countermeasures to be implemented in multi-frequency, multi-constellation GNSS receivers.

Response functions of Si(Li), SDD and CdTe detectors for mammographic x-ray spectroscopy

In this work, the energy response functions of Si(Li), SDD and CdTe detectors were studied in the mammographic energy range through Monte Carlo simulation. The code was modified to take into account carrier transport effects and the finite detector energy resolution. The results obtained show that all detectors exhibit good energy response at low energies. The most important corrections for each detector were discussed, and the corrected mammographic x-ray spectra obtained with each one were compared. Results showed that all detectors provided similar corrected spectra, and, therefore, they could be used to accurate mammographic x-ray spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the SDD is particularly suitable for clinic mammographic x-ray spectroscopy due to the easier correction procedure and portability. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Improving the Robustness of Distributed Failure Detectors in Adverse Conditions

Failure detection is at the core of most fault tolerance strategies, but it often depends on reliable communication. We present new algorithms for failure detectors which are appropriate as components of a fault tolerance system that can be deployed in situations of adverse network conditions (such as loosely connected and administered computing grids). It packs redundancy into heartbeat messages, thereby improving on the robustness of the traditional protocols. Results from experimental tests conducted in a simulated environment with adverse network conditions show significant improvement over existing solutions.

Exploring nu signals in dark matter detectors

We investigate standard and non-standard solar neutrino signals in direct dark matter detection experiments. It is well known that even without new physics, scattering of solar neutrinos on nuclei or electrons is an irreducible background for direct dark matter searches, once these experiments reach the ton scale. Here, we entertain the possibility that neutrino interactions are enhanced by new physics, such as new light force carriers (for instance a "dark photon") or neutrino magnetic moments. We consider models with only the three standard neutrino flavors, as well as scenarios with extra sterile neutrinos. We find that low-energy neutrino-electron and neutrino-nucleus scattering rates can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude, potentially enough to explain the event excesses observed in CoGeNT and CRESST. We also investigate temporal modulation in these neutrino signals, which can arise from geometric effects, oscillation physics, non-standard neutrino energy loss, and direction-dependent detection efficiencies. We emphasize that, in addition to providing potential explanations for existing signals, models featuring new physics in the neutrino sector can also be very relevant to future dark matter searches, where, on the one hand, they can be probed and constrained, but on the other hand, their signatures could also be confused with dark matter signals.

A comparison of face and facial feature detectors based on the viola-jones general object detection framework

[EN]The human face provides useful information during interaction; therefore, any system integrating Vision- BasedHuman Computer Interaction requires fast and reliable face and facial feature detection. Different approaches have focused on this ability but only open source implementations have been extensively used by researchers. A good example is the Viola–Jones object detection framework that particularly in the context of facial processing has been frequently used.

Viola-Jones based detectors: How much affects the training set?

[EN]This paper presents a study on the facial feature detection performance achieved using the Viola-Jones framework. A set of classi- ers using two di erent focuses to gather the training samples is created and tested on four di erent datasets covering a wide range of possibili- ties. The results achieved should serve researchers to choose the classi er that better ts their demands.

Combining face and facial feature detectors for face detection performance improvement

[EN]In this paper, we experimentally study the combination of face and facial feature detectors to improve face detection performance. The face detection problem, as suggeted by recent face detection challenges, is still not solved. Face detectors traditionally fail in large-scale problems and/or when the face is occluded or di erent head rotations are present. The combination of face and facial feature detectors is evaluated with a public database. The obtained results evidence an improvement in the positive detection rate while reducing the false detection rate. Additionally, we prove that the integration of facial feature detectors provides useful information for pose estimation and face alignment.

4H silicon carbide particle detectors: study of the defects induced by high energy neutron irradiation

During the last decade advances in the field of sensor design and improved base materials have pushed the radiation hardness of the current silicon detector technology to impressive performance. It should allow operation of the tracking systems of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments at nominal luminosity (1034 cm-2s-1) for about 10 years. The current silicon detectors are unable to cope with such an environment. Silicon carbide (SiC), which has recently been recognized as potentially radiation hard, is now studied. In this work it was analyzed the effect of high energy neutron irradiation on 4H-SiC particle detectors. Schottky and junction particle detectors were irradiated with 1 MeV neutrons up to fluence of 1016 cm-2. It is well known that the degradation of the detectors with irradiation, independently of the structure used for their realization, is caused by lattice defects, like creation of point-like defect, dopant deactivation and dead layer formation and that a crucial aspect for the understanding of the defect kinetics at a microscopic level is the correct identification of the crystal defects in terms of their electrical activity. In order to clarify the defect kinetic it were carried out a thermal transient spectroscopy (DLTS and PICTS) analysis of different samples irradiated at increasing fluences. The defect evolution was correlated with the transport properties of the irradiated detector, always comparing with the un-irradiated one. The charge collection efficiency degradation of Schottky detectors induced by neutron irradiation was related to the increasing concentration of defects as function of the neutron fluence.

Astroparticle physics with nuclear track detectors

This thesis is mainly about the search for exotic heavy particles -Intermediate Mass Magnetic Monopoles, Nuclearites and Q-balls with the SLIM experiment at the Chacaltaya High Altitude Laboratory (5230 m, Bolivia), establishing upper limits (90% CL) in the absence of candidates, which are among the best if not the only one for all three kind of particles. A preliminary study of the background induced by cosmic neutron in CR39 at the SLIM site, using Monte Carlo simulations. The measurement of the elemental abundance of the primary cosmic ray with the CAKE experiment on board of a stratospherical balloon; the charge distribution obtained spans in the range 5≤Z≤31. Both experiments were based on the use of plastic Nuclear Track Detectors, which records the passage of ionizing particles; by using some chemical reagents such passage can be make visible at optical microscopes.

Performance evaluation of detectors for digital radiography

To date the hospital radiological workflow is completing a transition from analog to digital technology. Since the X-rays digital detection technologies have become mature, hospitals are trading on the natural devices turnover to replace the conventional screen film devices with digital ones. The transition process is complex and involves not just the equipment replacement but also new arrangements for image transmission, display (and reporting) and storage. This work is focused on 2D digital detector’s characterization with a concern to specific clinical application; the systems features linked to the image quality are analyzed to assess the clinical performances, the conversion efficiency, and the minimum dose necessary to get an acceptable image. The first section overviews the digital detector technologies focusing on the recent and promising technological developments. The second section contains a description of the characterization methods considered in this thesis categorized in physical, psychophysical and clinical; theory, models and procedures are described as well. The third section contains a set of characterizations performed on new equipments that appears to be some of the most advanced technologies available to date. The fourth section deals with some procedures and schemes employed for quality assurance programs.

Characterization of X-ray detectors based on organic semiconducting single crystals

Negli anni recenti, lo sviluppo dell’elettronica organica ha condotto all’impiego di materiali organici alla base di numerosi dispositivi elettronici, quali i diodi ad emissione di luce, i transistor ad effetto di campo, le celle solari e i rivelatori di radiazione. Riguardo quest’ultimi, gli studi riportati in letteratura si riferiscono per la maggiore a dispositivi basati su materiali organici a film sottile, che tuttavia presentano problemi relativi ad instabilità e degradazione. Come verrà illustrato, l’impiego di singoli cristalli organici come materiali alla base di questi dispositivi permette il superamento delle principali limitazioni che caratterizzano i rivelatori basati su film sottili. In questa attività sperimentale, dispositivi basati su cristalli organici semiconduttori verranno caratterizzati in base alle principali figure di merito dei rivelatori. Tra i campioni testati, alcuni dispositivi basati su singoli cristalli di 6,13-bis (triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene (TIPS-Pentacene) e 5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene (Rubrene) hanno mostrato interessanti proprietà e sono stati quindi maggiormente studiati.

Novel materials for direct X-ray detectors based on semiconducting organic polymers

Conventional inorganic materials for x-ray radiation sensors suffer from several drawbacks, including their inability to cover large curved areas, me- chanical sti ffness, lack of tissue-equivalence and toxicity. Semiconducting organic polymers represent an alternative and have been employed as di- rect photoconversion material in organic diodes. In contrast to inorganic detector materials, polymers allow low-cost and large area fabrication by sol- vent based methods. In addition their processing is compliant with fexible low-temperature substrates. Flexible and large-area detectors are needed for dosimetry in medical radiotherapy and security applications. The objective of my thesis is to achieve optimized organic polymer diodes for fexible, di- rect x-ray detectors. To this end polymer diodes based on two different semi- conducting polymers, polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) and poly(9,9-dioctyluorene) (PFO) have been fabricated. The diodes show state-of-the-art rectifying be- haviour and hole transport mobilities comparable to reference materials. In order to improve the X-ray stopping power, high-Z nanoparticle Bi2O3 or WO3 where added to realize a polymer-nanoparticle composite with opti- mized properities. X-ray detector characterization resulted in sensitivties of up to 14 uC/Gy/cm2 for PVK when diodes were operated in reverse. Addition of nanoparticles could further improve the performance and a maximum sensitivy of 19 uC/Gy/cm2 was obtained for the PFO diodes. Compared to the pure PFO diode this corresponds to a five-fold increase and thus highlights the potentiality of nanoparticles for polymer detector design. In- terestingly the pure polymer diodes showed an order of magnitude increase in sensitivity when operated in forward regime. The increase was attributed to a different detection mechanism based on the modulation of the diodes conductivity.