Relative influence of gaze and static arm position in the Superior Parietal Lobule of the macaque monkey during reaching

The superior parietal lobule (SPL) of macaques is classically described as an associative cortex implicated in visuospatial perception, planning and control of reaching and grasping movements (De Vitis et al., 2019; Galletti et al., 2003, 2018, 2022; Fattori et al., 2017; Hadjidimitrakis et al., 2015). These processes are the result of the integration of signals related to different sensory modalities. During a goal-directed action, eye and limb information are combined to ensure that the hand is transported at the gazed target location and the arm is maintained steady in the final position. The SPL areas V6A, PEc and PE contain cells sensitive to the direction of gaze and limb position but less is known about the degree of independent encoding of these signals. In this thesis, we evaluated the influence of eye and arm position information upon single neuron activity of areas V6A, PEc and PE during the holding period after the execution of arm reaching movement, when the gaze and hand are both still at the reach target. Two male macaques (Macaca fascicularis) performed a reaching task while single unit activity was recorded from areas V6A, PEc and PE. We found that neurons in all these areas were modulated by eye and static arm positions with a joint encoding of gaze and somatosensory signals in V6A and PEc and a mostly separate processing of the two signals in PE. The elaboration of this information reflects the functional gradient found in the SPL with the caudal sector characterized by visuo-somatic properties in comparison to the rostral sector dominated by somatosensory signals. This evidence well agree also with the recent reallocation of areas V6A and PEc in Brodmann’s area 7 depending on their similar structural and functional features with respect to PE belonging to Brodmann’s area 5 (Gamberini et al., 2020).

Systematic review of Philippine macaques (Primates, Cercopithecidae: Macaca fascicularis subspp.) / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.64(1991)

Taxonomy and evolution of the sinica group of macaques. 4. Species account of Macaca thibetana / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.17(1983)

Taxonomy and evolution of the Sinica group of macaques. 3, species and subspecies accounts of Macaca assamensis / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.10(1982)

Taxonomy and evolution of the Sinica group of macaques. 2, Species and subspecies accounts of the Indian bonnet macaque, Macaca radiata / Jack Fooden.

n.s. no.9(1981)

Chimeric human papilloma virus-simian/human immunodeficiency virus virus-like-particle vaccines: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in macaques

Vaccines to efficiently block or limit sexual transmission of both HIV and human papilloma virus (HPV) are urgently needed. Chimeric virus-like-particle (VLP) vaccines consisting of both multimerized HPV L1 proteins and fragments of SIV gag p27, HIV-1 tat, and HIV-1 rev proteins (HPV-SHIV VLPs) were constructed and administered to macaques both systemically and mucosally. An additional group of macaques first received a priming vaccination with DNA vaccines expressing the same SIV and HIV-1 antigens prior to chimeric HPV-SHIV VLP boosting vaccinations. Although HPV L1 antibodies were induced in all immunized macaques, weak antibody or T cell responses to the chimeric SHIV antigens were detected only in animals receiving the DNA prime/HPV-SHIV VLP boost vaccine regimen. Significant but partial protection from a virulent mucosal SHIV challenge was also detected only in the prime/boosted macaques and not in animals receiving the HPV-SHIV VLP vaccines alone, with three of five prime/boosted animals retaining some CD4+ T cells following challenge. Thus, although some immunogenicity and partial protection was observed in non-human primates receiving both DNA and chimeric HPV-SHIV VLP vaccines, significant improvements in vaccine design are required before we can confidently proceed with this approach to clinical trials. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

Systematic review of the Taiwanese macaque, Macaca cyclopis, Swinhoe, 1863 / Jack Fooden, Hai-Yin Wu.

n.s. no.98(2001)

Toxoplasmose em primatas não humanos: II - Tentativas de infecções experimentais em Macacca mulatta, Cebus apella e Callithrix jacchus; e pesquisa de anticorpos em várias espécies de platyrrhinus

Após uma revisão da toxoplasmose experimental em primatas não humanos, são relatadas as tentativas, sem êxito, para provocar toxoplasmose aguda e fatal em dois rhesus (Macacca mulatta), um infante e outro jovem, por inoculação e reinoculação de uma amostra humana, usando diferentes vias e doses maciças e ainda com a ministração de decametasona. Do mesmo modo, não teve sucesso a tentativa para induzir a doença fatal em um Cebus apella adulto, pela via peritoneal. Porém a toxoplasmose-infecção nesses 3 animais, foi comprovada pela elevação da temperatura (39 a 41ºC), pela positividade da reação de Sabin-Feldman (1:64 - 1:256) e pelo isolamento de toxoplasmas em camundongos inoculados com material do Cebus. Por outro lado, em um Callithrix jacchus pela inoculação peritoneal, foi provocada doença grave e fatal com focos necróticos e abundãncia de toxoplasmas no baço e fígado, e isolamento dos parasitas em camundongo. De 54 símios do Nõvo Mundo, submetidos a RSF, todos foram negativos, com exceção de um Saimiri que se mostrou positivo a 1:16 (18%). Uma análise do problema Toxoplasmose-Primatas não humanos, com o apoio na revisão da literatura e nas nossas próprias observações (ver também o trabalho anterior) permite as seguintes conclusões: em seu habitat natural os primatas não humanos não são expostos ao Toxoplasma. Isso deve estar relacionado aos hábitos arborícolas e à sua alimentação vegetariana e insetívora; b) os casos descritos de toxoplasmose natural nos símios se referem a animais de cativeiro; e, mesmo nestas condições, é excepcional a infecção espontânea dos catarrinos; c) os catarrinos apresentam, além disso uma grande resistência à indução da toxoplasmose experimental, a qual não é devida à presença de anticorpos circulantes. Essa resistência parece não ser rompida pela administração de corticosteróides; embora às vêzes o seja pela inoculação de doses maciças de toxoplasmas, e geralmente nos animais jovens; d) essa resistência é menor nos platirrinos e parece não existir nos platirrinos inferiores e nos Prosimii.

β-Chemokines and neutralizing antibody titers correlate with sterilizing immunity generated in HIV-1 vaccinated macaques

One of the obstacles to AIDS vaccine development is the variability of HIV-1 within individuals and within infected populations, enabling viral escape from highly specific vaccine induced immune responses. An understanding of the different immune mechanisms capable of inhibiting HIV infection may be of benefit in the eventual design of vaccines effective against HIV-1 variants. To study this we first compared the immune responses induced in Rhesus monkeys by using two different immunization strategies based on the same vaccine strain of HIV-1. We then utilized a chimeric simian/HIV that expressed the envelope of a dual tropic HIV-1 escape variant isolated from a later time point from the same patient from which the vaccine strain was isolated. Upon challenge, one vaccine group was completely protected from infection, whereas all of the other vaccinees and controls became infected. Protected macaques developed highest titers of heterologous neutralizing antibodies, and consistently elevated HIV-1-specific T helper responses. Furthermore, only protected animals had markedly increased concentrations of RANTES, macrophage inflammatory proteins 1α and 1β produced by circulating CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that vaccine strategies that induce multiple effector mechanisms in concert with β-chemokines may be desired in the generation of protective immune responses by HIV-1 vaccines.

Contournement de l'ordre de dominance en réponse à la compétition alimentaire chez le macaque crabier (Macaca fascicularis)

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Contournement de l'ordre de dominance en réponse à la compétition alimentaire chez le macaque crabier (Macaca fascicularis)

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Interaction of RTD-1, a cyclic antimicrobial defensin from Rhesus macaque leukocytes, and its open chain analogue with membrane mimics

In contrast to other mammalian defensins, rhesus theta defensin-1 (RTD-1) is composed of just 18 amino acids with the backbone cyclized through peptide bonds. Antibacterial activities of both the native cyclic peptide and a linear form were examined, showing that the cyclic form was 3-fold more active than the open chain analogue, oRTD-1, although both peptides adopt very similar structures in water. It was suggested that the additional charges at the termini of oRTD-1 are the cause for its lower antimicrobial activity. Therefore, we studied the interaction of both peptides with membrane mimics composed of zwitterionic (PC) and negatively charged (PG) phospholipids, major lipid components of erythrocyte and bacterial cell membranes, respectively. Microcalorimetry showed that RTD-1 and oRTD-1 did not affect the phase behavior of PC liposomes, while in PG liposomes both peptides induced new phase transitions above the chain melting transition of the lipid. The shape and fraction differed between both peptides, depending also on their concentration, which will be discussed in terms of their antimicrobial activity.

The dorsomedial visual areas in New World and Old World monkeys: homology and function

The extrastriate cortex near the dorsal midline has been described as part of an 'express' pathway that provides visual input to the premotor cortex. This pathway is considered important for the integration of sensory information about the visual field periphery and the skeletomotor system, especially in relation to the control of arm movements. However, a better understanding of the functional contributions of different parts of this complex has been hampered by the lack of data on the extent and boundaries of its constituent visual areas. Recent studies in macaques have provided the first detailed view of the topographical organization of this region in Old World monkeys. Despite differences in nomenclature, a comparison of the visuotopic organization, myeloarchitecture and connections of the relevant visual areas with those previously studied in New World monkeys reveals a remarkable degree of similarity and helps to clarify the subdivision of function between different areas of the dorsomedial complex. A caudal visual area, named DM or V6, appears to be important for the detection of coherent patterns of movement across wide regions of the visual field, such as those induced during self-motion. A rostral area, named M or V6A, is more directly involved with visuomotor integration. This area receives projections both from DM/V6 and from a separate motion analysis channel, centred on the middle temporal visual area (or V5), which detects the movement of objects in extrapersonal space. These results support the suggestion, made earlier on the basis of more fragmentary evidence, that the areas rostral to the second visual area in dorsal cortex are homologous in all simian primates. Moreover, they emphasize the importance of determining the anatomical organization of the cortex as a prerequisite for elucidating the function of different cortical areas.

Nutritional status in relation to the efficacy of the rhesus-human reassortant, tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) in infants from Belém, Pará State, Brazil

The rhesus-human reassortant, tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) was licensed for routine use in the United States of America but it was recently withdrawn from the market because of its possible association with intussusception as an adverse event. The protective efficacy of 3 doses of RRV-TV, in its lower-titer (4 x 10(4) pfu/dose) formulation, was evaluated according to the nutritional status of infants who participated in a phase III trial in Belém, Northern Brazil. A moderate protection conferred by RRV-TV was related to weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) greater than -1 only, with rates of 38% (p = 0.04) and 40% (p = 0.04) for all- and- pure rotavirus diarrhoeal cases, respectively. In addition, there was a trend for greater efficacy (43%, p = 0.05) among infants reaching an height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) of > -1. Taking WAZ, HAZ and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) indices <= -1 together, there was no significant protection (p > 0.05) if both placebo and vaccine groups are compared. There was no significant difference if rates of mixed and pure rotavirus diarrhoeal cases are compared in relation to HAZ, WAZ and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) indices. Although a low number of malnourished infants could be identified in the present study, our data show some evidence that malnutrition may interfere with the efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries.

Behaviour of a Peru strain of Trypanosoma cruzi in Rhesus monkeys

The course of infection with a Peru strain of T. cruzi was studied in 3 rhesus monkeys. An unsuccessful attempt to vaccinate one monkey is described. The IaM leves rise during the course of infection in ali 3 animais. A lumnhocytosis and mild anaemia was noted in these acute infections. Orbital oedema occurred in all 3 animais following subcutaneous inoculation of the infection dose into the eyelid.