Covalent functionalization of chemically converted graphene sheets via silane and its reinforcement

Polydisperse, functionalized, chemically converted graphene (f-CCG) nanosheets, which can be homogeneously distributed into water, ethanol, DMF, DMSO and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), were obtained via facile covalent functionalization with APTS. The resulting f-CCG nanosheets were characterized by FTIR, XPS, TGA, EDX, AFM, SEM, and TEM. Furthermore, the f-CCG nanosheets as reinforcing components were extended into silica monoliths. Compressive tests revealed that the compressive failure strength and the toughness of f-CCG-reinforced APTS monoliths at 0.1 wt% functionalized, chemically converted graphene sheets compared with the neat APTS monolith were greatly improved by 19.9% and 92%, respectively.

Reinforcement of silica with single-walled carbon nanotubes through covalent functionalization

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as reinforcing components were extended into silica monoliths and thin films via covalent functionalization for the first time. Silica materials have poor mechanical attributes, which limit their applications. Because of the extreme flexibility of SWCNTs and their large interfacial area, they may be very intriguing as reinforcing fillers for the silica matrix. To get more uniform dispersion and stronger interfacial interaction, SWCNTs were covalently functionalized with silane, and then integrated into silica via a sol - gel process, and their properties were also compared with those of pristine SWCNTs. Results show that the silane-functionalized nanotubes resulted in better mechanical properties ( for example, 33% increase in stress, and 53% increase in toughness), as well as higher electron-transfer kinetics.

Effects of reinforcement filler and temperature on the stability of beta-crystal in glass bead filled polypropylene

The effects of crystallization temperature (T,), glass bead content and its size on the, formation of beta-crystal and structural stability of originally formed beta-crystal in glass bead filled polypropylene (PP) were examined. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicated that the amount of beta-phase in PP crystals was a function of the crystallization temperature and glass bead content. For a constant crystallization temperature, it was observed that the amount of beta-crystal initially increased with increase in glass bead content up to 30 wt.%, and then decreased slightly with further increase in the filler content. From the DSC data, a disorder parameter (S) was derived to define the structural stability of originally formed beta-crystals. The structural stability of originally formed beta-crystals was enhanced with increase in either the crystallization temperature or the glass bead content. Also, the influence of glass bead size (4-66 mu m) on the formation and stability of beta-crystals in PP/glass bead blends was studied. Large glass bead particles suppressed the formation and decreased the stability of beta-crystals.

Reactive reinforcement of the interface of poly(ether sulfone)/poly(phenylene sulfide) polymer blend by PMR-POI

The effect of polymerization of monomer reactant-polyimide (POI) as the interfacial agent on the interface characteristics, morphology features, and crystallization of poly(ether sulfone)/poly(phenylene sulfide) (PES/PPS) blends were investigated using a scanning electron microscope, FTIR, WAXD, and XPS surface analysis. It was found that the interfacial adhesion was enhanced, the particle size of the dispersed phase was reduced, and the miscibility between PES and PPS was improved by the addition of POI. It was also found that POI was an effective nucleation agent of the crystallization for PPS.

Reactive reinforcement of the interface of high performance polymer blends by PMR-POI

The effect of PMR-polyimide(POI) as the interfacial agent on the interface characteristics, morphology features and crystallization of poly (ether sulfone) /poly (phenylene sulfide) (PES/PPS) and poly(ether ether ketone)/poly (ether sulfone) (PEEK/PES) partly miscible blends were investigated by means of the scanning electron microscopy, WAXD and XPS surface analysis. It is found that the interfacial adhesion was enhanced remarkably, the size of the dispersed phase particles was reduced significantly and the miscibility was improved by the addition of POI. During melt blending cross-link and/or grafting reaction of POI with PES, PEEK and PPS homopolymers was detected, however the reaction activity of POI with PPS was much higher than that of PES and PEEK. It was also found that POI was an effective nucleation agent of the crystallization of PPS.

Mobilized ad-hoc networks: A reinforcement learning approach

Research in mobile ad-hoc networks has focused on situations in which nodes have no control over their movements. We investigate an important but overlooked domain in which nodes do have control over their movements. Reinforcement learning methods can be used to control both packet routing decisions and node mobility, dramatically improving the connectivity of the network. We first motivate the problem by presenting theoretical bounds for the connectivity improvement of partially mobile networks and then present superior empirical results under a variety of different scenarios in which the mobile nodes in our ad-hoc network are embedded with adaptive routing policies and learned movement policies.

Adaptation of Dopamine Neurons' Mismatch Sensitivity Is not Compatible With Reinforcement Learning Theory

Recent electrophysical data inspired the claim that dopaminergic neurons adapt their mismatch sensitivities to reflect variances of expected rewards. This contradicts reward prediction error theory and most basal ganglia models. Application of learning principles points to a testable alternative interpretation-of the same data-that is compatible with existing theory.

A Neural Network of Adaptively Timed Reinforcement Learning and Hippocampal Dynamics

A neural model is described of how adaptively timed reinforcement learning occurs. The adaptive timing circuit is suggested to exist in the hippocampus, and to involve convergence of dentate granule cells on CA3 pyramidal cells, and NMDA receptors. This circuit forms part of a model neural system for the coordinated control of recognition learning, reinforcement learning, and motor learning, whose properties clarify how an animal can learn to acquire a delayed reward. Behavioral and neural data are summarized in support of each processing stage of the system. The relevant anatomical sites are in thalamus, neocortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and cerebellum. Cerebellar influences on motor learning are distinguished from hippocampal influences on adaptive timing of reinforcement learning. The model simulates how damage to the hippocampal formation disrupts adaptive timing, eliminates attentional blocking, and causes symptoms of medial temporal amnesia. It suggests how normal acquisition of subcortical emotional conditioning can occur after cortical ablation, even though extinction of emotional conditioning is retarded by cortical ablation. The model simulates how increasing the duration of an unconditioned stimulus increases the amplitude of emotional conditioning, but does not change adaptive timing; and how an increase in the intensity of a conditioned stimulus "speeds up the clock", but an increase in the intensity of an unconditioned stimulus does not. Computer simulations of the model fit parametric conditioning data, including a Weber law property and an inverted U property. Both primary and secondary adaptively timed conditioning are simulated, as are data concerning conditioning using multiple interstimulus intervals (ISIs), gradually or abruptly changing ISis, partial reinforcement, and multiple stimuli that lead to time-averaging of responses. Neurobiologically testable predictions are made to facilitate further tests of the model.

Effect of Addiction Modeling Reinforcement Schedules on Delay Discounting

Elevated delay discounting, in which delayed rewards quickly lose value as a function of time, is associated with substance use and abuse. Currently, the direction of causation is unclear: while some research indicates that elevated delay discounting leads to future substance use, it is also possible that chronic substance use and specifically the rate of reinforcement associated with drug use, leads to elevated delay discounting. This project aims to examine the latter possibility. 47 participants completed ten 30-minute daily sessions of a visual attention task, and were reinforced at a rate intended to model drug use (fixed ratio 1) or drug abstinence (fixed ratio 10). Baseline and post-training rates of delay discounting were assessed for hypothetical $50 and $1000. Area under the curve of the indifference points as a function of delay was calculated. A greater area under the curve suggests more self-control, whereas a lower value represents more impulsiveness. Results at the monetary value of both $50 and $1000 showed increased impulsivity in relation to the control for both the FR1 and FR10 groups indicating that the two schedules may both model drug use.

Reinforcement corrosion initiation and activation times in concrete structures exposed to severe marine environments

The corrosion of steel reinforcement bars in reinforced concrete structures exposed to severe marine environments usually is attributed to the aggressive nature of chloride ions. In some cases in practice corrosion has been observed to commence already within a few years of exposure even with considerable concrete cover to the reinforcement and apparently high quality concretes. However, there are a number of other cases in practice for which corrosion initiation took much longer, even in cases with quite modest concrete cover and modest concrete quality. Many of these structures show satisfactory long-term structural performance, despite having high levels of localized chloride concentrations at the reinforcement. This disparity was noted already more than 50 years ago, but appears still not fully explained. This paper presents a systematic overview of cases reported in the engineering and corrosion literature and considers possible reasons for these differences. Consistent with observations by others, the data show that concretes made from blast furnace cements have better corrosion durability properties. The data also strongly suggest that concretes made with limestone or non-reactive dolomite aggregates or sufficiently high levels of other forms of calcium carbonates have favourable reinforcement corrosion properties. Both corrosion initiation and the onset of significant damage are delayed. Some possible reasons for this are explored briefly.

Prediction of reinforcement corrosion in concrete and its effects on concrete cracking and strength reduction

Based on extensive research on reinforcing steel corrosion in concrete in the past decades, it is now possible to estimate the effect of the progression of reinforcement corrosion in concrete infrastructure on its structural performance. There are still areas of considerable uncertainty in the models and in the data available, however This paper uses a recently developed model for reinforcement corrosion in concrete to improve the estimation process and to indicate the practical implications. In particular stochastic models are used to estimate the time likely to elapse for each phase of the whole corrosion process: initiation, corrosion-induced concrete cracking, and structural strength reduction. It was found that, for practical flexural structures subject to chloride attacks, corrosion initiation may start quite early in their service life. It was also found that, once the structure is considered to be unserviceable due to corrosion-induced cracking, there is considerable remaining service life before the structure can be considered to have become unsafe. The procedure proposed in the paper has the potential to serve as a rational tool for practitioners, operators, and asset managers to make decisions about the optimal timing of repairs, strengthening, and/or rehabilitation of corrosion-affected concrete infrastructure. Timely intervention has the potential to prolong the service life of infrastructure.