Hankintalain mukaisen tarjouspyynnön laatiminen ja sen merkitys kunnallisissa rakennusurakkahankinnoissa

Suomalaiset kunnat ovat julkisissa hankinnoissaan suurien haasteiden edessä heikentyvän taloustilanteen, muuttoliikkeen ja osaamisen puutteen takia. Rakennusinvestoinnit muodostavat valtaosan kunnallisista investoinneista. Epäonnistuessaan rakennusurakan hankintamenettely voi aiheuttaa kunnalle merkittäviä viivästyksiä sekä tappioita, joten menettelyn onnistuminen on kunnalle erittäin tärkeää. Hankintaprosessin sujuvuus riippuu tarjouspyyntöasiakirjojen oikeaoppisesta laatimisesta ja niiden sisällön soveltamisesta. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on löytää yleisimmät hankintamenettelyyn liittyvät virheet sekä määritellä hankintayksikölle toimintatavat, joita noudattamalla hankintayksikkö voi virheet välttää. Tutkimusmenetelmä on lainopillinen ja tutkimus perustuu oikeuskäytäntöön, pääasiassa markkinaoikeustapauksiin nojaavaan empiiriseen analyysiin. Tutkielman perusteella hankintayksiköiden osaamista tarjouspyyntöasiakirjojen laadinnassa ja sisällön soveltamisessa on kehitettävä seuraavasti: Tarjoajien ja tarjousten vertailuvaiheet on eroteltava selkeästi toisistaan. Tarjoajiin kohdistuvia vaatimuksia sekä kokonaistaloudellisen edullisuuden laadullisia vertailuperusteita on yksityiskohtaistettava. Kullekin menettelyvaiheelle on varattava riittävästi aikaa ja hankintamenettely on valmisteltava niin, että täsmennys- ja täydennyspyynnöiltä voidaan välttyä. Julkisen talouden elvyttämiseksi suunniteltuun rakennusurakkahankintojen keskittymiseen on reagoitava jakamalla urakka mahdollisuuksien mukaan pienempiin osiin urakoitsijamarkkinoiden monipuolisuuden ylläpitämiseksi.

The historical game-changes in the philosophy of devotion and caste as used and misused by the Bhagavad-gita

This thesis considers that the purport of the Bhagavadgita is to prioritize the philosophy of loving devotion to God (bhakti), not the propagation of color-coded-caste (varna system). The distinction between bhakti and caste becomes clear when one sees their effect on human life and on the society. Jnana and karma, two of the other polarities with which the Gita contends, finally support bhakti towards betterment, not deterioration, if done selflessly and with balance. Caste, however, is a totally different tension, which is always detrimental to the well-being of the person and the society. In the Gita, the devotees' mystical or emotional love of, God apprehends their ~ oneness with the Supreme God and with all beings, and transcends the pitiless segregation of the caste system, and opens the path of salvation to all irrespective of race, color, caste, class or gender in life. In spite of much opposition from orthodoxy, the bhakti movement spread allover India, and bhakti itself rose to the level of orthodoxy and has become the faith of millions of people especially of the south, and surprisingly, of even of those of the so called highest caste. And yet, caste still remains as an indelible mark of every Hindu, even after they change their religion. Although caste is less venomous now, it is still openly present in all walks of Indian life and shows up its ugly head at important moments such as marriage, elections for public office, admission to school or employment. True, bhakti is the antidote for. caste; but only real bhakti can remove caste completely, not mere lip-service to it. This thesis claims that bhakti is the deliberate major thrust of the teaching of the Gita while caste seems to be a contradiction of this thrust.

Copy of a report of a Committee of the Honorable and Executive Council dated May 6, 1859 approved by His Excellency the Governor General in Council

Copy of a report of a Committee of the Honorable and Executive Council dated May 6, 1859 approved by His Excellency the Governor General in Council. This is in regard to charges made by Joshua Manly of Port Colborne against Mr. Woodruff, the superintendent and other persons connected with the Welland Canal. The accusations have been substantiated by the committee. This is accompanied by a petition accusing Mr. Woodruff of gross corruption and jobbery [the practice of using a public office or position of trust for one's own advantage]. This was signed by a number of petitioners on July 2, 1858 (2 pages, handwritten), 1859.

Bribery: An Exploration of Uganda Perspectives

Cet article examine le concept de pot de vin dans un contexte multiculturel. Le terme pot de vin n’existe pas toujours dans certains contextes africains. L’Ouganda, et plus spécifiquement Ankole, est pris comme exemple. Afin de donner sens au terme, une définition contextuelle et une différenciation doivent être proposées. De manière similaire, les termes d’éthique et de politique économique ont besoin d’un traitement contextuel. Par exemple, les codes éthiques peuvent-ils être universalisables ?la discussion suggère un déplacement de la nature et de l’impact de l’éthique et de l’économie vers les contextes dans lesquels ils opèrent.

La Loi fédérale sur l'imputabilité: Conflits d'intérêts et éthique, quelques enjeux contemporains

Après avoir tenté, à plusieurs reprises, d’adopter une loi sur les conflits d’intérêts, le Parlement réussissait finalement à le faire. Le 12 décembre dernier, la Loi fédérale sur la responsabilité recevait la sanction royale. Cette loi volumineuse contient entre autres la Loi sur les conflits d’intérêts qui réglemente les situations de conflits d’intérêts pouvant survenir pendant et après le mandat d’un titulaire de charge publique. Dans ce texte, l’auteure décrit, dans ses grandes lignes, le contenu de la Loi sur les conflits d’intérêts et critique la portée et les limites du concept de «conflit d’intérêts» qui a été retenu par le législateur. Elle s’interroge également sur l’évolution du droit sur les conflits d’intérêts au rythme des changements de la gouvernance publique.

La eficiencia administrativa frente a los derechos laborales adquiridos, en la escisión del instituto de seguros sociales

Antes de la expedición de la Ley 100 de 1993, el ISS prestaba los servicios de salud a los asalariados del sector privado en un monopolio que no le exigía ningún esfuerzo. El déficit acumulado por la falta de los aportes de la nación previstos en la Ley 90 de 1946 y los cambios en su naturaleza jurídica no le permitieron asumir el reto de la libre competencia de los actores dentro del sistema, por lo que su gestión fue cuestionada por los organismos de control y por varios fallos judiciales adversos que profundizaron su crisis financiera, sumado a los altos costos laborales por los beneficios de la convención colectiva de trabajo, cuyos mayores beneficiarios eran los servidores de las clínicas y CAA, llevando a la formulación del Documento Conpes 3219 del 31 de 2003 denominado “PLAN DE MODERNIZACIÓN DEL INSTITUTO DE SEGUROS SOCIALES - SALUD”, cuyo resultado fue la expedición del Decreto 1750 de junio 26 de 2003, que ordenó la escisión de la vicepresidencia prestadora de servicios de salud, clínicas y centros de atención ambulatoria (CAA) y la creación de siete empresas sociales del Estado. La escisión produjo cambios significativos en materia laboral para los servidores que hasta esa fecha laboraban en calidad de trabajadores oficiales del Instituto ya que fueron incorporados automáticamente a las plantas de personal de las nuevas empresas en calidad de empleados públicos, con excepción de los que desempeñaban cargos directivos o funciones de mantenimiento de la planta física hospitalaria y servicios generales, considerados trabajadores oficiales; cuyo régimen salarial y prestacional es el estipulado para los empleados públicos de la rama ejecutiva del orden nacional (artículos 16 y 18), lo que condujo al aparente desconocimiento de los derechos adquiridos por estos servidores en materia de negociación colectiva. El Decreto 1750 de 2003 fue demandado por vulnerar el ordenamiento superior y, en sentencias de control de constitucionalidad y desde la teoría de los derechos adquiridos, la Corte Constitucional estimó que el artículo 18 era restrictivo por hacer referencia solo a los derechos adquiridos en materia prestacional sin contemplar los relativos a materia salarial y los contenidos en convenciones colectivas de trabajo. Al existir entre el Instituto de Seguros Sociales y sus trabajadores una convención colectiva de trabajo vigente, de conformidad con las Sentencias C-314 de 2004 y C 349 de 2004, la Corte Constitucional indicó que dicha convención debía aplicarse a los servidores de las nuevas entidades por el tiempo de su vigencia.

“La construcción de la opinión pública digital en Colombia: Twitter y Juan Manuel Santos: un estudio de caso”

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo explicar el papel de las redes sociales en el proceso de conformación de la opinión pública en Colombia en el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Lo que se quiere comprobar es que las redes sociales han ejercido un papel de herramienta configuradora de agendas en el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Las antiguas formas de comunicación como las tertulias en los cafés y las discusiones cara a cara se han reemplazado por las conversaciones “online”, modificando así los procesos comunicativos entre los individuos y la forma de producir opinión pública. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación es pertinente desarrollar los conceptos de opinión pública, esfera pública y redes sociales; además de hacer uso de un método de recolección y análisis de información cualitativo con herramientas cuantitativas como las encuestas, estadísticas y gráficas.

Aplicações do marketing na cultura: estratégias de captação e fidelização de públicos: o caso do cinema-Teatro Joaquim d'Almeida (Montijo)

RESUMO: O presente trabalho salienta a importância da aplicação do Marketing às instituições culturais, nomeadamente como veículo de captação e fidelização de públicos. Nesse sentido, foi estudado o Cinema-Teatro Joaquim d’Almeida, no Montijo, tendo sido realizada uma análise mais geral da programação, comunicação e públicos desde a sua reabertura em 2005 como equipamento cultural municipal e uma análise mais aprofundada da última temporada do mesmo, correspondente ao ano de 2009-2010. Pretende-se assim com este trabalho salientar a importância da aplicação do marketing à cultura através da investigação do objecto de estudo supracitado e consequente análise e sugestão de estratégias para melhoria da relação entre a referida instituição e os seus públicos. O marketing revela-se assim essencial para a construção desse relacionamento, satisfazendo cada vez mais os consumidores e simultaneamente beneficiando a instituição. ABSTRACT: This thesis intends to point out the importance of the use of marketing in cultural institutions, particularly as a medium of audiences’ attraction and loyalty building. In that sense, we studied Cinema-Teatro Joaquim d’Almeida, in Montijo. We proceeded at a general analysis of the programming, communication and audiences since it opened to public as a municipal cultural infrastructure. We proceeded at a more detailed analysis of the last season, in the year 2009-2010. Then it was elaborated a theoretical investigation about Portugal’s cultural environment and the general applications of marketing at culture and services. Later we continued the analysis of the case study, regarding the documentation supplied by this cultural institution. It was also developed a marketing research about the audiences of the Theater in order to understand their general opinion about its offers and services. With this procedure, we intended to suggest a set of marketing strategies to improve the relationship between the institution and its audiences, in order to delight even more the consumers and simultaneously to benefit the institution.

Achieving carbon reduction from listed buildings in the UK: A case study on The Royal Academy of Engineering, London

A carbon reduction strategy for a historic Grade 1 listed office building in London is presented. The study evaluates the impact of49 different carbon abatement options, quantified using building simulation software, auditing procedures and qualitative methods. The impact of each option is assessed against three criteria: carbon abatement potential, practicality and cost. The strategy comprises of18interventions,integrated within 12 key recommendations. Accumulative reduction of 37% (below a 2009 carbon emissions baseline)appears achievable and only feasible with heavy reliance on changes in occupant behaviour. This theme appears central in achieving realistic and significant carbon savings from listed buildings, where planning constraints relinquish potential for major building fabric alteration and renewable energy installations.

Providing persuasive feedback through interactive posters to motivate energy-saving behaviours

The behaviour of building occupants can have a significant impact on in-use energy performance. In these pilot studies, based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model, interactivity was incorporated in the design of behavioural interventions to assess its effectiveness in promoting energy-saving behaviours. An interactive poster and an interactive prompt were designed to ‘nudge’ occupants’ behaviours towards energy-saving. The poster was installed in an office building and was intended to encourage occupants to save energy by taking the stairs, rather than the lifts, by providing them with cumulative metaphorical feedback. The prompt was installed in student halls of residence and intended to act as a reminder to the occupants to turn the lights off by providing them with an immediate playful reward. The results showed that interactivity can ‘nudge’ occupants’ behaviours when it is combined with a clear message/feedback. The results also suggest that simple immediate feedback can be effective in encouraging energy-efficient behaviours.

The sexual constitution of political authority: the 'trials' of same sex desire

The Sexual Constitution of Political Authority argues that there are good reasons to suppose that our understandings of state power quiver with erotic undercurrents. Through a series of case studies where a statesman's same sex desire was put on trial (either literally or metaphorically) as a problem for the good exercise of public powers, the book shows the resilience and adaptability of cultural beliefs in the incompatibility between public office and male same-sex desire.

Determinants of satisfaction amongst tenants of UK Offices

Purpose – Corporate Occupiers require offices and services which meet their business needs, whilst landlords must attract and retain occupiers in order to maximise occupancy and rental income. The purpose of this research is to help landlords and corporate occupiers understand each other better, in order to achieve a mutually beneficial relationship. Design/methodology/approach - This paper analyses interviews with 1334 office tenants in the UK, conducted over an 11-year period, to investigate determinants of occupier satisfaction, loyalty and advocacy. Structural equation modelling and regressions are performed using respondents’ ratings of satisfaction with many aspects of occupancy as explanatory variables. The dependent variables include satisfaction with property management, value for money, overall occupier satisfaction, lease renewal intentions and occupiers’ willingness to recommend their landlord. Findings - The aspects with most impact on occupiers’ satisfaction are the office building itself, its location and amenities, and also communication with their property manager, a belief that their business needs are understood and the property manager’s responsiveness to occupiers’ requests. Occupiers’ loyalty depends mainly upon feeling that their rent and service charges provide value for money, an amicable leasing process, the professionalism of their property manager and the Corporate Social Responsibility of the Landlord. ‘Empathy’ is crucial to occupiers’ willingness to recommend their landlord, and clear documentation and efficient legal process improve occupiers’ perception of receiving ‘Value for Money’. Research Limitations - The sample is skewed towards occupiers of prime office buildings in the UK, owned by landlords who care sufficiently about their tenants to commission studies into occupier satisfaction. Practical implications - This research should help to improve the landlord – tenant relationship, benefitting the businesses that rent property and helping building managers understand where to focus their efforts to achieve maximum effect on occupier satisfaction, loyalty and advocacy. Originality/value - There has been little academic research into the determinants of satisfaction of occupiers of UK commercial property. This large-scale study enables the most influential factors to be identified and prioritised.

Study on the application of cool paintings for the passive cooling of existing buildings in Mediterranean climates

Building roofs play a very important role in the energy balance of buildings, especially in summer, when they are hit by a rather high solar irradiance. Depending on the type of finishing layer, roofs can absorb a great amount of heat and reach quite high temperatures on their outermost surface, which determines significant room overheating. However, the use of highly reflective cool materials can help to maintain low outer surface temperatures; this practice may improve indoor thermal comfort and reduce the cooling energy need during the hot season.This technology is currently well known and widely used in the USA, while receiving increasing attention in Europe. In order to investigate the effectiveness of cool roofs as a passive strategy for passive cooling in moderately hot climates, this paper presents the numerical results of a case study based on the dynamic thermal analysis of an existing office building in Catania (southern Italy, Mediterranean area). The results show how the application of a cool paint on the roof can enhance the thermal comfort of the occupants by reducing the operative temperatures of the rooms and to reduce the overall energy needs of the building for space heating and cooling.

Cool roofs for passive cooling: performance in different climates and for different insulation levels in Italy

Roofs are severely hit by solar radiation in summer; hence the use of cool materials on the finishing layer provides a significant reduction in the heat flow entering the building, with sensible attenuation in the building cooling load. In this paper, a case study is presented, based on the dynamic simulation of an existing office building in Catania (southern Italy). Here, a part of the roof has been recently treated with a commercial cool paint, with the aim of improving thermal comfort in summer. Hence, the simulations represent a preliminary study that will allow assessing the expected effectiveness of the intervention. More in detail, the results of the simulations will be discussed in terms of both thermal comfort and energy savings, through the evaluation of parameters such as the roof surface temperature, the operative temperature and the cooling load for both conditions, i.e. with and without the cool paint. The paper also discusses the potential increase in the energy needs for winter heating, and looks at the overall annual balance in terms of primary energy; this is made by considering different climatic conditions and envelope characteristics. These aspects are usually not well highlighted in the current scientific literature.

Power Management Controls

In an office building in the US the office equipment uses about 7% of the total electricity use. Eventhough this is a low number, there is still a reason to save more energy, especially since one third of theenergy savings are lost when power management is not enabled.The core in the project ”Power Management Controls” is to develop a voluntary standard, The UserInterface Standard, that manufacturers of office equipment can use as a reference when they developnew equipment and design new interfaces. The interface is an important part of the use of powermanagement and doing this should increase the use of power management and save more energy. Theinterfaces are ofter hidden or inconsistent and confusing, which makes it harder for the user tounderstand power management. A more consistent interface makes it easier for the user to understandthe meaning of an interface and power management itselfThe standard consists of six different parts, which describe what can be done to achieve a consistentinterface. The standard also describes the part of the project called Dynamic Behavior. This part isconcentrating on the interfaces and the behavior of the device over time, which is important for the userto understand.The purpose of this degree project is to study and participate in the project ”Power ManagementControls”, and to understand what is being done to save more energy.