ATIVIDADE RESPIRATÓRIA EM MITOCÔNDRIAS ISOLADAS DA POLPA DO MAMÃO UENF/CALIMAN 01 E TAINUNG 01 NA CONSERVAÇÃO DO FRUTO EM PÓS-COLHEITA

Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a atividade respiratória em mitocôndrias isoladas e os atributos físicos e químicos da polpade dois híbridos de mamão, UENF/Caliman01 (UC01) e Tainung01,durante o amadurecimento dos frutos. Oamadurecimento dos frutos não mostrou diferenças significativas entre os genótipos na luminosidade (L), no croma (C) e no ângulo hue da casca. A perda de massa (PM)e as firmezas do fruto (FF) e domesocarpo (FM) diferiram entre os genótipos, sendo que a FF e a FM diminuíram com o tempo após a colheita,ao contrário da PM, que aumentou no mesmo período. A atividade respiratória nas mitocôndrias isoladas mostrou diferenças entre os genótipos quanto à respiração total (RT), sendo maior e decrescente no Tainung01 e constante no UC01 durante o amadurecimento dos frutos. Durante esse período, verificou-se que a participação da via oxidase alternativa (AOX) foi crescente, contra uma participação decrescente da via citocromo oxidase (COX) em ambos os híbridos, indicando um crescente desacoplamento das mitocôndrias, o que pode estar associado às rápidas transformações bioquímicas que acarretam a senescência do órgão. A partir desses resultados, sugere-se investigar materiais genéticos com menor atividade AOX, ou formas de minimizar a atividade respiratória nos frutos em pós-colheita. A AOX apresentou alta correlação positiva com a PM e negativa com a FF e a FM. O inverso foi observado para COX. A RT apresentou correlação positiva apenas com a FM. As correlações apontam a viabilidade de estimar a atividade respiratória por meiode análises mais simples, como a PM, a FF e a FM, facilitando a pesquisa na área.

PRODUÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA POLPA DE ATEMOIA EM PÓ

RESUMO A atemoia desperta cada vez mais interesse devido ao seu aroma, sabor e valor de mercado. Porém, como a maioria das frutas, é bastante perecível, fazendo-se necessária a aplicação de métodos de conservação, a exemplo da secagem por aspersão, que prolonga a vida de prateleira, reduz a atividade de água e obtém como produto final o alimento em pó. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desidratar a formulação elaborada com 50% de polpa de atemoia + 50% de água destilada, adicionada de 25% de maltodextrina em secador por aspersão, com temperatura de entrada do ar de 180 oC, vazão de alimentação da bomba de 0,5 L h-1, pressão do ar de 30 kgf cm-2 e bico aspersor de 1,2 mm de diâmetro. Como produto final, foram obtidas duas amostras em pó, uma coletada na câmara de secagem e outra no ciclone, sendo estas caracterizadas física, físico-químicamente e morfologicamente. Os dados experimentais foram analisados por delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Avaliando-se os resultados, observa-se que a cor da amostra em pó coletada na câmara de secagem foi mais escura do que a do ciclone; as amostras de atemoia em pó, coletadas na câmara de secagem, apresentaram maior teor de água, pH, ácido ascórbico, cinzas, açúcares redutores e proteínas em relação às amostras em pó coletadas no ciclone e menor atividade de água, densidade absoluta e aparente; além disso, o pó da câmara de secagem é mais solúvel, apresenta maior porosidade e partículas maiores do que o pó do ciclone, e ambas formaram aglomerados.

Ozonólise das ligninas organossolve e kraft eucalipto. Parte II: cinética nos meios ácido e básico

Organosolv and kraft lignins were treated with ozone both in basic and acid media and the reaction was studied kinetically. In contrast to reported studies, ozone was more efective in basic medium. Kraft lignin was degraded faster than organosolv lignin in both media but in the basic medium the rate of reaction was very much faster than in the acid one: for kraft lignin, the observed degradation was 93% for 2 min of reaction in the basic medium and 56% for 10 min of reaction in the acid medium; for organosolv lignin, 47% and 25%, respectively, in the same times. Higher phenolic hydroxyl groups contents increase the reaction rate.

Offdesign operation of kraft recovery boiler

A model to solve heat and mass balances during the offdesign load calculations was created. These equations are complex and nonlinear. The main new ideas used in the created offdesign model of a kraft recovery boiler are the use of heat flows as torn iteration variables instead of the current practice of using the mass flows, vectorizing equation solving, thus speeding up the process, using non dimensional variables for solving the multiple heat transfer surface problem and using a new procedure for calculating pressure losses. Recovery boiler heat and mass balances are reduced to vector form. It is shown that these vectorized equations can be solved virtually without iteration. The iteration speed is enhanced by the use of the derived method of calculating multiple heat transfer surfaces simultaneously. To achieve this quick convergence the heat flows were used as the torn iteration parameters. A new method to handle pressure loss calculations with linearization was presented. This method enabled less time to be spent calculating pressure losses. The derived vector representation of the steam generator was used to calculate offdesign operation parameters for a 3000 tds/d example recovery boiler. The model was used to study recovery boiler part load operation and the effect of the black liquor dry solids increase on recovery boiler dimensioning. Heat flows to surface elements for part load calculations can be closely approximated with a previously defined exponent function. The exponential method can be used for the prediction of fouling in kraft recovery boilers. For similar furnaces the firing of 80 % dry solids liquor produces lower hearth heat release rate than the 65 % dry solids liquor if we fire at constant steam flow. The furnace outlet temperatures show that capacity increase with firing rate increase produces higher loadings than capacity increase with dry solids increase. The economizers, boiler banks and furnaces can be dimensioned smaller if we increase the black liquor dry solids content. The main problem with increased black liquor dry solids content is the decrease in the heat available to superheat. Whenever possible the furnace exit temperature should be increased by decreasing the furnace height. The increase in the furnace exit temperature is usually opposed because of fear of increased corrosion.

Ensaio de proficiência para análise de ditiocarbamatos em polpa de banana

A proficiency assay of the determination of dithiocarbamate pesticide residues in banana was carried out. Fourteen laboratories participated in this study. Homogeneity and stability testing were performed by INCQS on the samples sent to the laboratories. Analytical results supplied by the pesticide residues laboratory of the VWA/KvW, Amsterdam, Holland, were used to define the designated value for the thiram concentration in the study samples. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the participating laboratories had satisfactory results. Efforts are needed to improve the precision of the analytical results and to decrease the number of false negative results observed.

Hemicellulose extracted Kraft pulp as a raw material of paper

The transformation of a traditional pulp mill into an integrated forest biorefinery utilizing wood-derived biomass presents a promising opportunity for enterprise revival of the pulp and paper industry by offering new sources of revenue and significantly improved industry profitability. One proposed next generation process step for an integrated forest biorefinery is the extraction of hemicelluloses, allowing the co-production of pulp and ethanol or chemicals. The extraction of hemicelluloses, however, will likely have downstream effects on pulp quality. In the literature survey an overview of the integrated forest biorefinery and possible next generation technologies implementable in such facility were reviewed. Moreover, some hemicellulose extraction methods suitable for the co-production of pulp and hemicellulose products were looked into in more detail. Also, an overview on the significance of pulp’s hemicellulose content on papermaking properties of pulp fibers was made. In the literature it is stated that the hemicellulose content of pulp affects on many papermaking properties of pulp fibers, hornification and paper strength properties in particular. In the experimental part the goal was to investigate what effects alkaline hemicellulose extraction after bleaching has on the papermaking properties of birch Kraft pulp. It was discovered that tested pulps, normal and hemi-poor birch Kraft pulp, were different in many ways regarding to pulp properties. Differences were observed in both physical and chemical characteristics. Furthermore, clear distinctions were seen in tested paper properties, especially in strength properties, between the handsheets made from hemi-poor or normal birch Kraft pulp. Hemi-poor and normal birch Kraft pulps were also compared as a raw material of laboratory made copy paper. Based on this comparison, usage of hemi-poor birch pulp as the raw material of copy paper does not drastically deteriorate its quality.

Gasification of Black Liquor as a Way to Increase Power Production at Kraft Pulp Mills

The study is focused on the opportunity to improve the power performance from black liquor at Kraft pulp mills. The first part of the paper includes an overview of a traditional recovery system, its development and indication of the integral drawbacks which provoke the search for more efficient methods of black liquor treatment. The second part is devoted to the investigation of black liquor gasification as a technology able to increase electric energy generation at pulp mills. In addition, a description of two most promising gasification processes and their comparison to each other are presented. The paper is based on a literature review and interviews of specialists in this field. The findings showed that while the modern recovery system meets demands of the pulp mills, pressurized oxygen-blown black liquor gasification has good potential to be used as an alternative technology, increasing the power output from black liquor.

The role of bound chlorine in the brightness reversion of bleached hardwood kraft pulp

Our previous paper showed fragmentary evidence that pulp brightness reversion may be negatively affected by its organically bound chlorine (OX) content. A thorough investigation on eucalyptus kraft pulp led to the conclusion that OX increases reversion of certain pulps but this trend is not universal. Alkaline bleaching stages decrease reversion regardless of pulp OX content. Pulps bleached with high temperature chlorine dioxide revert less than those bleached with conventional chlorine dioxide in sequences ending with a chlorine dioxide stage but similarly in sequences ending with a final peroxide stage. The use of secondary condensate for pulp washing decreases reversion.

Previsão das propriedades físicas do papel kraft por espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR) e regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS)

The main objective of the present work is represented by the characterization of the physical properties of industrial kraft paper (i.e. transversal and longitudinal tear resistance, transversal traction resistance, bursting or crack resistance, longitudinal and transversal compression resistance (SCT (Compressive Strength Tester) and compression resistance (RCT-Ring Crush Test)) by near infrared spectroscopy associated to partial least squares regression. Several multivariate models were developed, many of them with high prevision capacity. In general, low prevision errors were observed and regression coefficients that are comparable with those provided by conventional standard methodologies.

Estabilidade de compostos bioativos em polpa congelada de amora-preta (Rubus fruticosus) cv. Tupy

Rubus fruticosus (Rosaceae), popularly known as Blackberry, is a highly nutritious fruit, rich in bioactive compounds. Their stability during processing has been the focus of several studies. This work describes the evaluation of the stability of the main phytochemicals of pulp from blackberry cv. Tupy, stored under different temperature conditions for six months. The storage at -10 °C was not sufficient to cause significant changes in total phenolics content, anthocyanins content and antioxidant capacity during two months of storage. Likewise, at -18 °C, total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity were kept for four months, but total anthocyanins and β-carotene content were kept for two and six months of storage, respectively.

Validação e estimativa da incerteza de método para análise de licopeno e β-caroteno em polpa de tomate por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

A method to quantify lycopene and β-carotene in freeze dried tomato pulp by high performance liquid chromatography (HLPC) was validated according to the criteria of selectivity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy, and uncertainty estimation of measurement was determined with data obtained in the validation. The validated method presented is selective in terms of analysis, and it had a good precision and accuracy. Detection limit for lycopene and β-carotene was 4.2 and 0.23 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The estimation of expanded uncertainty (K = 2) for lycopene was 104 ± 21 mg 100 g-1 and for β-carotene was 6.4 ± 1.5 mg 100 g-1.

Alvejamento químico de caulins Brasileiros: efeito do potencial eletroquímico da polpa e do ajuste do pH

Samples of Kaolin from different regions in Brazil were characterized by XRD, SEM and chemical analysis. A chemical bleaching study with pH adjustment was accomplished with the fractions below 37 μm, after classification by screening. The main objective was to evaluate the conditions of chemical bleaching that most increase the brightness of these kaolin's samples. Increases between 2.63 and 2.98% in the brightness (ISO) were observed after the chemical bleaching. We could say that the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ during the chemical bleaching promoted an increase in the brightness, based on the Pourbaix Diagrams.

Modelos ridge em planejamentos de misturas: uma aplicação na extração da polpa de pequi

Mixture Models can be used in experimental situations involving areas related to food science and chemistry. Some problems of a statistical nature can be found, such as effects of multicollinearity that result in uncertainty in the optimization of a dependent variable. This study proposes the application of the ridge model adapted for mixture planning considering the Kronecker (K-model) and Scheffe (S-Model) methods applied to response surfaces. The method determined the proportions of hexane, acetone and alcohol proportions that resulted in the maximum response of percentage of extracted pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) pulp oil.

Nanocompósito de polpa de mamão e nanopartículas de quitosana para aplicação em embalagens

Nanocomposite materials have been incorporated into biopolymers, (e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), to improve their physical and chemical properties and enable them to be applied in food packaging, especially for their biodegradable and renewable properties. With this addition, fruit puree has been incorporated into the films to confer nutritional properties besides color and flavor. Chitosan is of interest in the packaging field since it is a biodegradable, bioabsorbable, antimicrobial agent. Furthermore, chitosan nanoparticles have been widely explored for their interesting properties and potential applications in food packaging. This work was divided into two stages: (1) chitosan nanoparticle synthesis; (2) addition of nanoparticles into HPMC and papaya puree films. Addition of chitosan nanoparticles to HPMC and papaya puree films improved film properties: mechanical, thermal and water vapor barrier. We have developed a novel nanomaterial with great potential for application in packaging to prolong the shelf life of food.

Estratégia de análise da qualidade de madeira de Eucalyptus sp. para produção de celulose

Estudou-se uma nova técnica laboratorial de análise de qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus sp. para produção de polpa celulósica kraft. A técnica consiste em realizar, simultaneamente, quatro cozimentos de cavacos utilizando diferentes cargas de álcali ativo para estabelecer a característica de deslignificação da madeira. Pelo uso de equações de regressão, calcula-se o álcali ativo necessário para obter o número kappa desejado, o rendimento, a viscosidade e álcali consumido para o kappa objetivo. Os estudos estatísticos evidenciaram que uma única batelada de quatro cozimentos é suficiente, não sendo necessário realizar repetições.