Personnalité et compétences en emploi : comparaison de la capacité prévisionnelle de deux configurations de la personnalité

Certaines études récentes confirment que les tests de personnalité sont largement utilisés à des fins de sélection dans les organisations nord-américaines et que leur fréquence d’utilisation continue de croître (Boudrias, Pettersen, Longpré, & Plunier, 2008; Rothstein & Goffin, 2006). Or, les résultats des recherches portant sur le lien prévisionnel entre la personnalité et le rendement global au travail sont peu convaincants (Morgeson et al., 2007b; Murphy & Dzieweczynski, 2005). La présente thèse vise à vérifier si une amélioration des liens prédictifs entre la personnalité et le rendement au travail pourrait être obtenue en modifiant la façon d’opérationnaliser les variables prévisionnelles issues des inventaires de personnalité et en précisant les critères à prédire de manière à les rendre plus spécifiques et mieux arrimés. Pour ce faire, la capacité prévisionnelle d’une approche centrée sur le critère, c’est-à-dire l’utilisation de composites de traits de personnalité, est comparée à l’approche traditionnelle centrée sur le prédicteur, dans ce cas-ci, les cinq grands facteurs de personnalité (Big Five). D’autre part, le rendement au travail est opérationnalisé sous l’angle des compétences en emploi, ce qui permet d’en différencier les dimensions et d’augmenter la spécificité des critères. Des hypothèses précisant les facteurs de personnalité qui devraient permettre de prédire chacune des compétences évaluées sont testées. De plus, des hypothèses précisant les traits de personnalité servant à créer les variables composites sont aussi testées. Finalement, une hypothèse portant sur la comparaison de la puissance prévisionnelle des deux approches est mise à l’épreuve. L’échantillon de la recherche est composé de 225 employés occupant divers emplois au sein d’une grande organisation québécoise. Ils ont complété un inventaire de personnalité au travail dans le cadre des processus de sélection de l’organisation. Leur supérieur immédiat a effectué une évaluation de leurs compétences et de leur rendement au moins six (6) mois après leur embauche. Les résultats démontrent que la maîtrise des compétences est mieux prédite par une approche centrée sur le prédicteur (c’est-à-dire les Big Five) que par une approche centrée sur le critère (c’est-à-dire les variables composites). En effet, seules trois hypothèses portant sur le lien entre certains facteurs de personnalité et les compétences se sont avérées partiellement soutenues. Les résultats d’analyses statistiques supplémentaires, réalisées a posteriori afin de mieux comprendre les résultats, laissent supposer la présence de variables modératrices, dont, notamment, les caractéristiques situationnelles. En somme, il nous semble plus probable d’arriver, dans le futur, à trouver une méthode structurée de création des variables composites qui permettrait d’obtenir des liens prévisionnels plus puissants que de découvrir des variables composites qui seraient elles-mêmes généralisables à tous les emplois et à toutes les organisations. Par ailleurs, nous encourageons les praticiens à porter attention à la façon d’utiliser les données de personnalité. Pour le moment, il semble que les facteurs de personnalité permettent de prédire, en partie, le rendement futur en emploi. Or, les preuves empiriques concernant l’efficacité d’autres approches demeurent relativement rares et, surtout, insuffisantes pour guider fidèlement les praticiens à travers les choix nécessaires à leur utilisation.

Adaptation transculturelle et validation du questionnaire Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI) pour la population canadienne française

Les troubles musculo-squelettiques du membre supérieur (TMS-MS) peuvent avoir un impact négatif sur l'autonomie d’une personne. À ce jour, il n’existe pas d’outils en français évaluant les limitations d'activités et les restrictions de participation, disposant de bonnes propriétés métrologiques et d'applicabilité dans un contexte clinique marqué par des contraintes de temps. L’Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI), qui présente de bonnes qualités métrologiques et applicabilité clinique adéquate, s'avère un outil intéressant pour les ergothérapeutes de par son approche centrée sur la personne. Toutefois, il n'était disponible qu'en anglais et en espagnol. La présente recherche, constituée de deux études, visait à adapter l’ULFI à la population canadienne française et à évaluer ses propriétés métrologiques et son applicabilité clinique. La première étude a examiné sa cohérence interne, sa validité convergente et son applicabilité clinique auprès de 50 patients bilingues atteints de TMS-MS. La seconde étude visait à analyser sa fidélité test-retest et sa sensibilité au changement auprès de 60 patients francophones. Les résultats ont révélé que l'ULFI-CF possède des propriétés métrologiques solides : une cohérence interne élevée (α de Cronbach = 0,93), une excellente fidélité test-retest (CCI = 0,87-0,95), une excellente validité convergente (r = 0,70-0,85) et une sensibilité au changement de bonne à excellente (tailles d'effet = 0,49-0,88 et r = 0,64 pour la section 1). L'ULFI-CF démontre également une bonne applicabilité clinique. En conclusion, l’ULFI-CF s’avère un outil pertinent pour les cliniciens œuvrant auprès d’une clientèle canadienne française souffrant d'un TMS-MS dans un contexte clinique marqué par des contraintes de temps.

Élaboration de critères de design pour un outil de communication médecin-patient

Le système de santé d'aujourd'hui fait appel à de nombreuses technologies de l'information nommées TIS (Technologies de l’Information en Santé). Celles-ci ont donné naissance à de nouvelles formes d’interaction médecin-patient et ont complexifié l'approche thérapeutique dite
« centrée sur le patient ». Les TIS promettent une plus grande efficacité et l’augmentation de la satisfaction des patients par le biais d’une meilleure compréhension de la maladie pour le patient. Or, elles peuvent également devenir des sources de conflit pour le professionnel de la santé, étant donné leur utilisation en dehors des rencontres cliniques ainsi que leur tendance à agir comme des barrières communicationnelles lors des consultations. Cette recherche vise a étudier les critères de design nécessaires à la conception d’un TIS pouvant améliorer la relation médecin-patient et donc, faciliter la communication et améliorer l’alliance thérapeutique. L’étude utilise une approche centrée sur l’utilisateur et vise donc à comprendre les besoins et les attentes des médecins et des patients. En étudiant les nouvelles approches en santé et les TIS, il a été possible de comprendre le contexte et les besoins des utilisateurs en terme de communication. Ces derniers sont primordiaux au processus dit centré sur l’utilisateur. Le faible taux de rétention du discours du médecin devient une barrière communicationnelle importante, tout comme le temps pressurisé. La recherche nous montre que l’ajout d’un outil virtuel de vulgarisation peut, à l’aide de média visuels (tel que des modélisations, des animations 3D et des dessins), grandement aider la relation médecin-patient.

Conceptual information systems discussed through an IT-security tool

Conceptual Information Systems are based on a formalization of the concept of "concept" as it is discussed in traditional philosophical logic. This formalization supports a human-centered approach to the development of Information Systems. We discuss this approach by means of an implemented Conceptual Information System for supporting IT security management in companies and organizations.

El problema demográfico en Japón, y la incidencia en las políticas concernientes a la seguridad social del gobierno japonés. (periodo 2007 a 2012)

El interés de este estudio de caso es entender la incidencia de los problemas demográficos de Japón sobre las políticas concernientes al Sistema de Seguridad Social Japonés, así como la viabilidad de estas políticas ante la muy difícil situación que existe. Observando cómo los problemas demográficos han afectado el Sistema de Seguridad Social por medio de estudios demográficos del pasado y actuales, además de proyecciones poblacionales a futuro, para así poder comparar los mecanismos implementadas por el Gobierno Japonés y los resultados obtenidos con las necesidades reales del Sistema de Seguridad Social Japonés, abriendo la posibilidad de entender profundamente las debilidades y las posibles soluciones al problema que enfrenta este sistema.

"Where am I?" Impact of display and content variables on spatial presence and comprehension in virtual environments

Forgetting immediate physical reality and having awareness of one�s location in the simulated world is critical to enjoyment and performance in virtual environments be it an interactive 3D game such as Quake or an online virtual 3d community space such as Second Life. Answer to the question "where am I?" at two levels, whether the locus is in the immediate real world as opposed to the virtual world and whether one is aware of the spatial co-ordinates of that locus, hold the key to any virtual 3D experience. While 3D environments, especially virtual environments and their impact on spatial comprehension has been studied in disciplines such as architecture, it is difficult to determine the relative contributions of specific attributes such as screen size or stereoscopy towards spatial comprehension since most of them treat the technology as monolith (box-centered). Using a variable-centered approach put forth by Nass and Mason (1990) which breaks down the technology into its component variables and their corresponding values as its theoretical basis, this paper looks at the contributions of five variables (Stereoscopy, screen size, field of view, level of realism and level of detail) common to most virtual environments on spatial comprehension and presence. The variable centered approach can be daunting as the increase in the number of variables can exponentially increase the number of conditions and resources required. We overcome this drawback posed by adoption of such a theoretical approach by the use of a fractional factorial design for the experiment. This study has completed the first wave of data collection and starting the next phase in January 2007 and expected to complete by February 2007. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.

Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av parenteral nutrition för patienter i livets slutskede : En litteraturöversikt

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning har visat att parenteral nutrition ges till patienter som befinner sig i livets slutskede även om den medicinska nyttan är oklar. Syfte: Att genom en vetenskaplig litteraturöversikt beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av vad som är betydelsefullt i arbetet med parenteral nutrition för patienter i livets slutskede. Metod: Examensarbetet är utformat som en litteraturöversikt. Tretton artiklar med kvalitativ och kvantitativ design valdes ut. Artiklarna söktes på databaserna CINAHL och Pubmed Resultat: Delaktighet i vårdteam var av stor betydelse, ett fungerade samarbete där sjuksköterskan ville och fick möjlighet att arbeta som omvårdnadsansvarig upplevdes av sjuksköterskan resultera i god personcentrerad vård. Erfarenhet och egna känslor spelar en betydande roll i hur mycket sjuksköterskan vågar och vill vara delaktig i beslut angående PN i livets slutskede, och vilken relation som skapas med patientens närstående. Slutsats: Ökad kunskap om parenteral nutrition i livets slutskede och personcentrerad vård behövs för att sjuksköterskorna ska våga vara aktivt delaktig och stärka patienten i livets slutskede.

Omvårdnadsåtgärders effekter påcytostatikarelaterade biverkningar

Syfte: Syftet var att utvärdera effekten av sjuksköterskans föreslagna omvårdnadsåtgärder på cytostatikarelaterade biverkningar hos cancerpatienter som genomgår cytostatikabehandling. Metod: Examensarbetet utfördes som en litteraturöversikt. Resultatet grundar sig på 13 stycken kvantitativa artiklar. För datainsamlingen användes databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskan kan utföra omvårdnadsåtgärder som minskar patienters upplevelse av cytostatikarelaterade biverkningar. Effekterna som framkom av sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder presenteras under rubrikerna; oral kryoterapi vid oral mukosit, personcentrerad patientutbildning med underrubriken utbildning utifrån ett teoretiskt perspektiv, automatiserad och sjuksköterske- assisterad symtombehandling samt musikterapi, bildspråk och avslappning. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan kan genom olika omvårdnadsåtgärder hjälpa patienter att lindra symtom från cytostatikarelaterade biverkningar.

Being a bridge : Swedish antenatal care midwives’ encounters with Somali-born women and questions of violence; a qualitative study

Background: Violence against women is associated with serious health problems, including adverse maternal and child health. Antenatal care (ANC) midwives are increasingly expected to implement the routine of identifying exposure to violence. An increase of Somali born refugee women in Sweden, their reported adverse childbearing health and possible links to violence pose a challenge to the Swedish maternity health care system. Thus, the aim was to explore ways ANC midwives in Sweden work with Somali born women and the questions of exposure to violence. Methods: Qualitative individual interviews with 17 midwives working with Somali-born women in nine ANC clinics in Sweden were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The midwives strived to focus on the individual woman beyond ethnicity and cultural differences. In relation to the Somali born women, they navigated between different definitions of violence, ways of handling adversities in life and social contexts, guided by experience based knowledge and collegial support. Seldom was ongoing violence encountered. The Somali-born women’s’ strengths and contentment were highlighted, however, language skills were considered central for a Somali-born woman’s access to rights and support in the Swedish society. Shared language, trustful relationships, patience, and networking were important aspects in the work with violence among Somali-born women. Conclusion: Focus on the individual woman and skills in inter-cultural communication increases possibilities of overcoming social distances. This enhances midwives’ ability to identify Somali born woman’s resources and needs regarding violence disclosure and support. Although routine use of professional interpretation is implemented, it might not fully provide nuances and social safety needed for violence disclosure. Thus, patience and trusting relationships are fundamental in work with violence among Somali born women. In collaboration with social networks and other health care and social work professions, the midwife can be a bridge and contribute to increased awareness of rights and support for Somali-born women in a new society.

Older people's experience of utilisation and administration of medicines in a health- and social care context

BACKGROUND: People living at home who lack ability to manage their medicine are entitled to assistance to improve adherence provided by a home care assistant employed by social care. AIM: The aim was to describe how older people with chronic diseases, living at home, experience the use and assistance of administration of medicines in the context of social care. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study. METHODS: Ten participants (age 65+) living at home were interviewed in the participants' own homes. Latent content analysis was used. FINDINGS: The assistance eases daily life with regard to practical matters and increases adherence to a medicine regimen. There were mixed feelings about being dependent on assistance; it interferes with self-sufficiency at a time of health transition. Participants were balancing empowerment and a dubious perception of the home care assistants' knowledge of medicine and safety. Physicians' and district nurses' professional knowledge was a safety guarantee for the medicine process. CONCLUSIONS: Assistance eases daily life and medicine regimen adherence. Dependence on assistance may affect self-sufficiency. Perceived safety varied relating to home care assistants' knowledge of medicine. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: A well-functioning medicine assistance is crucial to enable older people to remain at home. A person-centred approach to health- and social care delivery is efficient and improve outcome for the recipient of care.

Round the bend : a history of psychiatric nursing in Victoria

This feature length documentary explores the development of psychiatric nursing from the early colonial beginnings in 1848 through to the post-institutional present. The film commences with a montage of photos, film and narrative that documents the period until 1930s.

The period from the 1930s to the present is described chronologically in oral histories provided by personal interviews with psychiatric nurses. The interviews include a number of key psychiatric nurse leaders who were instrumental in bringing about significant changes to nursing practice and education, and were also at the forefront of leading major reforms to service delivery in Victoria such as the community mental health movement.

The oral histories provide an account of the history of this unique area specialty of nursing. At times confronting and challenging, the film also highlights the significant contribution of psychiatric nursing to the development of humanistic, person-centered philosophies of care in mental health. The narratives are woven together with photographs and film footage of historical artifacts and institutions.

Intimacy at work: Playback theatre and corporate cultural change in Mercedes Benz, Brazil

On the back of a faltering economic year in 2007 and a major merger of motor car and truck dealerships, international motor car giant Mercedes Benz adopted a radical approach to re-aligning the company vision for their Brazilian business. Adopting a people-centred approach to change, they integrated participatory theatre and personal stories into a nationwide cultural development programme producing twelve performances in twelve cities. The central content of the performances came from employees who told personal stories that were then performed onstage. Each event acted as a unique expression of workplace values that would be led by employee attitudes and behaviour. Through the dialogic process, the company established a new code of conduct for customer care for the next phase of company activity. This article critiques various aspects of the programme and considers the value and limitations in the person-centred approach facilitated through theatre.

Ethical challenges associated with providing continence care in residential aged care facilities : findings from a grounded theory study

A person-centred approach to care in residential aged care facilities should uphold residents’ rights to independence, choice, decision-making, participation, and control over their lifestyle. Little is known about how nurses and personal care assistants working in these facilities uphold these ideals when assisting residents maintain continence and manage incontinence. The overall aim of the study was to develop a grounded theory to describe and explain how Australian residents of aged care facilities have their continence care needs determined, delivered and communicated. This paper presents and discusses a subset of the findings about the ethical challenges nurses and personal care assistants encountered whilst providing continence care. Grounded theory methodology was used for in-depth interviews with 18 nurses and personal care assistants who had experience of providing, supervising or assessing continence care in any Australian residential aged care facility, and to analyse 88 hours of field observations in two facilities. Data generation and analysis occurred simultaneously using open coding, theoretical coding, and selective coding, until data were saturated. While addressing the day-to-day needs of residents who needed help to maintain continence and/or manage incontinence, nurses and personal care assistants struggled to enable residents to exercise choice and autonomy. The main factor that contributed to this problem was that the fact that nurses and personal care assistants had to respond to multiple, competing, and conflicting expectations about residents’ care needs. This situation was compounded by workforce constraints, inadequate information about residents’ care needs, and an unpredictable work environment. Providing continence care accentuated the ethical tensions associated with caregiving. Nurses’ and personal care assistants’ responses were mainly characterised by highly protective behaviours towards residents. Underlying structural factors that hinder high quality continence care to residents of aged care facilities should be urgently addressed.

Health services should collect feedback from inpatients at the point of service: opinions from patients and staff in acute and subacute facilities

OBJECTIVE: Point of service feedback (POSF) enables patients to give health services feedback about their experiences during or immediately after care. Despite the increasing use of POSF, little is known regarding patients' and staffs' opinions of this practice and whether they consider it acceptable or useful. The study aimed to determine patient and staff opinions regarding POSF. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Acute and subacute healthcare facilities. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and forty-seven patients and 221 staff. RESULTS: Participants indicated that patients should be invited to evaluate health services when they are in hospital or subacute care and improving services was the most important reason for doing so. Staff indicated that:• collecting patients' feedback during their stay was an important part of providing care and not an interruption to it (n = 187 of 221, 85%).• collecting patients' feedback was best done with a variety of methods; talking directly with patients during their stay was the preferred option (n = 161 of 219, 74%).More patients preferred to:• give feedback during their stay (51%) than after discharge from care (15%).• give feedback by talking with someone (45%) than completing a questionnaire (31%).Some patients (14%) were concerned about reprisal from staff if they gave negative feedback. CONCLUSIONS: POSF can be acceptable and useful for evaluating health services and should be incorporated into a person-centred approach that allows patients to choose from a variety of feedback options both during and after their stay. To be most useful, feedback should be incorporated into a quality improvement system.

Contribuição do design thinking para o processo de inovação de produtos

Este trabalho visa identificar práticas de design thinking (DT), isto é, as abordagens características da disciplina do design para criação de inovações, que possam ser incorporadas ao processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos (DNP). Cinco dessas práticas – abordagem centrada em pessoas, estilo de trabalho colaborativo, pensar fazendo, visualização e combinação de abordagens divergente e convergente – foram analisadas por meio do estudo de caso em profundidade de três empresas polares: um escritório profissional de design, uma empresa de produtos para cuidados pessoais e um fabricante de ferramentas profissionais. A discussão teórica apoiou-se em autores de DNP e de DT que estudaram a evolução desses campos em gerações de maturidade, trazendo também visões bem recentes que apontam para a relevância das mudanças em curso. Entre os achados da pesquisa, observou-se que o modelo de gestão e a estrutura organizacional – orientada por projetos com times multifuncionais ou por processos com estrutura funcional – tem influência na adoção das práticas de DT. Outro achado, esse menos evidente, mostrou que a forma como a empresa se relaciona com clientes e usuários, guarda semelhança com a forma como trata seus profissionais de DNP. Uma descoberta interessante é a função moderadora do alinhamento de propósitos entre empresa e colaborador, para a adoção dessas práticas. Como contribuição ao campo de estudo, apresenta-se um diagrama de cinco gerações de evolução da oferta de novos produtos (ONP), termo utilizado para incorporar não só os produtos com inovações desenvolvidas e de propriedade da empresa focal, mas também aquelas desenvolvidas pelos próprios usuários e as inovações construídas nas redes sociais e oferecidas pela empresa focal.