Seroepidemiology of Herpes Simplex virus type 1 and 2 in Western and Southern Switzerland in adults aged 25-74 in 1992-93: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Genital herpes is one of the most prevalent sexually-transmitted diseases, and accounts for a substantial morbidity. Genital herpes puts newborns at risk for very severe disease and also increases the risk of horizontal HIV transmission. It thus stands as an important public health problem. The recent availability of type-specific gG-based assays detecting IgG against HSV-1 and HSV-2 allows to establish the prevalence of each subtype. Worldwide, few data have been published regarding the seroprevalence in general populations of HSV-2, the major causative agent for genital herpes, while no data exist regarding the Swiss population. METHODS: To evaluate the prevalence of IgG antibodies against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Switzerland, we used a population-based serum repository from a health examination survey conducted in the Western and Southern area of Switzerland in 1992-93. A total of 3,120 sera were analysed by type-specific gG-based ELISA and seroprevalence was correlated with available volunteers characteristics by logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, seroprevalence rates were 80.0 +/- 0.9% (SE, 95% CI: 78.1-81.8) for HSV-1 and 19.3 +/- 0.9% (SE, 95% CI: 17.6-21.1) for HSV-2 in adults 35-64 year old. HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence increased with age, with a peak HSV-2 seroprevalence in elderly gentlemen, possibly a seroarcheological evidence of sexually transmitted disease epidemics during World War II. Risk factors for HSV-2 infection included female sex, marital status other than married, and size of town of residence larger than 1500 inhabitants. Unexpectedly and conversely to HSV-1, HSV-2 seroprevalence increased with educational level. HSV-2 infection was less prevalent among HSV-1 infected individuals when compared to HSV-1 uninfected individuals. This effect was most apparent among women at high risk for HSV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that by the early nineties, HSV-2 had spread quite largely in the Swiss population. However, the epidemiology of HSV-2 in Switzerland presents paradoxical characteristics, e.g. positive correlation with education level, that have not been observed elsewhere.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among migrants in Switzerland: association with country of origin.

Migrants tend to present higher overweight and obesity levels, but whether this relationship applies to all nationalities has seldom been studied. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to nationality in adults. Cross-sectional population-based samples. Five-year nationwide interview surveys (Swiss Health Surveys - SHS) from 1992 to 2007 (n 63 766) and a local examination survey (CoLaus Study in Lausanne 2004-2006, n 6743). Participants were separated into Swiss, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish nationals, those from the former Republic of Yugoslavia and from other European and other countries. Compared with Swiss nationals, German and French nationals presented a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity, whereas nationals from Italy, Spain, Portugal and the former Republic of Yugoslavia presented higher levels. Adjusting the SHS data for age, gender, education, smoking, leisure-time physical activity and survey year, a lower risk for overweight and obesity was found for German (OR = 0·80, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·92) and French (OR = 0·74, 95 % CI 0·61, 0·89) nationals, whereas higher risks were found for participants from Italy (OR = 1·45, 95 % CI 1·33, 1·58), Spain (OR = 1·36, 95 % CI 1·15, 1·61), Portugal (OR = 1·25, 95 % CI 1·06, 1·47) and the former Republic of Yugoslavia (OR = 1·98, 95 % CI 1·69, 2·32). Similar findings were observed in the CoLaus Study for Italian (OR = 1·63, 95 % CI 1·29, 2·06), Spanish (OR = 1·54, 95 % CI 1·17, 2·04) and Portuguese (OR = 1·49, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·91) participants and for those from the former Republic of Yugoslavia (OR = 5·34, 95 % CI 3·00, 9·50). Overweight and obesity are unevenly distributed among migrants in Switzerland. Migrants from Southern Europe and from the former Republic of Yugoslavia present higher prevalence rates. This suggests that preventive messages should be tailored to these specific populations.

Prevalence of hyperuricemia and relation of serum uric acid with cardiovascular risk factors in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of hyperuricemia has rarely been investigated in developing countries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia and the association between uric acid levels and the various cardiovascular risk factors in a developing country with high average blood pressures (the Seychelles, Indian Ocean, population mainly of African origin). METHODS: This cross-sectional health examination survey was based on a population random sample from the Seychelles. It included 1011 subjects aged 25 to 64 years. Blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, total and HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum uric acid were measured. Data were analyzed using scatterplot smoothing techniques and gender-specific linear regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of a serum uric acid level >420 micromol/L in men was 35.2% and the prevalence of a serum uric acid level >360 micromol/L was 8.7% in women. Serum uric acid was strongly related to serum triglycerides in men as well as in women (r = 0.73 in men and r = 0.59 in women, p < 0.001). Uric acid levels were also significantly associated but to a lesser degree with age, BMI, blood pressure, alcohol and the use of antihypertensive therapy. In a regression model, triglycerides, age, BMI, antihypertensive therapy and alcohol consumption accounted for about 50% (R2) of the serum uric acid variations in men as well as in women. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the prevalence of hyperuricemia can be high in a developing country such as the Seychelles. Besides alcohol consumption and the use of antihypertensive therapy, mainly diuretics, serum uric acid is markedly associated with parameters of the metabolic syndrome, in particular serum triglycerides. Considering the growing incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome worldwide and the potential link between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular complications, more emphasis should be put on the evolving prevalence of hyperuricemia in developing countries.

Metabolic syndrome according to different definitions in a rapidly developing country of the African region

AIMS: We examined, in a country of the African region, i) the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to three definitions (ATP, WHO and IDF); ii) the distribution of the MetS criteria; iii) the level of agreement between these three definitions and iv) we also examined these issues upon exclusion of people with diabetes. METHODS: We conducted an examination survey on a sample representative of the general population aged 25-64 years in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean, African region), attended by 1255 participants (participation rate of 80.3%). RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS increased markedly with age. According to the ATP, WHO and IDF definitions, the prevalence of MetS was, respectively, 24.0%, 25.0%, 25.1% in men and 32.2%, 24.6%, 35.4% in women. Approximately 80% of participants with diabetes also had MetS and the prevalence of MetS was approximately 7% lower upon exclusion of diabetic individuals. High blood pressure and adiposity were the criteria found most frequently among MetS holders irrespective of the MetS definitions. Among people with MetS based on any of the three definitions, 78% met both ATP and IDF criteria, 67% both WHO and IDF criteria, 54% both WHO and ATP criteria and only 37% met all three definitions. CONCLUSION: We identified a high prevalence of MetS in this population in epidemiological transition. The prevalence of MetS decreased by approximately 32% upon exclusion of persons with diabetes. Because of limited agreement between the MetS definitions, the fairly similar proportions of MetS based on any of the three MetS definitions classified, to a substantial extent, different subjects as having MetS.

Prevalence, awareness and control of diabetes in the Seychelles and relationship with excess body weight.

BACKGROUND: The evidence for a "diabesity" epidemic is accumulating worldwide but population-based data are still scarce in the African region. We assessed the prevalence, awareness and control of diabetes (DM) in the Seychelles, a rapidly developing country in the African region. We also examined the relationship between body mass index, fasting serum insulin and DM. METHODS: Examination survey in a sample representative of the entire population aged 25-64 of the Seychelles, attended by 1255 persons (participation rate of 80.2%). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in individuals with fasting blood glucose between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/l. Diabetes mellitus (DM), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were defined along criteria of the ADA. Prevalence estimates were standardized for age. RESULTS: The prevalence of DM was 11.5% and 54% of persons with DM were aware of having DM. Less than a quarter of all diabetic persons under treatment were well controlled for glycemia (HbA1c), blood pressure or LDL-cholesterol. The prevalence of IGT and IFG were respectively 10.4% and 24.2%. The prevalence of excess weight (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m2) was respectively 60.1% and 25.0%. Half of all DM cases in the population could be attributed to excess weight. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of DM and pre-diabetes in a rapidly developing country in the African region. The strong association between overweight and DM emphasizes the importance of weight control measures to reduce the incidence of DM in the population. High rates of diabetic persons not aware of having DM in the population and insufficient cardiometabolic control among persons treated for DM stress the need for intensifying health care for diabetes.

Rectal atresia in a newborn donkey

P>A case of a type I rectal atresia (also known as membranous rectal atresia) in a newborn donkey is reported. Clinical examination, survey radiographs and barium enema radiographs suggested rectal atresia. An exploratory laparotomy was performed; however, surgical correction of the defect was not possible due to the narrow pelvic cavity. Euthanasia was performed. At necropsy, it was possible to observe a fibrous cord connecting the small colon to a residual rectal ampulla, which opened to a normal anus. The radiographic and anatomical characteristics enabled the classification of the defect as type I rectal atresia, which is a rare congenital anomaly that is difficult to correct through surgery. This report contributes to the study of rectal atresia in newborn equids, alerts for the occurrence in donkeys and is, to our knowledge, the first to be reported in this species in Brazil.

The impact of social support networks on compliance with hypertensive therapeutic regimens among noninstitutionalized black adults

A conceptual framework based on the Health Belief Model was proposed which identified those factors most significant in the prediction of compliance behavior. The hypothesized model was applied to analyze the effects of sociodemographic characteristics, self-assessed health status, and social support networks on compliance with antihypertensive regimens, focusing on black adults.^ The study population was selected from the National Health and Examination Survey II (NHANES II) which produced a sample of 3,957 eligible persons 35-74 years of age.^ The study addressed the following research questions: (a) what is the relationship between demographic variables and self-assessed health status, (b) what is the relationship between social support network and self-assessed health status, (c) what is the compliance, (d) what factors, e.g., demographic characteristics, social support network, self-assessed health status, are most related to compliance, and (e) does the effect of these factors on compliance differ between black and white adults?^ The results of the study found that blacks: (a) had poorer health than whites, and education and income were significantly related to self-assessed health status, (b) the stronger social support networks of blacks, the better their health status, and (c) older blacks and those in poorer health were more likely to comply with recommended treatment. The hypothesized conceptual model for the prediction of compliance behavior was partially substantiated for both blacks and whites.^ Implications for the application of the conceptual model are also discussed. ^

Primeiro Inquérito Nacional de Saúde com Exame Físico: relatório metodológico

O primeiro INSEF realizado em Portugal é promovido e coordenado pelo Instituto Ricardo Jorge através do seu Departamento de Epidemiologia, em parceria com o Instituto Norueguês de Saúde Publica e em colaboração com as Administrações Regionais de Saúde do Continente e Secretarias Regionais de Saúde das Regiões Autónomas dos Açores e da Madeira.

Inquérito Nacional de Saúde com Exame Físico: determinantes de saúde

O INSEF é um estudo epidemiológico observacional, transversal de base populacional, programado e realizado para ser representativo ao nível regional e nacional, com o objetivo de contribuir para melhorar a Saúde Pública e reduzir as desigualdades em saúde, através da disponibilização de informação epidemiológica de elevada qualidade sobre o estado de saúde, determinantes e utilização de cuidados de saúde da população Portuguesa. A população alvo consistiu nos indivíduos entre os 25 e os 74 anos de idade, residentes em Portugal Continental ou Regiões Autónomas há mais de 12 meses, não-institucionalizados, com capacidade para acompanhar a entrevista em língua portuguesa. O INSEF incluiu um conjunto de avaliações antropométricas e bioquímicas, além da aplicação de um questionário por entrevista pessoal assistida por computador (CAPI), com recolha de informação autorreportada sobre variáveis demográficas e socioeconómicas, estado de saúde, determinantes de saúde relacionados com escolhas e comportamentos, utilização de serviços e cuidados de saúde, incluindo os cuidados preventivos. Foi obtida uma amostra com 4911 participantes, para os quais os procedimentos do INSEF (exame físico, colheita de sangue e entrevista) foram concretizados na íntegra. Nesta comunicação são apresentados um conjunto de indicadores selecionados respeitantes aos determinantes de saúde, cuja informação foi obtida através de dados recolhidos na componente de entrevista. Os resultados apresentados incluem a prevalência do consumo de tabaco, a prevalência de indivíduos com atividade física sedentária nos tempos livres e a prevalência do consumo diário de frutas e de vegetais.

Inquérito Nacional de Saúde com Exame Físico: estado de saúde

O INSEF é um estudo epidemiológico observacional, transversal de base populacional, programado e realizado para ser representativo ao nível regional e nacional, com o objetivo de contribuir para melhorar a Saúde Pública e reduzir as desigualdades em saúde, através da disponibilização de informação epidemiológica de elevada qualidade sobre o estado de saúde, determinantes e utilização de cuidados de saúde da população Portuguesa. A população alvo consistiu nos indivíduos entre os 25 e os 74 anos de idade, residentes em Portugal Continental ou Regiões Autónomas há mais de 12 meses, não-institucionalizados, com capacidade para acompanhar a entrevista em língua portuguesa. O INSEF incluiu um conjunto de avaliações antropométricas e bioquímicas, além da aplicação de um questionário por entrevista pessoal assistida por computador (CAPI), com recolha de informação autorreportada sobre variáveis demográficas e socioeconómicas, estado de saúde, determinantes de saúde relacionados com escolhas e comportamentos, utilização de serviços e cuidados de saúde, incluindo os cuidados preventivos. Foi obtida uma amostra com 4911 participantes, para os quais os procedimentos do INSEF (exame físico, colheita de sangue e entrevista) foram concretizados na íntegra. Nesta comunicação são apresentados um conjunto de indicadores selecionados respeitantes ao estado de saúde, que incluem algumas das medidas clínicas e antropométricas avaliadas dentro da componente de exame físico. Mais especificamente, são reportadas estimativas da prevalência de diabetes, da hipertensão arterial e da obesidade, a nível nacional, regional e desagregando por características sociodemográficas.

Inquérito Nacional de Saúde com Exame Físico: cuidados de saúde preventivos

O INSEF é um estudo epidemiológico observacional, transversal de base populacional, programado e realizado para ser representativo ao nível regional e nacional, com o objetivo de contribuir para melhorar a Saúde Pública e reduzir as desigualdades em saúde, através da disponibilização de informação epidemiológica de elevada qualidade sobre o estado de saúde, determinantes e utilização de cuidados de saúde da população Portuguesa. A população alvo consistiu nos indivíduos entre os 25 e os 74 anos de idade, residentes em Portugal Continental ou Regiões Autónomas há mais de 12 meses, não-institucionalizados, com capacidade para acompanhar a entrevista em língua portuguesa. O INSEF incluiu um conjunto de avaliações antropométricas e bioquímicas, além da aplicação de um questionário por entrevista pessoal assistida por computador (CAPI), com recolha de informação autorreportada sobre variáveis demográficas e socioeconómicas, estado de saúde, determinantes de saúde relacionados com escolhas e comportamentos, utilização de serviços e cuidados de saúde, incluindo os cuidados preventivos. Foi obtida uma amostra com 4911 participantes, para os quais os procedimentos do INSEF (exame físico, colheita de sangue e entrevista) foram concretizados na íntegra. Nesta comunicação são apresentados um conjunto de indicadores selecionados respeitantes aos cuidados preventivos, focando a consulta de saúde oral e a realização de um conjunto de exames complementares no âmbito da prevenção secundária da doença oncológica. Especificamente são apresentados resultados relativos à frequência de realização da mamografia, citologia cervico-vaginal e da pesquisa de sangue oculto nas fezes.

Inquérito Nacional de Saúde com Exame Físico: objectivos, métodos e implementação

O INSEF é um estudo epidemiológico observacional, transversal de base populacional, programado e realizado para ser representativo ao nível regional e nacional, com o objetivo de contribuir para melhorar a Saúde Pública e reduzir as desigualdades em saúde, através da disponibilização de informação epidemiológica de elevada qualidade sobre o estado de saúde, determinantes e utilização de cuidados de saúde da população Portuguesa. A população alvo consistiu nos indivíduos entre os 25 e os 74 anos de idade, residentes em Portugal Continental ou Regiões Autónomas há mais de 12 meses, não-institucionalizados, com capacidade para acompanhar a entrevista em língua portuguesa. A presente comunicação descreve a componente metodológica do INSEF, nomeadamente os objetivos, o desenho do estudo e da amostra, a informação recolhida, os procedimentos relativos à colheita de dados e à gestão da qualidade e os resultados do trabalho de campo.

Inquérito Nacional de Saúde com Exame Físico: equadramento dos resultados

O INSEF é um estudo epidemiológico observacional, transversal de base populacional, programado e realizado para ser representativo ao nível regional e nacional, com o objetivo de contribuir para melhorar a Saúde Pública e reduzir as desigualdades em saúde, através da disponibilização de informação epidemiológica de elevada qualidade sobre o estado de saúde, determinantes e utilização de cuidados de saúde da população Portuguesa. A população alvo consistiu nos indivíduos entre os 25 e os 74 anos de idade, residentes em Portugal Continental ou Regiões Autónomas há mais de 12 meses, não-institucionalizados, com capacidade para acompanhar a entrevista em língua portuguesa. A presente comunicação descreve a componente metodológica do INSEF para o cálculo dos indicadores para as áreas do Estado de Saúde, Determinantes de Saúde e Cuidados de Saúde Preventivos, nomeadamente a ponderação dos dados amostrais, padronização das estimativas e a estratificação dos indicadores.

Dietary Quality and Comorbidities of Adults at Medical Risk for Diabetes

Background and aims: The current study evaluates following a special diet with diet quality and comorbidities (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity) in four racial/ethnic groups diagnosed with prediabetes or “at risk for diabetes”. Methods and results: This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2007- 2008 and 2009-2010. Sample weights were used to achieve a representative sample. Data were available for N = 2666 adults, aged ≥20 years (508 Mexican American, 294, Other Hispanic, 616 Black non-Hispanic, and 1248 White non-Hispanic) who were medically diagnosed with either prediabetes or “at risk for diabetes”. Those reporting following a special diet had greater odds of meeting saturated fat guidelines (

Phylloquinone (Vitamin K₁) Intake and Pulse Pressure as a Measure of Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults

This study examined the relationships among ethnicity/race, lifestyle factors, phylloquinone (vitamin K₁) intake, and arterial pulse pressure in a nationally representative sample of older adults from four ethnic/racial groups: non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Mexican Americans, and other Hispanics. This was a cross-sectional study of U.S. representative sample with data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 of adults aged 50 years and older (N = 5296). Vitamin K intake was determined by 24-hour recall. Pulse pressure was calculated as the difference between the averages of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Compared to White non-Hispanics, the other ethnic/racial groups were more likely to have inadequate vitamin K₁ intake. Inadequate vitamin K₁ intake was an independent predictor of high arterial pulse pressure. This was the first study that compared vitamin K₁ inadequacy with arterial pulse pressure across ethnicities/races in U.S. older adults. These findings suggest that vitamin K screening may be a beneficial marker for the health of older adults.